垃圾渗滤液厌氧降解中溶解性有机物的光谱特性

为探讨渗滤液厌氧降解出水中有机物的构成特点和变化规律,采用XAD-8和XAD-4树脂将溶解性有机物(DOM)依亲疏水性和酸碱性特征分为5种组分,对不同水力停留时间(HRT)下厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)出水中各组分的含量和特性进行了比较研究.结果表明:ASBR处理渗滤液中溶解性有机碳(DOC)去除率可达53.0%～94.7%;芳香类物质多存在于疏水性组分中,厌氧处理后各组分UV254明显下降,芳香类、羧酸和氨基化合物去除明显;随着HRT的延长,富里酸类荧光物质易在出水中累积而造成累计荧光强度Фi,n增大,而芳香性蛋白及溶解性微生物副产物较之更易降解.可见ASBR能有效降解渗滤液DOM各组分物质.     

聚硅酸铁对溶解性有机物与浊度的去除

采用透射电镜法及光子相关光谱法对自制的氧化性聚硅酸铁(PSF)与聚合硫酸铁(PFS)进行微观表征,同时以254 nm的吸光度A(UV_(254))溶解性有机碳质量浓度c(DOC)、色度及比紫外吸光值A(SUV_(254))作为溶解性有机物(DOM)的检测指标,对PSF降低以上各指标与浊度去除效果及相关性进行研究.结果表明:PSF由很短的链节样物种及枝状结构组成,形态尺寸及分维数较大,并且较稳定;PSF具有良好的混凝效果,对浊度及色度的去除率超过95%,对A(UV_(254)),A(SUV_(254)),c(DOE)的去除率分别达到85%,80%,60%;用于评价PSF去除DOM性能的各指标间及其与余浊之间均具有良好的相关性.     

水华期水体中DOM组成及其消毒副产物生成潜能

以太湖水华期原水为实验水样,初步研究水华期水体中溶解性有机质(Dissolved Organic Matter,DOM)的组成及其消毒副产物生成潜能(DisinfectionBy-Products Formation Potential,DBPFP).利用XAD-8大孔树脂,将水体中DOM分离为亲水性物质(Hydrophilic Substances,HIS)、疏水碱性物质(Hydrophobic Bases,HOB)、疏水酸性物质(Hydrophobic Acids,HOA)、疏水中性物质(HydrophobicNeutrals,HOB).4种DOM组分的溶解性有机碳(Dissolved Organic Carbon,DOC)浓度分布情况为:HIS最高为10.2mg/L,占原水DOC浓度的72.86%.不同DOM组分的DBPFP实验表明,HIS的三卤甲烷生成潜能(Trihalomethanes FormationPotential,THMFP)和卤乙酸生成潜能(Haloacetic Acids Formation Potential,HAAFP)分别占4种DOM消毒副产物生成潜能之和的63%和31.25%,为主要的消毒副产物前体物.由于HIS为水华期水体中DOM的主要组分,且具有DBPFP高、不易在水处理过程中去除的特点.因此进一步考查了不同氯化条件(氯化剂用量、氯化时间、水体pH值)对HIS氯化生成DBPs的影响.研究结果表明:DBPs生成量与氯化剂用量及氯化时间成正相关.pH对HIS氯化生成THMs和HAAs的影响并不相同.在实验所选取的pH范围之内,THMs生成量随pH的升高,呈逐渐增加的趋势,而HAAs产量却表现为先增加后减少.     

Evaluation of humic acid removal by a flat submerged membrane photoreactor

A flat submerged membrane combined with a TiO 2 /UV photocatalytic reactor (FSMPR) was employed in batch mode to remove humic acid (HA). HA removal efficiency was characterized by UV 254 absorbance, UV-vis spectra, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, specific UV absorbance (SUVA), and trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP). The FSMPR process was effective in removing more than 86% of DOC and nearly 100% of UV 254 absorbance, while the THMFPs of samples were reduced to < 19 μ g/L after 150 min of treatment. In addition, changes in transmembrane pressure (TMP) with and without UV were evaluated; TiO 2 /UV was effective at controlling membrane fouling by HA. Analysis of the molecular weight (MW) distributions and three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectra of HAs revealed that the effectiveness in membrane fouling control is a result of changes in HA molecular characteristics. The TiO 2 /UV photocatalytic reactor caused the degradation of high MW, hydrophobic humic-like molecules to low MW, hydrophilic protein-like molecules, although this fraction was not completely removed during 150 min of treatment and was less responsible for membrane fouling.     

