Vegetation Restoration Technique System and Its Ecological Functions of the Degraded Ecosystem in the Arid-Hot Valleys —— Taking the Example of Typical Mode in Small Watershed of Yuanmou

This paper concluded the vegetation restoration technique system in the arid-hot valleys and studied the anti-erosion function, environmental function and biological diversity effects of vegetation restoration on the ecosystem in the arid-hot valleys. The results showed that the soil erodibility decreased significantly after the vegetation restoration. The climate environment of the small watershed had a great improvement after the vegetation restoration, of which the temperature decreased, the humidity increased, the harsh environment of dry and hot in this region changed. The studies of the ecosystem biodiversity were mainly on the analysis of the relations between biodiversity and ecological function of the artificial ecological forest pattern and the natural enclosed treatment mode on the severely of degraded land. It could conclude that the natural enclosed treatment mode is helpful to the biodiversity of the ecosystem and the improvement and stability of the ecosystem, and Leucaena artificial forest restoration pattern reduced the species diversity but optimized the ecological function. Therefore, as to the severely and extremely severely degraded ecosystem in the arid-hot valleys, Leucaena pattern of gully control and natural enclosed treatment mode are the relatively optimal choices.     

Analysis of ecosystem degradation factors in Yuanmou arid-hot valleys based on interpretative structural model

For ecological restoration and reconstruction of the degraded area, it is an important premise to correctly understand the degradation factors of the ecosystem in the arid-hot valleys. The factors including vegetation degradation, land degradation, arid climate, policy failure, forest fire, rapid population growth, excessive deforestation, overgrazing, steep slope reclamation, economic poverty, engineering construction, lithology, slope, low cultural level, geological hazards, biological disaster, soil properties etc, were selected to study the Yuanmou arid-hot valleys. Based on the interpretative structural model （ISM）, it has found out that the degradation factors of the Yuanmou arid-hot valleys were not at the same level but in a multilevel hierarchical system with internal relations, which pointed out that the degradation mode of the arid-hot valleys was ＂straight （appearance）-penetrating-background＂. Such researches have important directive significance for the restoration and reconstruction of the arid-hot valleys ecosystem.     

Landscape ecological evaluation on the artificial forest of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Leucaena leucocephala</Emphasis>

Based on the theory of ecology, this article conducted a landscape ecological evaluation on Leucaena leucocephala artificial forest in the add-hot valley, Yuanmou Xiaokua hill, using a combination method of qualitative analysis and landscape comprehensive evaluation. The comprehensive evaluation indexes of landscape include forest coverage, biodiversity, stability, soil erosion, environmental quality, availability, scientific research characteristic, economic benefits. Using AHP （analytical hierarchy process）, determine the grade of ecological evaluation factors and the weight of evaluation index and calculate the CEI （comprehensive evaluation index） on ecological evaluation. Evaluation results showed that the area CEI was 0.714 225, a better quality of the ecological level, but biodiversity indicators was the lowest. To sum up, it was difficult to maintain ecological restoration effectiveness and process but also guarantee a good biodiversity in the add-hot valleys. We must reasonably arrange the alien species and the native species, in order to obtain a stable and sustainable eco-system.     

Photosynthesis characteristics of three species of forages in the arid-hot valleys

By using TPS-1 portable photosynthesis measuring system, the photosynthesis characteristics of three kinds of high quality forages used in the arid-hot valley eco-agricultural models in Yuanmou were measured. The paper shows that Pennisetum purpureum Schumach is the heliophilous shade tolerance C4 plant and Styiosanthes guianensis is the heliophilous shade tolerance plant, both of them could make full use of the light energy under the weak light environment and have relatively strong CO2 assimilation capacity. Cajanus cajan（L.） Millspaugh is the strong heliophilous plant with high requirement for light and has a relatively weak CO2 assimilation capacity. Generally, these three kinds of high quality forages are drought resistant and show a relatively good adaptability to the arid-hot valley environment. To improve cultivation administration level and to interplant timely in the forest can be helpful to the ecological niche and to improve the productivity force.     

