南京～湖口段长江江豚的种群数量和分布特点

长江南京～湖口间４２１ｋｍ长的江段有江豚约６９７头,其中以华阳至湖口一带密度最高．江豚的分布为聚集分布．此外,江豚还具有很强的趋岸性,８８．８％的江豚出现在离岸５００ｍ的范围内．长江江豚的数量近年来有所下降．以本文中的平均密度粗略估计江阴至武汉段长江江豚的种群数量为１４８１头,比张先锋等（１９９３）报道的该江段江豚的数量低１７１头．     

长江江豚迁地保护概述

长江江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides asaeorientalis)是江豚的扬子亚种,目前其种群数量已经不足1 400头,处于十分濒危的状况.其生态环境受到人为极大的影响,且在可预见的将来没有好转的迹象,因此,迁地保护长江江豚被认为是最有希望避免其灭绝的保护策略.目前,中国科学院水生生物研究所在室内豚池、石首天鹅洲白豚国家级自然保护区和铜陵淡水豚国家级自然保护区在半自然水域均构建了长江江豚迁地保护种群.该文概述了40多年来国内长江江豚迁地保护的成果及现状,探讨了今后开展迁地保护工作应注意的重点问题.做好长江江豚的保护工作,建立更多的迁地保护区是根本措施;开展长江江豚繁殖学研究是主要对策;规范和统一保护行动是有效途径.     

长江江豚保护生物学研究进展

近年来研究表明长江江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis)是江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides)的一个亚种,其种群数量明显减少,栖息地正在丧失。我国已有长江江豚30年饲养实践经验,建立长江豚类自然保护区,同时开展长江江豚饲养下的行为学与繁殖学研究,是保护本种积极有效的措施。     

建立铜陵淡水豚自然保护区考察研究

报道了铜陵江段白鱀豚 (Lipotesvexillifer )和长江江豚 (Neophocaenaphocaenoidesasiaeorientalis)资源现状及影响豚类生存制约因子 ,提出建立铜陵淡水豚自然保护区 ,加强栖息地保护 ,具有良好的生态效益和社会效益。     

铜陵江段豚类资源与保护措施的研究

铜陵江段是长江下游唯一常年能发现白暨豹Lipotes uexillifer,且为长江江豚Neophocaena phcaenoides asaeorien-talis种群数量最集中，密度最大的江段，利用铜陵白暨豚养护场现有的条件，建立铜陵淡水豚自然保护区，在半自然水域中开展豚类人工饲养是保护白暨豚和长江江豚的有效途径。     

Study on the sex-related AFLP marker of the Yangtze finless porpoise

The sex-related molecular marker of the Yangtze finless porpoise was screened using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism （AFLP） technique combined with the bulked segregant analysis. Totally 36 AFLP primer combinations were used to detect the genome DNA bulks of the female and male porpoises, and one sex-related AFLP marker was finally obtained. The marker can be applied to sex identification, and provides a base for further cloning of sex-related genes and analyzing of Y chromosome haplotypes of the Yangtze finless porpoise.     

Parentage determination of an isolated Yangtze finless porpoise population Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis in the Yangtze Tian-e-Zhou Baiji National Natural Reserve based on molecular data

Reproductive behaviors are poorly known for the Yangtze finless porpoise Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis. In this study, the parentage of an isolated Yangtze finless porpoise population inhabiting the Yangtze Tian-e-Zhou Baiji National Natural Reserve is determined by analysis of microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences, and the porpoise's reproductive behaviors are studied. Overall 4 full parentage assignments and additional 3 single parentage assignments were determined for the population of 23 individuals. The analysis shows that their estimated reproductive cycle is shorter than that reported previously and there probably exists an overlapping between gestation and lactation period. The study also shows that the female does not show fidelity to a particular male for breeding and vice versa, the oldest males did not monopolize mating and the dominance rank could not be so strict for the porpoise society. Moreover, the porpoise's mating pattern and relatedness among candidate parents are discussed here. These results provide important information for making guidelines of management and conservation for this protected population.     

