A new method to calculate the productivity index for vertical fractured well of tight gas reservoir

Generally the irreducible water saturation of low permeability gas reservoir is quite high which leads to the permeability stress sensibility and threshold pressure gradient. Under the assumption that permeability varies with experimental law of the pseudo pressure drop, according to concepts of perturbable ellipses and equivalent developing regulations, the calculation method of stable production of hydraulically fractured gas well in low permeability reservoirs is investigated with threshold pressure. And productivity curve is drawn and analyzed. The result shows that, permeability modulus and threshold pressure have effect on production of fractured gas well. The higher the permeability modulus and the threshold pressure, the lower the production is. Therefore, the impact of stress sensitive and threshold pressure must he considered when analyzing the productivity of vertical fracture well in low permeability gas reservoir.     

A new model for analyzing laminar forced convective enhanced heat transfer in latent functionally thermal fluid

In this paper, a new model to analyze laminar forced convective enhanced heat transfer in latent functionally thermal fluid is developed. The main characteristics of the model are- i) a new formula of the specific heat at constant pressure is used; ii ) a real heat transfer process is considered; that is, heat transfer processes occur not only between working fluid and microcapsules, but also between the mixture and tube wall; iii) the new method, which combines the newly developed axisymmetrical dual reciprocity boundary element method (DRBEM) with finite difference method (FDM), is used to solve the control equations of this problem. The new model is validated by experimental data. Some new physical results on the variational characteristics of the specific heat at constant pressure with space and time during phase-change process, the time-marching history of the phase-change interfaces and so on are obtained. Several main physical factors that affect enhanced heat transfer in latent functionally thermal fluid are numerically analyzed. Some new understandings for the mechanism of enhanced heat transfer in the functionally fluid are obtained.     

Wavelet domain adaptive filtering algorithm for removing the seamless pipe noise contained in the magnetic flux leakage data

With the widespread application and fast development of gas and oil pipeline network in China, the pipeline inspection technology has been used more extensively. The magnetic flux leakage （MFL） method has established itself as the most widely used in-line inspection technique for the evaluation of gas and oil pipelines. The MFL data obtained from seamless pipeline inspection is usually contaminated by the seamless pipe noise （SPN）. SPN can in some cases completely mask MFL signals from certain type of defects, and therefore considerably reduces the detectability of the defect signals. In this paper, a new de-noising algorithm called wavelet domain adaptive filtering is proposed for removing the SPN contained in the MFL data. The new algorithm results from combining the wavelet transform with the adaptive filtering technique. Results from application of the proposed algorithm to the MFL data from field tests show that the proposed algorithm has good performance and considerably improves the detectability of the defect signals in the MFL data.     

Measurement of contact angle between stainless steel surface and carbon dioxide by pendant drop method

To measure contact angle between CO2 and solid surface, in this study a visual high-pressure vessel has been developed, with a corresponding well-controlled constant temperature system. Pendant drop method is applied to the investigation of the contact angles of CO2 on a stainless steel surface in its own vapor. The image of the pendant drop is recorded by a camera, and a B-Snake method is used to analyze the contour and the contact angle of the droplet. The experimental results have provided a set of well tested data, which show that C02 has good infiltration into stainless steel surface and the developed method can be used as a standard testing one for measuring the contact angle between high-pressure liquid and solid surface.     

Simulation of phase transition process using lattice Boltzmann method

A new lattice Boltzmann model based on SC model, is proposed to describe the liquid-vapor phase transitions. The new model is validated through the simulation of the one-component phase transition process. Compared with the simulation results of van der Waals gas and the Maxwell equal-area construction, the results of the new model have a better agreement with the analytical solutions than those of SC and Zhang models. Since the obtained temperature range and the maximum density ratio in this model are expanded, and the magnitude of maximum spurious current is only between those of SC and Zhang models, it is believed that this new model has better stability than SC and Zhang models. Consequently, the application scope of this new model is expanded compared with the existing phase transition models. According to the principle of the corresponding states in engineering thermodynamics, the simulations of ammonia and water phase transition process were implemented using this new model with different equations of state. Compared with the experimental data of ammonia and water, the results show that the Peng-Robinson is the best equation of state to describe the phase transition process of ammonia and water. Especially, the simulation results of ammonia with Peng-Robinson equation of state have an excellent agreement with its experimental data. Therefore these simulation results have a significant influence on the real engineering applications.     