Selection of judging indicators for surface morphology of soil crack under different development degrees in Yuanmou arid-hot valley region

Quantification of complicated surface morphology of soil crack is a prerequisite and key to soil crack study. This paper takes soil crack quads in Yuanmou arid-hot valley region as examples, selecting several morphological indicators, and analyzes the soil crack＇s morphological features under various development degrees. By statistic analysis, three quantitative indicators for surface morphology are selected, namely soil crack area density, area weighted mean fractal dimension and connectivity index R, which can not only express the development intensity of soil cracks, but also effectively describe its morphological complexity and connectivity. The research results set a good base for the establishment of soil crack assessment system in Yuanmou arid-hot valley region.     

Rainfall-interception effect of vegetation restored region of gully in arid-hot valley of Jinshajiang River

This paper divides the process of rainfall redistribution into four levels in vegetation restored region of gully in arid-hot valley of Jinshajiang River. These levels include arbor interception, litter interception, soil interception and surface runoff. The results showed that the maximum of interception was 8.10 mm, the mean interception was 4.53 mm, the maximum of interception rate was 56.10 % and the mean interception rate was 32.63 %.When the rainfall is over 20 mm, the interception rate descends rapidly along with the rainfall increasing. The maximum of water-holding content of litter was 8.14-20.33 t/hm^2, the mean of which is 12.52 t/hm^2 and the maximum of water-holding content was over two times of it own weight. The rainfall of litter interception was 150.24 mm, accounted for the rainfall income 24.48%.The maximum water-holding capacity of soil achieves 2 198.54 t/hm^2, but that of the barren land is 1 825.60 t/hm^2. The rainfall of soil interception was 219.87 mm, accounted for the rainfall income 35.82%. The surface runoff of vegetation restored region was 43.41 mm, accounted for 7.07% of the rainfall income, but the surface runoff of non-forest land was 413,24 mm, accounts for 70.26% of the rainfall income.The surface runoff of the planted forest community was by 63.19% lower than that of the non-forest land. Through the interception of the forest land that reduced the soil erosion effectively, good hydrology effect was obtained.     

Cause analysis of gully erosion in Yuanmou basin of Jinshajiang valley

Some factors （i.e. lithology, topography, climate, the change of population as well as land use during the past 50 years） that could have great influence on the development of gully in the arid-hot basin of Jinshajiang valley were investigated. The results show that the factors leading to the strong gully erosion in this area include： the widely distributed Yuanmou group stratum, which promotes the development of gully erosion; the unique geomorphologic configuration that is prone to rock fall and gully erosion; the strong and time-concentrated rainfall; the arid-humid alternate climate characteristics that prepares the ground for the development of fissures in soils; the arid-hot climate that goes against the growth and recovery of vegetation; and the unreasonable and abusive human activities.     

金沙江干热河谷人工林地表昆虫群落

为弄清金沙江干热河谷不同人工林地表昆虫多样性及其在恢复中的指示作用,采用陷阱法调查了元谋县境内7种人工林的地表昆虫群落.① 物种组成:金沙江干热河谷人工林旱季地表昆虫有5目7科24种2 162头,其中膜翅目昆虫最丰富,占所有地表昆虫个体数的98.4%和物种数的75.0%;雨季地表昆虫有12目49科98种2 744头,其中膜翅目个体数最多,鞘翅目种类最多.金沙江干热河谷人工林旱季地表昆虫群落组成和雨季截然不同,雨季地表昆虫群落物种组成比旱季复杂,植被性质相同或接近的样带具有相似的地表昆虫组成.② 多度和多样性:大多数人工林旱季地表昆虫群落多度和多样性低于雨季,旱季印楝林地表昆虫多度最高,显著高于桉树林、膏桐-新银合欢林和印楝-合欢林;雨季印楝林和印楝-大叶相思林地表昆虫多度最高,显著高于桉树林,印楝-大叶相思林物种丰富度S值最高,显著高于膏桐-新银合欢林.③ 地表昆虫多样性与植物多样性间的相关性:人工林旱季地表昆虫群落的多样性与植物群落的多样性密切相关.研究表明:除膏桐-新银合欢林生物多样性较低、恢复状况较差外,其它人工林生物多样性相对较高、恢复状况较好;这些人工林彼此间具有不太相似的地表昆虫物种组成,在当地生物多样性保护中具有积极意义.金沙江干热河谷人工林旱季地表昆虫多样性与植物多样性密切相关,能够指示植物群落的多样性水平.     

