利用多路选择器网络实现任意逻辑函数的若干方法Ⅰ

多路选择器是一种中规模集成逻辑器件．利用多路选择器网络可以实现任意逻辑函数．利用多路选择器实现逻辑函数的化简方法与利用逻辑门实现逻辑函数的化简方法是不同的．本文介绍了利用多路选择器网络实现任意逻辑函数的若干方法，这些方法在利用中规模数字集成电路进行数字电路与系统设计有一定的应用参考价值．     

基于FPGA的曼彻斯特编码DSG的设计与实现

利用可编程门阵列(FPGA)技术的可重构性与灵活性,设计实现了一种数据率可调、具有曼彻斯特编码功能的数字信号发生器。该信号发生器结合了数字信号发生器和曼彻斯特编码的优点,弥补了信号发生器不具备曼彻斯特编码功能的不足。该系统采用硬件描述语言VHDL进行设计,使用Quartus II 8.0进行综合布线,最终适配到DE2开发板并用示波器等设备进行了验证测试。整个设计硬件结构简单、占用逻辑器件资源少、可靠性高、灵活性强、适应性好,具有一定的理论价值和应用前景。     

Ultralow-power organic complementary circuits

The prospect of using low-temperature processable organic semiconductors to implement transistors, circuits, displays and sensors on arbitrary substrates, such as glass or plastics, offers enormous potential for a wide range of electronic products. Of particular interest are portable devices that can be powered by small batteries or by near-field radio-frequency coupling. The main problem with existing approaches is the large power consumption of conventional organic circuits, which makes battery-powered applications problematic, if not impossible. Here we demonstrate an organic circuit with very low power consumption that uses a self-assembled monolayer gate dielectric and two different air-stable molecular semiconductors (pentacene and hexadecafluorocopperphthalocyanine, F16CuPc). The monolayer dielectric is grown on patterned metal gates at room temperature and is optimized to provide a large gate capacitance and low gate leakage currents. By combining low-voltage p-channel and n-channel organic thin-film transistors in a complementary circuit design, the static currents are reduced to below 100 pA per logic gate. We have fabricated complementary inverters, NAND gates, and ring oscillators that operate with supply voltages between 1.5 and 3 V and have a static power consumption of less than 1 nW per logic gate. These organic circuits are thus well suited for battery-powered systems such as portable display devices and large-surface sensor networks as well as for radio-frequency identification tags with extended operating range.     

Computational design of receptor and sensor proteins with novel functions

The formation of complexes between proteins and ligands is fundamental to biological processes at the molecular level. Manipulation of molecular recognition between ligands and proteins is therefore important for basic biological studies and has many biotechnological applications, including the construction of enzymes, biosensors, genetic circuits, signal transduction pathways and chiral separations. The systematic manipulation of binding sites remains a major challenge. Computational design offers enormous generality for engineering protein structure and function. Here we present a structure-based computational method that can drastically redesign protein ligand-binding specificities. This method was used to construct soluble receptors that bind trinitrotoluene, l-lactate or serotonin with high selectivity and affinity. These engineered receptors can function as biosensors for their new ligands; we also incorporated them into synthetic bacterial signal transduction pathways, regulating gene expression in response to extracellular trinitrotoluene or l-lactate. The use of various ligands and proteins shows that a high degree of control over biomolecular recognition has been established computationally. The biological and biosensing activities of the designed receptors illustrate potential applications of computational design.     

铁电场效应晶体管:原理、材料设计与研究进展

系统阐述了铁电场效应晶体管(FeFET)的工作原理，重点介绍了铁电层和缓冲层的材料设计的基本原理、目前所研究的主要的铁电层材料和缓冲层材料及其所对应的FeFET的器件性能．并介绍了关于FeFET研究的一些最新的进展如基于FeFET的FeCMOS逻辑电路、FeNAND闪存电路、基于氧化物半导体和有机半导体的FeFET的一些最新研究成果．最后对FeFET的未来研究发展趋势作出一些展望．     

液压元件功能知识表达的能量特征状态模型及其应用

给出液压元件功能知识表达数学模型.将液压控制元件的自身结构与使用方式相结合,定义能量特征状态基本变换单元为系统方案设计的最小功能选择单元.构建了基本变换单元输入输出间的定量关系方程,通过对该方程的定性特征化处理抽象出特征状态变换方程,并将特征状态变换方程的系数矩阵作为基本变换单元功能知识的定性数学表达.归结了常用基本变换单元,形成了基本变换单元功能知识表达库和相应的特征状态变换矩阵.构建了单动作液压子系统综合模型,并给出相应的矩阵分解算法与特征运算规则,最后结合具体实例阐述了基本变换单元功能知识表达模型在系统方案设计中应用的有效性.     