利用捕捞数据估算长江中华鲟资源量的新方法

 对一定水域内鱼类种群数量(资源量)的估算,是鱼类资源管理和保护的基础.中华鲟资源量及其变动的研究一直是一个广泛关注、悬而未决的难题,从而影响了对中华鲟的有效保护.本文根据中华鲟繁殖群体存在两个股群的特点,首次建立了利用捕捞数据估算其资源量的理论和方法,对葛洲坝截流后的中华鲟资源量进行了初步估算.结果表明,由于葛洲坝的阻隔作用和过度捕捞的影响,中华鲟年际资源增长率从1981年的6.92,到1984年以后相对稳定在0.793~0.956之间,1984年中华鲟资源量达到最大,以后中华鲟资源量逐年减少.1981—1990年中华鲟多年平均资源量为1348尾,年均资源补充量767尾.本文还对中华鲟资源量估算理论和方法及捕捞对其影响进行了分析和讨论,结果表明,(1) 本文的估算理论和方法是可行的,估算精度可靠.(2) 初始值变化对估算结果的影响逐年衰减.(3) 捕捞对中华鲟的年际增长率和未成熟个体比例系数均有显著影响.     

半自然条件下群体江豚的养护与行为观察

长江江豚目前数量不足 2 0 0 0头 ,由于长江生态环境的日趋恶化 ,其种群数量仍在进一步下降之中 ,拯救工作因此更为迫切。本文报道了 1 992年至 1 996年在我场半自然状况的夹江中生活的江豚群体的饲养和伤病防治工作以及生态行为观察结果。     

Genetic diversity in the Yangtze finless porpoise by RAPD analysis

To estimate the genetic diversity in the Yangtze finless porpoise ( Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis), the randomly amplified polymorphie DNA technique was applied to examine ten animals captured from the Yangtze River. Out of 20 arbitrary primers used in the experiment, seventeen produced clearly reproducible bands. Calculated by Nei‘s formula d = 1-NAB/NT, the genetic distances ranged from O. 0986 to O. 5634. Compared with other cetacean populations, this genetic distance is quite low.Such a low genetic diversity suggests that this population may be suffering from reduced genetic variation,and be very fragile. More studies are needed for understanding the basis for this apparent low genetic diversity and to help protect this endangered, unique population.     

北部湾海域的江豚

从北部湾海域获得11只江豚标本,测量了其外部形态的26个生物学参数,包括体质量、体长、体围、背部棘状小结节等.对内脏及胃含物称重,并详细鉴定食物种类,结果显示:江豚食谱广,以鱼为主,食物组成与该海域的鱼类区系相似.测量了背、腹部前、中、后6个位置的脂肪层厚度,并根据背部棘状小结节的分布,判定为南方亚种Neophocaena phocaenoides.除了大小尺度不同,江豚幼体与成体间在外部形态和内部器官的分化上差别不大.     

鄱阳湖湖控工程对水生生态的影响初探

鄱阳湖是长江流域最大的通江湖泊,具有相对完整的水陆相生态系统.鄱阳湖湖控工程实施后,湖区水位将常年维持在16.0～18.0m之间,对鄱阳湖区水生态环境产生一系列的影响.就实施湖控工程对湖区水生生态系统、鱼类、水生植物、水生哺乳动物等的影响进行分析和探讨.分析认为:实施湖控工程后湖区水体初级生产力将得到提高,水生生物资源量会有所增加,但生物多样性会降低;苔草类植物的减少将影响鲤科鱼类卵的附着孵化;建闸将季节性阻隔鱼类和江豚的洄游通道.     

Impacts of Soil.Water Conservation in Jialing River on Sedimentation of the Three Gorges Reservoir

The Jialing River is one of the main tributaries of the Yangtze River. The average annual runoff accounts for 16 % and the sediment load 26% of the total at Yichang therefore it＇s one of the main contributors of sediment to the Three Gorges Reservoir. Ever since 1989, our country has implemented ＂Yangtze River soil and water conservation＂ project, Till the end of 1996, altogether 25.8 % of erosion area in Jialing River has been improved after large scale conservation has taken effect. The analysis and comparison between records taken before and after the implementation of soil and water conservation on runoff and sediment yield indicated that the sediment load soil erosion in Jialing river basin has been taken under control to some extent. Amount of annual runoff in main conservations have generally dropped by exponential function. Obvious result has been achieved in Jialing River, efficiency of sand reduction is about 10%-25%. Therefore, sediment to Three Gorges Reservoir is decreased accordingly, and it will be beneficial to take advantage of reser- voir＇s synthetic benefit.     