A heat-driven thermoacoustic cryocooler capable of reaching below liquid hydrogen temperature

A "double-gas acoustic amplifier" is introduced to couple a thermoacoustic heat engine and a two-stage pulse tube cooler in this paper. Compared with previous acoustic amplifiers, this new acoustic amplifier maintains the function of amplification for pressure amplitude. In particular, the novel acoustic amplifier with a reservoir makes it possible to install an acoustic transparent but gas blocking elastic membrane between the engine and the cooler. Thus, the engine can use nitrogen as the working gas to work at low frequency; and meanwhile, the cooler can still use helium as the working gas to maintain its high performance. With this new amplifier, the cooling temperature of a two-stage pulse tube cooler driven by an energy-focused thermoacoustic engine reached 18.7 K.     

TST: Threshold Based Similarity Transitivity Method in Collaborative Filtering with Cloud Computing

Collaborative filtering solves information overload problem by presenting personalized content to individual users based on their interests, which has been extensively applied in real-world recommender systems. As a class of simple but efficient collaborative filtering method, similarity based approaches make predictions by finding users with similar taste or items that have been similarly chosen. However, as the number of users or items grows rapidly, the traditional approach is suffering from the data sparsity problem. Inaccurate similarities derived from the sparse user-item associations would generate the inaccurate neighborhood for each user or item. Consequently, its poor recommendation drives us to propose a Threshold based Similarity Transitivity (TST) method in this paper. TST firstly filters out those inaccurate similarities by setting an intersection threshold and then replaces them with the transitivity similarity. Besides, the TST method is designed to be scalable with MapReduce framework based on cloud computing platform. We evaluate our algorithm on the public data set MovieLens and a real-world data set from AppChina (an Android application market) with several well-known metrics including precision, recall, coverage, and popularity. The experimental results demonstrate that TST copes well with the tradeoff between quality and quantity of similarity by setting an appropriate threshold. Moreover, we can experimentally find the optimal threshold which will be smaller as the data set becomes sparser. The experimental results also show that TST significantly outperforms the traditional approach even when the data becomes sparser.     

Relationship between Environmental Pollution of Coal Mine and Spectral Characteristics of Nearby Plants

Remote sensing technology, as the most advanced method for collecting data, along with the common ways often used in the past on research of environmental science, was integrated to study the relationship between environmental pollution of coal mine and spectral characteristics of nearby plants. With compositive index and mean reflectivity at near infrared, a regression equation was established, and a conclusion was made that spectral reflectivity can be used to distinguish regions with different pollution degree. Through testing with real status of the research region, it is verified that this kind of integration and conclusion not only are helpful for human being in controlling the movement law of pollutants and the corresponding change of coal mine environmental quality but also bring a new way for the research of environment problems of coal mine.     

An analytical solution to Boltzmann equation of dilute granular flow with homotopy analysis method

The homotopy analysis method （HAM）, as a new mathematical tool, has been employed to solve many nonlinear problems. As a fundamental equation in non-equilibrium statistical mechanics, the Boltzmann integro-differential equation （BE） describing the movement of particles is of strong nonlinearity. In this work, HAM is preliminarily applied to dilute granular flow which is relatively simple. By choosing the Maxwell velocity distribution function as the initial solution, the concrete expression of the first-order approximate solution to BE with collision term being the BGK model is given. Furthermore it is consistent with the solution using Chapman-Enskog method but does not rely on little parameters.     