南宁至友谊关高速公路边坡植被枯落物特性研究

【目的】了解南宁至友谊关(简称南友)高速公路边坡绿化植被的水文效应。【方法】在全面踏查的基础上,选择了8个不同地点的7种典型群落类型,对其植被枯落物特性进行研究。【结果】三豆混播群落(S4)的枯落物蓄积量、吸水速率、有效拦蓄量均为最佳,分别为43.80t/hm~2、4 227g·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)、55.18t/hm~2,而木豆群落(S1)的枯落物最大持水量、最大持水率最高,分别达到2 832t/hm~2、283.2%。【结论】三豆混播群落是南友高速公路边坡植被类型中水土保持效应最均衡的群落配置,具有良好的生态水源涵养及保持的功能,可推广种植,以维护边坡植被和土壤的水文生态功能。     

连续火干扰对攀枝花干热河谷地表蚂蚁群落的影响

为了弄清攀枝花干热河谷连续火干扰林地地表蚂蚁多样性及其指示作用,在攀枝花市境内3种类型样地采用陷阱法对地表蚂蚁群落和植被群落进行调查.结果表明:攀枝花干热河谷3种类型样地表蚂蚁群落由4亚科16属21种组成,共1 878头;3种类型样地中,攀枝花公园蚂蚁多度和多样性水平最高;在3种类型的样地中,蚂蚁群落结构有差异,但同德林场火干扰样点与未火干扰样点群落结构较相似;同德林场短期未被火干扰栖境无指示物种,攀枝花公园和同德林场连续4 a火干扰样地均存在指示物种.研究表明具有连续火干扰的“计划烧除”可以在预防大面积火灾的前提下,在一定程度上保持蚂蚁群落较高的多度和较稳定的物种多样性水平,对提高区域生物多样性具有积极作用.     

广西不同林龄马尾松人工林土壤碳储量动态变化

为了解不同林龄马尾松Pinus massoniana人工林土壤碳储量的动态变化,选取广西横县镇龙林场不同林龄（幼龄林、中龄林、成熟林、过熟林）的马尾松人工林为研究对象,对林地土壤有机碳含量及土壤碳储量的变化特征进行研究,并探讨其影响因素。研究表明,随着林龄递增,各土层土壤有机碳含量及土壤碳储量总体表现为增加趋势,且不同林龄的同一土层之间均差异显著。不同林龄0—60 cm土层土壤有机碳含量表现为过熟林（16.82±0.23）g/kg > 成熟林（13.47±0.14）g/kg > 中龄林（10.91±0.38）g/kg > 幼龄林（10.74±0.14）g/kg,且差异显著（P<0.05）。不同林龄0—60 cm土层土壤碳储量表现为过熟林（104.92±18.08）t/hm²>成熟林（100.52±1.18）t/hm² > 中龄林（80.25±5.34）t/hm² > 幼龄林（80.23±4.54）t/hm²,且差异显著（P<0.05）。各林龄土壤有机碳含量、土壤碳储量主要集中在0—20 cm土层,并随土层深度的增加而递减,表现为土壤碳表聚现象,表层（0—20 cm）土壤碳储量所占比例均明显高于其他土层,表明不同林龄主要影响马尾松人工林土壤表层的碳含量;不同林龄土壤有机碳含量、土壤碳储量与乔木、灌木层Shannon-Wiener指数、物种丰富度、凋落物层现存量、总孔隙度、土壤含水量、土壤pH值均无显著相关关系（P>0.05）,与根系生物量呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）,与土壤容重呈极显著负相关关系（P<0.01）;群落总生物量、地上部分生物量均与表层（0-20 cm）土壤有机碳含量和土壤碳储量呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）,与20-40,40-60 cm土层土壤有机碳含量呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）,而与后两个土层的土壤碳储量均无显著相关。该结果为研究土壤碳储量动态变化提供科学依据,有利于实现尾松人工林多目标可持续经营。     