Biodegradation of dissolved organic carbon in soil extracts and leachates from a temperate forest stand and its relationship to ultraviolet absorbance

The amount and biodegradability of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in forest floors can contribute to carbon sequestration in soils and the release of CO 2-C from soil to the atmosphere.There is only limited knowledge about the biodegradation of DOC in soil extracts and leachates due to the limitations inherent in degradation experiments.Differences in the biodegradation of DOC were studied in forest soil extracts using cold and hot water and 4 mmol/L CaCl 2 solution and in soil leachates sampled under different conditions over a wide range of DOC concentrations.From these results,we developed a simple and rapid method for determining the biodegradable organic C in forest floors.The hot water extracts and CaCl 2 extracts after CH 3 Cl fumigation contained higher concentrations of biodegradable organic C than the cold water extracts and CaCl 2 extracts before fumigation,with rapid DOC degradation occurring 24-48 h after incubation with an inoculum,followed by slow DOC degradation till 120-168 h into the incubation.During a 7-d incubation with an inoculum,the variation in DOC degradation in the different soil extracts was consistent with the change in special UV absorbance at 254 nm.Relatively higher levels of biodegradable organic C were detected in soil leachates from the forest canopy than in forest gaps between April and October 2008 (P <0.05).Relatively lower concentrations of DOC and biodegradable organic C were observed in soil leachates from N-fertilized plots during the growing season compared with the control,with the exception of the plot treated with KNO 3 at a rate of 45 kg N ha 1 a 1.Around 77.4% to 96.3% of the variability in the biodegradable organic C concentrations in the forest floors could be accounted for by the initial DOC concentration and UV absorbance at 254 nm.Compared with the conventional inoculum incubation method,the method of analyzing UV absorbance at 254 nm is less time consuming and requires a much smaller sample volume.The results suggest that the regression models obtained using the initial DOC concentration and UV absorbance can provide a rapid,simple and reliable method for determining the biodegradable organic C content,especially in field studies involving relatively large numbers of samples.     

Efficient export of carbon to the deep ocean through dissolved organic matter

Oceanic dissolved organic carbon (DOC) constitutes one of the largest pools of reduced carbon in the biosphere. Estimated DOC export from the surface ocean represents 20% of total organic carbon flux to the deep ocean, which constitutes a primary control on atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. DOC is the carbon component of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and an accurate quantification of DOM pools, fluxes and their controls is therefore critical to understanding oceanic carbon cycling. DOC export is directly coupled with dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphorus export. However, the C:N:P stoichiometry (by atoms) of DOM dynamics is poorly understood. Here we study the stoichiometry of the DOM pool and of DOM decomposition in continental shelf, continental slope and central ocean gyre environments. We find that DOM is remineralized and produced with a C:N:P stoichiometry of 199:20:1 that is substantially lower than for bulk pools (typically >775:54:1), but greater than for particulate organic matter (106:16:1--the Redfield ratio). Thus for a given mass of new N and P introduced into surface water, more DOC can be exported than would occur at the Redfield ratio. This may contribute to the excess respiration estimated to occur in the interior ocean. Our results place an explicit constraint on global carbon export and elemental balance via advective pathways.     

Treatment of Organic Compounds in Reclaimed Wastewater for Groundwater Recharge

To study water quality problems associated with groundwater recharge, a tertiary treatment process, consisting of coagulation, sand filtration, and granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, was used in combination with a simulated soil aquifer treatment. The process significantly improved secondary effluent quality. GAC adsorption reduced organic substances expressed by UV-254, dissolved organic carbon as well as partially adsorbable organic halogens. The results of the Ames test show that the secondary effluent contains a high concentration of mutagens. GAC filtration removed adsorbable organic bromine slightly whereas GAC adsorption removed mutagens effectively. The simulated soil aquifer treatment was able to further reduce UV-254, dissolved organic carbon, and adsorbable organic halogens through biodegradation. Adsorbable organic bromine levels were also reduced by the soil aquifer treatment process. The given reclamation technology used for groundwater recharge is of benefit to the removal of dissolved organic carbon, UV-254, adsorbable organic halogens, and rnutagenicity.     