用 MOS-DYL 电路实现逻辑推理神经元

介绍神经网络的电子学实现方法并分析了用ＭＯＳ－ＤＹＬ电路实现神经网络的优越性。提出了用ＭＯＳ－ＤＹＬ电路实现基本神经元模型的方法，并证明应用其有可能实现逻辑推理功能，最后用专用软件在微机上对上述电路结构进行了仿真，说明设计的可行性。     

Reconstruction of genetic circuits

The complex genetic circuits found in cells are ordinarily studied by analysis of genetic and biochemical perturbations. The inherent modularity of biological components like genes and proteins enables a complementary approach: one can construct and analyse synthetic genetic circuits based on their natural counterparts. Such synthetic circuits can be used as simple in vivo models to explore the relation between the structure and function of a genetic circuit. Here we describe recent progress in this area of synthetic biology, highlighting newly developed genetic components and biological lessons learned from this approach.     

Development of asymmetric inhibition underlying direction selectivity in the retina

Establishing precise synaptic connections is crucial to the development of functional neural circuits. The direction-selective circuit in the retina relies upon highly selective wiring of inhibitory inputs from starburst amacrine cells (SACs) onto four subtypes of ON-OFF direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs), each preferring motion in one of four cardinal directions. It has been reported in rabbit that the SACs on the 'null' sides of DSGCs form functional GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)-mediated synapses, whereas those on the preferred sides do not. However, it is not known how the asymmetric wiring between SACs and DSGCs is established during development. Here we report that in transgenic mice with cell-type-specific labelling, the synaptic connections from SACs to DSGCs were of equal strength during the first postnatal week, regardless of whether the SAC was located on the preferred or null side of the DSGC. However, by the end of the second postnatal week, the strength of the synapses made from SACs on the null side of a DSGC significantly increased whereas those made from SACs located on the preferred side remained constant. Blocking retinal activity by intraocular injections of muscimol or gabazine during this period did not alter the development of direction selectivity. Hence, the asymmetric inhibition between the SACs and DSGCs is achieved by a developmental program that specifically strengthens the GABA-mediated inputs from SACs located on the null side, in a manner not dependent on neural activity.     

论较大规模数字逻辑电路进化实现

进化实现大规模数字电路,是演化硬件投入工程应用的一个重要研究领域。本文分析了演化大规模逻辑电路中存在的主要技术难点,提出了多级分解进化的思想。采用多级分解的方法将复杂电路分解为可快速进化实现的小电路。通过对典型电路的多级分解进化的实现,详细阐述了多级分解进化在实现大规模逻辑电路过程中的思想和方法。     

Programmable nanowire circuits for nanoprocessors

A nanoprocessor constructed from intrinsically nanometre-scale building blocks is an essential component for controlling memory, nanosensors and other functions proposed for nanosystems assembled from the bottom up. Important steps towards this goal over the past fifteen years include the realization of simple logic gates with individually assembled semiconductor nanowires and carbon nanotubes, but with only 16 devices or fewer and a single function for each circuit. Recently, logic circuits also have been demonstrated that use two or three elements of a one-dimensional memristor array, although such passive devices without gain are difficult to cascade. These circuits fall short of the requirements for a scalable, multifunctional nanoprocessor owing to challenges in materials, assembly and architecture on the nanoscale. Here we describe the design, fabrication and use of programmable and scalable logic tiles for nanoprocessors that surmount these hurdles. The tiles were built from programmable, non-volatile nanowire transistor arrays. Ge/Si core/shell nanowires coupled to designed dielectric shells yielded single-nanowire, non-volatile field-effect transistors (FETs) with uniform, programmable threshold voltages and the capability to drive cascaded elements. We developed an architecture to integrate the programmable nanowire FETs and define a logic tile consisting of two interconnected arrays with 496 functional configurable FET nodes in an area of ～960 μm(2). The logic tile was programmed and operated first as a full adder with a maximal voltage gain of ten and input-output voltage matching. Then we showed that the same logic tile can be reprogrammed and used to demonstrate full-subtractor, multiplexer, demultiplexer and clocked D-latch functions. These results represent a significant advance in the complexity and functionality of nanoelectronic circuits built from the bottom up with a tiled architecture that could be cascaded to realize fully integrated nanoprocessors with computing, memory and addressing capabilities.     