Effects of Zn Stress on Zn Accumulation and Anti-Oxidant Enzymes Activity in Four Varieties of Ryegrass

0IntroductionOxpihdeantiovmee sntornes isn c agrueseedn bplyan htesa[1v]y. mAenttai-lso xiisda ati ounsu oalfplantsis an i mportant adaptive mechanismto the disad-vantage environment[2].Anti-oxidationenzyme systeminplants is pri marily involved with super…     

不同林地清理方式下生物炭和氮添加对桉树红锥混交林土壤养分的影响

【目的】阐明不同林地清理方式下(火烧清理和人工清理)生物炭和氮添加对桉树红锥混交林土壤养分的影响,为人工林的经营管理提供参考。【方法】在火烧清理和人工清理林地的桉树红锥混交林中,设置生物炭和氮添加的控制实验,研究生物炭和氮添加对土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)、有效磷(AP)和有效钾(AK)含量的影响。【结果】不同林地清理方式下,生物炭和氮添加对林地土壤养分的影响存在差异:与对照相比,人工清理林地时,添加生物炭显著增加了20～40cm土层的AP含量;氮添加极显著增加了0～10cm土层的SOC、TP、AP含量和C∶N;10～20cm土层的SOC、AK含量,20～40cm土层的AP和AK含量也显著增加;而0～10cm土层的N∶P则极显著降低。林地清理方式为火烧清理时,生物炭添加极显著增加0～10cm土层的TP含量,而0～10cm、10～20cm土层的SOC和AK含量,0～10cm土层的C∶N,10～20cm的AP∶TP、C∶P以及0～10cm、10～20cm、20～40cm土层的AK∶TK显著降低,0～10cm土层的AP含量、AP∶TP、C∶P和N∶P更是极显著降低。氮添加显著降低10～20cm土层的N∶P以及0～10cm土层的AP∶TP,0～10cm土层的AP含量以及10～20cm的TN含量下降达到极显著水平。【结论】人工清理林地条件下,实施生物炭和氮添加有利于提高桉树红锥混交林的土壤养分。     

Grass litter decomposition rate and water-holding capacity in dry-hot valley of Jinshajiang River

The decomposition rate and the water-holding capacity of 6 kinds of grass litters were studied in the Jinshajing river dry-hot valley. The results showed that the dry weight remains reduced with time but didn’t have the direct correlation with time. The decomposition litters were affected by climate, character of litter, animalcule and soil animal. The climate factors of temperature and humidity were important especially. The water-holding capacity was in sequence of N. wightii (336%), P. notatum Flugge (248%), H. contortus (L.) Beauv (209%), B. pertusa (L.) A. Camus(206%), I. endecaphylla Jacq (174%), D. annulatum (Forsk.) Stapf (168%). After 24 months decomposition the remaining dry weight of the litter was in sequence as the following: 15.12% for N. wightii, 26.38% for I. endecaphylla Jacq, 27.23% for B. pertusa (L.) A. Camus, 30.78% for P. notatum Flugge, 39.72% for H. contortus (L.) Beauv and 39.76% for D. annulatum (Forsk.) Stapf. The decomposition rate and water-holding capacity of N. wightii are at the highest level. It is important for the development, improvement and conservation of the grassland soil. Foundation item: Supported by the National Science and Technology Supporting Program in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan of China (2006BAC01A11)     