生物炭在矿区农田土壤中与镉的纵向共迁移行为

以广东韶关大宝山矿山废水污染的农田为研究对象,利用超纯水和甲苯/甲醇提取的溶解性有机质(DOM)的三维荧光光谱平行因子分析(EEM-PARAFAC)技术,追踪荔枝树枝生物炭1年内在土壤层0~100 cm深度范围的迁移行为及其协同重金属镉(Cd)的纵向迁移性质. 结果表明:生物炭增加了0~60 cm深土壤层溶解性有机碳(DOC)的质量分数,增加了表层土壤的pH,对深层土壤pH无明显影响;EEM-PARAFAC解析得到3个DOM组分(1个类蛋白和2个类腐殖质组分),生物炭的添加增大了0~60 cm深土壤层类腐殖质的质量分数;并且甲苯/甲醇提取的DOM在0~60 cm深土壤层中均检测出生物炭特有的多环芳烃结构,说明生物炭在1年内发生了明显的纵向迁移;生物炭能够有效降低0~20 cm深土壤中有效态Cd的质量分数,但20~60 cm深土层中有效态Cd与对照组的相比最高增加了148%左右. 研究表明:需要特别关注生物炭协同重金属在土壤中纵向迁移行为所带来的环境影响.     

不同分子量DOM对垃圾渗滤液生物处理组合工艺中DBP和DEHP去除率的影响

采用小型生物处理组合工艺(上流式厌氧污泥床+曝气生物滤池+缺氧反应器+膜生物反应器, UASB+ BAF+ANO+MBR)处理老龄垃圾渗滤液, 考察了邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)两种内分泌干扰物在组合工艺中的去除, 以及与渗滤液中溶解性有机质(DOM)去除的关系。结果表明, 组合工艺对DBP和DEHP的去除率可分别达到92.9%和95.2%, 且与DOM腐殖化作用(即腐殖质的芳香性和分子量)密切相关。溶解性有机碳(DOC)主要分布在分子量为1~100 kDa的有机组分中, 此时腐殖质的芳香性较强, DBP和DEHP的浓度也较高。经过工艺处理后, 该组分的DOC和芳香性有效降低, 相应两种污染物的去除效果也更为明显。渗滤液原水及各工艺段中DOC与DBP及DEHP浓度的正相关性, 表明二者之间相互作用更有利于污染物的有效去除。     

用于地下回灌的城市污水臭氧处理

为回用城市污水 ,以缓解我国水资源日益短缺的紧张局面 ,研究了臭氧对典型城市二级生化出水 (北京高碑店污水处理厂 )中有机物的去除效果。对以 AOX表征的有机物 ,臭氧与之的直接反应和间接反应的去除率存在限值 ,直接反应的最大去除率可达 2 4% ,间接反应的最大去除率可达 3 8%。间接反应中 ,NO-2 、细菌、苯系物优先与臭氧反应 ,AOX、DOC反应慢 ,臭氧去除 AOX是氧化卤素原子的脱卤作用。二级生化出水经臭氧处理后 ,还可以有效去除细菌 ,并破坏大分子及苯环 ,从而提高了水的可生化降解性。臭氧消耗量为 2 4mg/ L 时 ,再经土壤含水层处理 ,出水 DOC值可达地下水水源标准     

Uptake of dissolved organic carbon and trace elements by zebra mussels

Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) are widespread and abundant in major freshwater ecosystems in North America, even though the phytoplankton food resources in some of these systems seem to be too low to sustain them. Because phytoplankton biomass is greatly depleted in ecosystems with large D. polymorpha populations and bacteria do not seem to be an important food source for this species, exploitation of alternative carbon sources may explain the unexpected success of D. polymorpha in such environments. Here we examine the possibility that absorption of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from water could provide a nutritional supplement to zebra mussels. We find that mussels absorb 14C-labelled DOC produced by cultured diatoms with an efficiency of 0.23%; this indicates that DOC in natural waters could contribute up to 50% of the carbon demand of zebra mussels. We also find that zebra mussels absorb some dissolved metals that have been complexed by the DOM; although absorption of dissolved selenium was unaffected by DOC, absorption of dissolved cadmium, silver and mercury by the mussels increased 32-, 8.7- and 3.6-fold, respectively, in the presence of high-molecular-weight DOC.     

草地造林40年后土壤可溶性有机碳下降

为了解天然草地造林后土壤可溶性有机碳的变化,以河北塞罕坝的羊草草甸草原以及在草甸草原上营造的樟子松人工林和落叶松人工林为研究对象,比较了3种植被类型土壤表层0-30cm的土壤可溶性有机碳、土壤总有机碳和土壤全氮等指标。结果表明,人工针叶林的土壤可溶性有机碳、土壤有机碳和土壤全氮含量均低于草甸草原,天然草地营造人工针叶林40年后土壤可溶性有机碳、土壤有机碳和土壤全氮都有所下降,人工林生态系统的土壤异质性低于草甸草原。     