Self-assembled monolayer organic field-effect transistors

The use of individual molecules as functional electronic devices was proposed in 1974 (ref. 1). Since then, advances in the field of nanotechnology have led to the fabrication of various molecule devices and devices based on monolayer arrays of molecules. Single molecule devices are expected to have interesting electronic properties, but devices based on an array of molecules are easier to fabricate and could potentially be more reliable. However, most of the previous work on array-based devices focused on two-terminal structures: demonstrating, for example, negative differential resistance, rectifiers, and re-configurable switching. It has also been proposed that diode switches containing only a few two-terminal molecules could be used to implement simple molecular electronic computer logic circuits. However, three-terminal devices, that is, transistors, could offer several advantages for logic operations compared to two-terminal switches, the most important of which is 'gain'-the ability to modulate the conductance. Here, we demonstrate gain for electronic transport perpendicular to a single molecular layer ( approximately 10-20 A) by using a third gate electrode. Our experiments with field-effect transistors based on self-assembled monolayers demonstrate conductance modulation of more than five orders of magnitude. In addition, inverter circuits have been prepared that show a gain as high as six. The fabrication of monolayer transistors and inverters might represent an important step towards molecular-scale electronics.     

一种利用二叉树来实现逻辑表达式自动推导的算法

探讨了如何利用二叉树来设计逻辑表达式在计算机上的逻辑结构和存储结构,以及在这种结构上如何实现逻辑表达式的基本运算,进而实现其他复杂的表达式自动推导.     

电路与器件的混合模拟方法

以二级牛顿算法为基础提出了电路与器件的混合模拟方法，从而实现了一个有效的混合仿真工具。提出了一种通用的数值器件模型，可以适用于所有器件仿真工具所包含的新器件和由此组成的电路，并在计算机网络上实现了混合模拟的并行计算，大大提高了运算速度。这种方法使人们在新器件设计的同时能够很方便地进行电路级模拟，从而为新器件和新电路的发展和应用提供了强有力的模拟工具。     

对触发器逻辑功能转换的分析

触发器是构成时序逻辑电路最基本的存储单元,对触发器逻辑功能学习后,再分析几种常见触发器之间的逻辑功能转换。能培养学生的知识应用能力、思维能力和创新能力,为学习时序逻辑电路打下坚实的基础。     

Neural network computation with DNA strand displacement cascades

The impressive capabilities of the mammalian brain--ranging from perception, pattern recognition and memory formation to decision making and motor activity control--have inspired their re-creation in a wide range of artificial intelligence systems for applications such as face recognition, anomaly detection, medical diagnosis and robotic vehicle control. Yet before neuron-based brains evolved, complex biomolecular circuits provided individual cells with the 'intelligent' behaviour required for survival. However, the study of how molecules can 'think' has not produced an equal variety of computational models and applications of artificial chemical systems. Although biomolecular systems have been hypothesized to carry out neural-network-like computations in vivo and the synthesis of artificial chemical analogues has been proposed theoretically, experimental work has so far fallen short of fully implementing even a single neuron. Here, building on the richness of DNA computing and strand displacement circuitry, we show how molecular systems can exhibit autonomous brain-like behaviours. Using a simple DNA gate architecture that allows experimental scale-up of multilayer digital circuits, we systematically transform arbitrary linear threshold circuits (an artificial neural network model) into DNA strand displacement cascades that function as small neural networks. Our approach even allows us to implement a Hopfield associative memory with four fully connected artificial neurons that, after training in silico, remembers four single-stranded DNA patterns and recalls the most similar one when presented with an incomplete pattern. Our results suggest that DNA strand displacement cascades could be used to endow autonomous chemical systems with the capability of recognizing patterns of molecular events, making decisions and responding to the environment.     

基于数值模拟的语言计算方法

为了描述模糊信息并建立模糊逻辑,研究了基于扩展原理和符号化模型的语言计算方法,提出基于数值模拟的对称分布语言变量表示及计算模型.该模型用特征值和标准方差二维数值反映语言的共性和特性.为了扩大运用范围,针对用任意三角模糊数表示的语言变量,提出基础语言集的寻找方法,以实现语言变量统一,完成模糊语言之间的逻辑运算.在此基础上...