Spectra of L-band ionospheric scintillation over Nanjing

We report the spatiotemporal statistical characteristics of amplitude scintillation over Nanjing.A FFT method for computing scintillation intensity power spectra is briefly described.Using this method,the data with ISATM in Nanjing is analyzed.Spectra characteristic is presented and the irregularities property is discussed preliminarily.The results reveal that the power spectra obtained for Nanjing is consistent with theoretical modeling.At frequencies below the Fresnel frequency,the power density plotted on log-log scale is almost constant whereas above it asymptotes to a straight line.The spectral index ranges from 1.71 to 1.92,which has positive correlation with the S 4 index.Finally,the average drift velocity of irregularities is computed assumably and compared with that obtained for Xinxiang and Haikou.     

致密砂岩油藏拟稳态流动产能分析

同时考虑应力敏感与启动压力梯度的影响,推导出拟稳态流动阶段致密砂岩油井产能公式;并在研究井底脱气基础上,对产能方程进行了修正。实例计算结果表明:在相同的生产压差下,生产井产能向压力轴弯曲,产能低于常规Vogel方程;且应力敏感系数越大,产能曲线弯曲度越大。当井底存在脱气现象时,油井存在一个极限生产压差,并当极限生产压差低于实际生产压差时,油井产量随着生产压差增大反而下降;应力敏感系数越大,产能曲线弯曲越早且弯曲度越大,极限生产压差减小。受到启动压力梯度影响,生产井极限生产压差变大,而受到应力敏感效应影响,极限生产压差减小。在实际生产过程中需要合理优化生产压差。地层压力下降后,生产井受到应力敏感效应影响减弱,受到启动压力梯度影响增强。     

考虑多因素的低渗气藏产能方程

低渗气藏由于其具有孔喉小、物性差、渗透率低等特征,在实际开发中难度较大,对于技术要求较高。为了更加准确计算低渗透气藏的气井产能,对低渗气藏渗流特征进行了描述和数学表征,特别是针对前人推导产能方程考虑因素不全和不准确的现象进行了补充和修正,基于拟启动压力梯度模型,推导和建立了同时考虑滑脱效应、启动压力梯度、应力敏感、高速非达西和水锁损害的低渗气藏产能方程,并对影响因素进行了敏感性分析。结果表明,滑脱效应使气井产能变大,启动压力梯度、应力敏感和水锁损害使气井产能变小;水锁损害对气井产能影响最大,启动压力梯度次之,应力敏感和滑脱效应分列三四;通过实际气藏数据和生产资料验证,产能方程对于现场开发具有指导意义。     

低渗透气藏低速非线性渗流数值模拟研究

大量实验表明,低渗气藏流体在低速渗流时不仅要克服启动压力梯度,而且还受到气体滑脱效应的影响。基于低渗气藏的这一渗流特征,建立了考虑启动压力梯度和气体滑脱效应的低渗低速非线性渗流数学模型及其有限差分方程,并编制数值模拟软件,对比研究了四种情况：(1) 不考虑启动压力梯度和气体滑脱效应;(2) 仅考虑启动压力梯度;(3) 仅考虑气体滑脱效应;(4) 考虑启动压力梯度和气体滑脱效应。数值模拟结果表明：情形(3)的累计产量最高,情形(4)次之,情形(1)第三,情形(2)最低。这一结果说明启动压力梯度和气体滑脱效应对低渗气藏的生产影响很大,由此证明了模型的正确性和适用性。     

低渗透油藏分区物质平衡方法研究

传统物质平衡方法应用中,认为油藏中地层压力降处处相同.但实际上,由于低渗透油藏中不同区域的启动压力梯度不同,因而压力降差异较大.提出了用分区物质平衡方法确定低渗透油藏的弹性驱及溶解气驱采收率.介绍了该方法的基本原理、具体实现过程和矿场应用实例.算例结果表明:分区物质平衡方法的计算结果更加符合低渗透油藏的实际生产特征.     