盐胁迫对红鳞蒲桃苗木生长和生理特性的影响

【目的】评价盐胁迫下红鳞蒲桃(Syzygizan hancei)苗木的生理耐受性。【方法】选择当年生红鳞蒲桃盆栽苗木为材料,研究6种NaCl盐分浓度(0%、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%)下红鳞蒲桃幼苗高生长、地径生长、叶片质膜透性、游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、叶绿素含量的变化特征。【结果】随着NaCl浓度的增加,红鳞蒲桃苗木的高增长量逐渐降低,在浓度0.4%时下降显著;NaCl浓度对苗木的地径增长量影响不大;细胞质膜透性对盐胁迫具有较强的耐性,NaCl浓度在0.8%以下时,叶片的相对电导率差异不显著;游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量在NaCl浓度为0.4%时显著增加,其后维持在一定水平;CAT酶活性对盐胁迫较为敏感,在浓度0.2%时即显著增强;叶绿素含量则随着NaCl浓度的增加表现出先升后降的变化趋势。【结论】0.4%NaCl浓度是影响红鳞蒲桃苗木生理特性的关键。     

潮间带贝克喜盐草土壤种子库空间分布及其生物影响因素

【目的】为探讨贝克喜盐草(Halophila beccarii Ascherson)种群更新及濒危机制,研究其土壤种子库空间分布特征及其生物影响因素。【方法】对广西合浦榕根山、防城港交东、防城港山心3个贝克喜盐草典型分布点进行调查取样,统计(或称量)样品种子、直立茎、雌花、果实数量、地上部分生物量和地下部分生物量。【结果】从水平方向分布来看,相同方向上不同距离处贝克喜盐草土壤种子库密度差异不显著,海草场潮沟、外海、海岸方向一侧的土壤种子库密度在榕根山和交东分别为271粒/m~2、180粒/m~2、52粒/m~2和52粒/m~2、23粒/m~2、16粒/m~2,差异显著,可见该海草种子水平空间分布格局受到落潮水流与落潮后流向潮沟的微水流的影响,受距离影响较弱;垂直方向上,上层(0~4cm)、中层(4~8cm)、下层(8~12cm)土壤底质中贝克喜盐草种子数量分别占总量的73.0%、20.8%和6.2%,上层土壤中种子数量显著高于中层和下层(P0.05),表明绝大部分的种子分布于土壤表层(0~8cm);贝克喜盐草海草场土壤种子库密度与其种群雌花密度、直立茎密度存在极显著线性正相关关系,其相关系数r分别为0.722 9(P0.01)、0.845 1(P0.01),与果实密度、地上部分生物量及总生物量呈多项式曲线关系。【结论】贝克喜盐草土壤种子库的水平空间分布受潮沟、入海河流等外界环境和地上植被的种群属性、种子自身特性等因素的影响,垂直方向上主要分布在表层底质中,且地上植被的种群属性是决定土壤种子库密度的关键因素。     

广西喀斯特地区植物根际土壤解磷菌筛选及促生效应研究

【目的】广西喀斯特石漠化地区水土流失和植被退化严重,土壤有效磷含量低是限制植被修复的因素之一,筛选乡土高效解磷菌株,可以加快修复石漠化生态环境。【方法】通过调查筛选石漠化地区常见植物根际土壤解磷菌,检测解磷菌株解磷能力,并将优良菌株培养后接种至顶果木(Acrocarpus fraxinifolius)幼苗根际土壤,检测解磷菌对植物的促生效应。【结果】石漠化地区土壤中解磷微生物丰富,共筛选出20株解有机磷菌和24株解无机磷菌,分别属于11个类群,其中,假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)为石漠化植物根际土壤解磷菌的优势类群。解有机磷菌解磷能力为35.4～79.2μg/mL,解无机磷菌解磷能力为112～253.2μg/mL。接种解磷菌剂对顶果木生长和养分吸收具有显著促进作用,植株地上生物量比对照增加14.5%～30.5%,根系生物量比对照增加27.6%～45.7%。接种IP-HLG1和IP-CTM11处理的植株氮、磷含量显著高于对照处理,分别比对照处理高9.3%、19.7%和24.6%、20.3%。与对照处理相比,接种菌剂处理土壤有效磷含量增加了34.5%～69.1%,IPHLG1和IP-CTM11处理增加显著。【结论】石漠化土壤中解磷菌以假单胞菌属为优势类群,筛选的解磷菌株IP-HLG1和IP-CTM11对顶果木幼苗生长具有显著促进效应,对石漠化土壤磷元素活化能力较强,可作为研发微生物肥料的潜在功能菌株。     