构建赣江源自然保护区共同管理机制的探讨

赣江源自然保护区的建立,对江西经济社会的发展及对长江中下游的生态安全具有极为重大的影响,但是在自然保护区内不同的利益主体有不同的价值取向。为了协调自然保护区中不同利益主体对自然资源保护和利用的矛盾,宜构建保护区共同管理机制,即在林业部门的引导下,建立由代表不同利益主体组成的自然保护区共同管理委员会,同时建立共同发展、内外支持、科学运行的机制,来促进自然保护区的可持续发展。     

Recent temperature increase recorded in an ice core in the source region of Yangtze River

Interests on climate change in the source region of Yangtze River have been raised since it is a region with the greatest warming over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). A 70-year history of precipitation δ~(18)O has been recovered using an ice core record retrieved in a plat portion of the firn area in the Guoqu Glacier (33°34′37.8″N, 91°10′35.3″E, 5720 m a.s.l.), Mt. Geladaindong (the source region of Yangtze River), in November, 2005. By using a significant positive relationship between ice core δ~(18)O record and summer air temperature (July to September) from the nearby meteorological stations, a history of summer air temperature has been reconstructed for the last 70 years. Summer temperature was relatively low in 1940s and high in 1950s to the middle of 1960s. The lowest temperature occurred in the middle of 1970s. Temperature was low in 1980s and dramatically increased since 1990s, keeping the trend to the begin-ning of the 21st century. The warming rate recorded in the ice core with 0.5℃/10 a since 1970s is much higher that that in the central TP and the Northern Hemisphere (NH), and it becomes 1.1℃/10 a since 1990s which is also higher than these from the central TP and the NH, reflecting an accelerated warm-ing and a more sensitive response to global warming in the high elevation region.     

由长江中的三种鲟到长江水域生态保护

通过系统整理长江中三种鲟与长江水域生态保护文献的基础上，描述了这三种动物的生物学特征，梳理了白鲟灭绝、中华鲟与长江鲟极度濒危的历程.从长江水域生态保护的角度，分析了导致长江生物多样性严重下降的因素，包括水利工程、酷渔滥捕、水质污染、航运与采砂等人类活动.针对性地提出了8个方面的保护对策：实施生态修复、十年禁渔、加强保护区建设、生态调度、控制水污染、加强监测和研究、健全生态补偿机制、建设国家级保种基地.     

半自然水域中长江江豚饲养水体理化因子分析

通过对夹江和长江铜陵江段水质监测,分析夹江水质理化因子的季节性变化规律,并与豚池及长江铜陵江段的水质进行比较,结果表明半自然水域中长江江豚饲养水体质量基本与长江相似,年均值基本符合地表水Ⅱ类标准,仅A区部分受到轻度污染。     

Differences between dynamics factors for interannual and decadal variations of rainfall over the Yangtze River valley during flood seasons

The prediction of rainfall in the Yangtze River valley, especially, during flood seasons is the main means for scientists in China working on and the understanding of rainfall-associated processes is a crucial component of this effort. It can be derived f…     

1976年以来丹顶鹤在我国的分布变迁及就地保护状况

目的 了解近40年来丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)在我国的主要分布情况及变化,探讨我国现阶段丹顶鹤的就地保护状况,分析丹顶鹤分布变迁的可能原因,为今后丹顶鹤的保护和研究提供理论基础。方法 基于1976年《中国鸟类分布名录》中记述我国丹顶鹤的分布情况,通过文献查询、部门咨询等方式,系统搜集丹顶鹤的历史分布资料,将分布信息按照时间顺序进行分类,分析丹顶鹤繁殖地、越冬地分布的时空变化特征,比较不同时间阶段丹顶鹤保护区的就地保护成效。结果 自1976年以来,我国丹顶鹤新的分布地在多个省区逐渐增加,截至2019年,有丹顶鹤分布记录的自然保护区达119个,分布在16个省区,丹顶鹤繁殖与越冬分布界限也发生了改变。其中,丹顶鹤繁殖分布区由以往广泛分布于我国东部区域转换为现在集中分布的繁殖地所在自然保护区,丹顶鹤越冬分布区由以往长江中下游的多地分布转换为现在的三地分布,即盐城湿地珍禽国家级自然保护区、黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区、辽河口国家级自然保护区。目前,全国已建立57个丹顶鹤保护区,国家级、省级、县市级自然保护区的数量分别为30、18、9个,各占总数的52.6%、31.6%、15.8%。结论 近40年来,我国丹顶鹤种群的新分布时有报道,其分布现状已经发生了较大变化。由此推测,人为因素的干扰与自然气候的变化是导致丹顶鹤分布变迁的主要原因,自然保护区的管理、其他突发事件也共同影响着丹顶鹤的分布。     

铜陵淡水豚保护区渔业水质调查分析

根据2007年铜陵江段上下游两断面的水质监测数据,参照GB3838—2002中Ⅱ类水质标准及综合污染指数法,对铜陵淡水豚自然保护区的水质进行评价,结果表明:该江段水质基本符合Ⅱ类水质标准和渔业水质要求,仅总氮、大肠杆菌和铅略超标,主要系沿岸的生活污水与农业生产污染所致。