普光气田地层水启动压力梯度实验研究

针对现有的地层水启动压力梯度计算模型计算结果差异大的问题,选取四川盆地普光气田早三叠纪飞仙关组超深层碳酸盐岩储层标准岩心,开展了储层温度条件下的地层水启动压力梯度实验测试,根据实验测试结果建立了地层水启动压力梯度计算模型,对比分析了不同地层水启动压力梯度计算模型的计算结果,分析了影响地层水启动压力梯度的主要因素,以普光气田为例进行了实例计算和分析。结果表明:地层水启动压力梯度随渗透率的降低而增大,在渗透率相对较低时,地层水启动压力梯度随着渗透率的降低急剧增大;地层温度影响地层水黏度,从而改变地层水在细小孔道中流动时的非牛顿特征,进而影响地层水启动压力梯度的大小;储层渗透率和地层水黏度是影响地层水启动压力梯度大小的主要因素;普光气田Ⅱ、Ⅲ类储层地层水启动压力梯度较大,要准确描述气藏水侵规律,需考虑储层的地层水启动压力梯度。     

火山岩储层启动压力梯度影响因素研究

火山岩储层做为我国重要的勘探目标和油气储量的增长点,对其渗流特征进行研究具有重要意义。以实验为手段,具体地研究了火山岩储层启动压力梯度的影响因素。研究表明,在脆性较大、裂缝较发育的火山岩储层中启动压力梯度相对较小;火山岩储层的渗透率越低,启动压力梯度越大;无论岩性如何,火山岩储层的启动压力梯度都随束缚水饱和度的增加而增大;对同一块岩芯,含水饱和度越高,启动压力梯度值越大。综合而言,裂缝不发达,束缚水饱和度较高的火山岩储层中,由于渗透率较低,如果含水饱和度较高,则会产生较高的启动压力梯度,从而大大降低生产井的产能。鉴于启动压力梯度对渗流机理的影响,研究工作必将对火山岩油气藏的开发产生普遍的积极意义。     

低渗透未饱和油藏产能计算及其影响因素研究

研究了低渗透未饱和油藏的产能公式,通过达西公式,推导并得到了考虑启动压力梯度和介质变形的未饱和油藏的IPR曲线方程。结合矿场数据对IPR曲线方程进行了验证,并研究了启动压力梯度、介质变形、含水率对产量的影响。研究结果表明：在相同条件下,启动压力梯度越大、变形系数越大,产油量越低;井底流压小于饱和压力时,IPR曲线存在最大产量点(拐点);相同条件下启动压力梯度越小、变形系数越大,最大产量点对应的井底流压越高。含水率变化对最大产量点位置影响不大。研究成果对合理开发低渗透未饱和油藏具有理论指导意义。     

垂直裂缝井开发低渗透气藏产能方程求解新方法

为更加有效地表征气藏压裂后地层流体渗流规律的变化,得到预测更接近实际的产能动态方程,进而得到更加准确的绝对无阻流量值。基于稳定流理论,根据低渗透气藏压裂后气井的渗流特征,引入椭圆坐标的拉梅系数;并采用椭圆积分方法重新推导、建立了考虑启动压力梯度影响的低渗透气藏垂直裂缝井的产能动态预测方程。研究结果表明:气体渗流中启动压力梯度是一种附加阻力,其越大气井产量越低;裂缝导流能力越强、裂缝越长,整个渗流过程总压降越小,气井产量越高。低渗透气藏压裂设计中,当裂缝达到极限导流能力后,限制低渗透气藏产量的重要因素之一是椭圆渗流能力的大小,此时增加裂缝长度对增产更有效。某压裂气井实例计算得绝对无阻流量值与试井结果的相对误差为2.8%。     

低渗透变形介质砂岩油藏水平井产能研究

基于椭圆流模型获得了考虑启动压力梯度和介质变形条件下的水平井产能方程,并对水平井产能进行了参数敏感性分析。介质变形系数、启动压力梯度以及生产压差等因素对水平井产能有重大影响。实例计算结果表明:介质变形系数或启动压力梯度越大,水平井产能越低;由于介质变形效应的存在,随着生产压差的增加,水平井产能不再直线上升而呈现非线性变化,介质变形系数越大,非线性变化越强。