Transpiration of the tamarind artificial forest in the arid-hot valleys of Jinshajiang River,Yunnan

The transpiration characteristics of the tamarind artificial forest in the arid-hot valleys of Jinshajiang River, Yunnan were investigated through the measurement of the transpiration rate, stomatal conductance of tamarind leaf and the related envi- ronmental factors. The results showed that the transpiration of the tamarind in the clear sky had the close positive correlations with photosynthetically active radiation and air temperature and negative correlation with atmosphere moisture in the whole growth period. The daily change tendency of the transpiration rate was the similar with stomatal conductance, and the transpiration had the positive correlation with stomatal conductance. The transpiration rate of tamarind was highest in the rainy season of June and July and was relatively low in the drought season of March and April. The transpiration water consumption in rainy season of June and July was obviously higher than that in drought season of March and April. It fully suggested that the tamarind showed very good drought resistance and adaptability to the arid-hot valleys of Yunnan .     

Soil crevice formation and erosion in Yuanmou dry-hot valley, Yunnan Province, China

The basic characteristics, X-ray analysis and micromorphology of soil developed from the parent ruified soil had been probed, results showed that there were similarities among different types of the rubified soils. The soil clay (D<0.002 mm) contents (C _c ) were relative higher as between 29.16% and 80.03%. In addition, organic matter contents were lower as between 2.2–6.6 g/kg. The clay minerals in the rubified soils had high content of 2:1 type swelling minerals, e.g., smectite and vermiculite, which were the basic causes of formation of soil cracks and crevices. Soil micromorphology characteristics showed that microcosmic crevices universally distributed within the tight and compact soil microstructure were the microcosmic characteristics of crevices formation. The soil cracks and crevices changed the erosion process. Obviously, well developed soil crevice carries a significant connection with strong soil erosion in Yuanmou, Yunnan province, China. The term “soil crevice erosion” was coincided with the viewpoint put forward that soil crevice erosion played a dominant role in regional and violent soil erosion in this area. Foundation item: Supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX2-YW-409) and the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2006BAC01A11)     

Distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon of alpine meadow in the Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

A study on the distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the alpine meadow in the Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has been carried out. The results indicate that the content of soil organic carbon (C _SOC) in the topsoil of terrace meadow (TM) ((67.16 ± 1.02) g·kg⁻¹) is more than that in the soil of upland meadow (UM) ((63.42 ± 0.65) g·kg⁻¹), while the C _SOC in upland shrubland (US) ((67.49 ± 0.83) g·kg⁻¹) is the most abundant in the scoreh stage (September). From May to September, the C _SOC in the topsoil of UM and US tends to descend, but that of TM tends to ascend. As for the distribution of the C _SOC and the density of SOC in the soil in the three sample areas, the data show that the deeper the soil, the lesser the content and density of SOC. The C _SOC in US is higher than that in TM and UM; the C _SOC in UM is the lowest at 0–10 cm soil depth. The density of SOC in US is always the lowest among UM, TM, and US at 0–40 cm depth, which shows that the storage of carbon in UM is more than that in US in the same range; the carbon pool capacity in UM is higher than that in US in the same range. Biography: ZHANG Wei (1979–), male, Lecturer, research direction: ecology of environment.