氮添加对杨树人工林土壤活性有机碳季节变化的影响

为研究大气氮沉降对森林生态系统碳循环的影响, 从2012年5月起,选择典型的苏北杨树(Populus deltoides cv. ‘I-35’)人工林为实验地, 采用随机区组设计不同氮添加处理, 进行野外氮添加定位试验,分析氮添加对不同林龄杨树人工林土壤活性有机碳的影响。结果表明:氮添加提高了土壤微生物生物量碳、可溶性有机碳的含量; 土壤微生物生物量碳和可溶性有机碳含量有显著的季节变化,总体表现为夏秋季较高,冬春季较低。相关分析表明,微生物生物量碳含量与土壤温度呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),可溶性有机碳含量与土壤温度相关性不显著(p>0.05)。研究表明,苏北杨树人工林土壤活性有机碳含量的季节变化主要受到土壤温度影响,同时其对氮添加呈正响应。     

红壤丘陵区不同地类活性有机碳分布特征及与草本生物量关系

以南方红壤丘陵区荒地、松林、草地坡地小区为研究对象,在研究了土地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳和草本生物量分布特征影响规律的基础上,深入探讨了不同土地利用方式下土壤活性有机碳与草本生物量的定量关系.结果表明不同土地利用方式对土壤易氧化有机碳(ROC)、水溶性有机碳(DOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)以及草本生物量的分布特征均有重要影响,其中草地坡面小区的活性有机碳各组分和草本生物量均高于荒地和松林小区;定量关系研究表明,影响荒地、松林和草地草本生物量的活性有机碳组分分别为DOC,ROC,DOC和MBC,其中荒地坡面DOC主要通过土壤有机碳(SOC)对草本生物量产生影响.     

紫外与真空紫外深度处理焦化废水的试验研究

采用两级A/O生物膜反应器对焦化废水进行生物处理,并首次尝试以紫外线技术(普通紫外与真空紫外)进行深度处理。该反应器COD去除率稳定在85%～90%之间,总氮去除率最高可达31%。通过比较COD,DOC及各项氮指标(氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮和总氮),发现真空紫外优于普通紫外,可以更加有效地去除生物处理出水中残留的有机物及含氮无机物。通过紫外可见吸收光谱、气相色谱-质谱和三维荧光光谱3种技术对水质成分进行分析,推测焦化废水生物处理出水中的黄色物质主要为腐殖酸类物质,真空紫外光照12小时后可将其完全去除,并显著改善出水的色度。     

添加有机肥对滨海盐渍土壤溶解性有机碳特征的影响

【目的】研究添加有机肥对滨海盐渍土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)的影响,探究土壤DOC的组分来源以及滨海盐渍土壤碳库的稳定性,为改良滨海盐渍土并发挥其碳汇效应提供依据。【方法】以江苏大丰滨海两种不同盐分的盐渍土壤为研究对象,利用紫外-可见光谱和三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析法,分析添加牛粪有机肥后两种盐渍土壤中DOC含量及紫外-可见光谱、三维荧光光谱特征的动态变化。【结果】添加有机肥的土壤DOC含量显著增加,且有机肥的添加提高了土壤DOC的腐殖化程度,试验第15天和第60天时高盐土壤DOC的腐殖化程度更高,土壤中DOC主要来源于添加的有机肥。三维荧光光谱特征显示,添加有机肥后土壤DOC中类富里酸峰较为明显。平行因子分析法将土壤DOC分为4个荧光组分:C1为外源类短波类腐殖质组分(紫外光区为类富里酸、海洋类富里酸),C2为外源类腐殖质组分(紫外光区、可见光区均为类富里酸),C3为内源类蛋白质组分(类络氨酸、类色氨酸),C4为内源类蛋白质组分(类络氨酸),随时间的变化各组分的占比也表现出不同的情况。【结论】滨海两种盐渍土壤添加牛粪有机肥后,土壤中DOC的含量、类腐殖质组分占比及腐质化程度均显著提高,类络氨酸组分的占比显著降低(P<0.05)。添加有机肥有利于盐渍土壤中活性碳库的稳定,但由于影响DOC的因素众多,不同的盐渍土壤表现情况各异。     

南京市不同功能区城市林业土壤有机碳含量与分布

为了解城市化过程中人为活动对城市林业土壤性质及土壤碳库的影响,以南京市土壤为对象,测定了7类功能区城市林业土壤0～30 cm土层的总有机碳(SOC)、溶解有机碳(DOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化态碳(ROC)和轻组有机碳(LFOC)的含量,分析了城市林业土壤有机碳的分布规律及其相互关系。结果表明:城市林业土壤表层(0～10 cm)活性有机碳富集特征明显,土壤活性有机碳含量随着土层加深而减小,人为干扰对土壤有机碳含量影响较大; 城郊天然林土壤积累了较高含量的ROC和MBC,道路绿化带土壤由于交通源有机物质的输入,SOC、DOC、LFOC含量较高。人类活动频繁的居民区、公园和校园的土壤活性有机碳各组分含量多处于较低水平。研究表明,土壤总有机碳与各活性有机碳之间有显著相关关系。     

有机物添加对山西太岳山油松林土壤呼吸及碳组分的影响

【目的】 探讨添加不同类型有机物对油松林土壤有机碳组分及土壤呼吸的影响,为预测山西太岳山油松林生态系统中土壤的碳收支平衡提供参考。【方法】 采用随机区组设计,以山西太岳山油松林地表的平均自然凋落物量为标准,向油松林地0~20 cm土壤中分别添加生物炭(BC)、玉米秸秆(JG)、辽东栎叶(LD)和油松叶(YS)等4种类型有机物,使用LI-8100 CO₂通量全自动测量系统对有机物添加条件下的土壤呼吸速率进行连续测定,并对各处理的土壤有机碳(SOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化碳(ROC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量进行监测,结合土壤呼吸与土壤有机碳及其组分之间的关系,探讨添加有机物对山西太岳山油松林土壤呼吸及碳组分的影响。【结果】 ①向土壤中添加BC显著降低了土壤呼吸速率,添加JG后土壤呼吸速率较CK显著提高了11.67%。,其余处理与CK差异不显著。在2014年7—11月和2015年5—10月,不同添加物处理间土壤呼吸速率从大至小表现为JG>LD >YS>CK。②有机物添加下土壤SOC含量随时间的增加有上升的趋势,在2014年8月,添加JG后显著提高了土壤SOC、MBC、ROC、DOC含量,添加BC显著提高了土壤MBC含量,添加LD和YS显著提高了土壤SOC和MBC含量。在2014年10月,添加JG显著提高了土壤SOC、MBC、ROC、DOC含量,添加LD显著提高了土壤MBC和ROC含量,添加YS显著提高了土壤SOC、MBC含量。在2015年3月,添加JG显著提高了土壤SOC、MBC和ROC含量,添加LD显著提高了土壤ROC含量。2015年5月,添加JG显著增加了土壤MBC含量。③与对照相比,添加BC后土温10 ℃时的土壤呼吸速率(R₁₀)显著降低了18.01%,添加YS后R₁₀显著增加了30.88%,添加其他有机物对温度敏感性系数(Q₁₀)和R₁₀没有显著影响。④土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度、SOC、MBC、ROC和DOC含量显著正相关。【结论】 添加有机物显著影响土壤碳动态和土壤温湿度,这些都会对土壤CO₂排放产生显著影响,添加JG对土壤有机碳及其碳组分的提高效果最显著,但土壤呼吸速率最高,不利于碳的储存;添加LD可增加土壤活性有机碳含量,短期内可明显改善土壤有机碳库质量;添加BC可在短期内提高土壤微生物生物量碳含量,并显著降低土壤呼吸速率,减少土壤CO₂排放的效果最好。     

短期氮添加对杨树人工林表层土壤 可溶性有机碳的影响

在江苏省北部杨树人工林集中分布区开展短期氮添加实验,以研究表层土壤(0～10 cm)可溶性有机碳的响应规律。结果显示:杨树人工林表层土壤可溶性有机碳随着氮添加浓度上升呈现增加趋势,林龄间差异逐渐减小; 对表层土壤可溶性有机碳影响因子分析发现,短期氮添加过程中土壤微生物生物量碳与土壤可溶性有机碳动态的相关性最大,与相对于凋落物量和细根生物量没有明显相关关系,说明短期外源氮素输入会导致土壤微生物生物量的增加,从而引起作为微生物代谢产物的土壤可溶性有机碳浓度的上升。     

粉末活性炭-超滤膜工艺净化松花江水

为了研究超滤(UF)技术对地表水的处理效果,建造了一座120吨/天的中试规模的膜处理水厂.以松花江水为水源,用粉末活性炭(PAC)吸附作为超滤的预处理工艺,组成了PAC-UF系统.结果表明:PAC-UF工艺的出水浊度在0.15NTU左右,而且不受进水浊度的影响;原水不经过PAC吸附直接超滤时,膜出水有机物浓度和膜进水有机物浓度存在线性关系;UF对UV254的平均去除率在10%左右,对溶解性有机碳(DOC)的平均去除率在8%左右;加入PAC吸附后对有机物的去除有明显提高.