黄河故道湿地可培养细菌多样性及产木聚糖酶菌株筛选

研究黄河故道湿地可培养细菌的多样性及其产木聚糖酶的应用潜力.采用稀释平板涂布法从湿地样品中获得119株菌株,形态去重复后对93株进行16SrRNA基因系统发育分析以及利用刚果红染色法进行木聚糖酶活性筛选.结果表明,分离得到的菌株分属于4个门的18个科、21个属,其中优势类群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)(41株,44%).该地区可培养细菌的Shannon-Wienner多样性指数H′=3.66,Simpson指数D=0.97;Margalef物种丰富度指数dMa=10.59;Shannon物种均匀度指数E=0.94,且样点青龙湖多样性指数高于样点刘寨.93株代表性菌株的木聚糖酶筛选结果显示,11.82%具有木聚糖酶活性,链霉菌和芽孢杆菌在木聚糖酶活性菌株中比例最高.以上结果表明豫北黄河故道湿地蕴含丰富的细菌资源,可为木聚糖酶的研发提供良好的菌种来源.     

Discovery of the first Asian plethodontid salamander

Nearly 70% of the 535 species of salamanders in the world are members of a single family, the Plethodontidae, or lungless salamanders. The centre of diversity for this clade is North and Middle America, where the vast majority (99%) of species are found. We report the discovery of the first Asian plethodontid salamander, from montane woodlands in southwestern Korea. The new species superficially resembles members of North American genera, in particular the morphologically conservative genus Plethodon. However, phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear encoded gene Rag-1 shows the new taxon to be widely divergent from Plethodon. The new salamander differs osteologically from putative relatives, especially with respect to the tongue (attached protrusible) and the derived tarsus. We place the species in a new genus on the basis of the morphological and molecular data. The distribution of the new salamander adds to the enigma of Old World plethodontids, which are otherwise restricted to the western Mediterranean region, suggesting a more extensive past distribution of the family.     

Evolution of type C viral genes: evidence for an Asian origin of man.

Old World monkeys and apes, including man, possess, as a normal component of their cellular DNA, gene sequences (virogenes) related to the RNA of a virus isolated from baboons. A comparison of the viral gene sequences and the other cellular sequences distinguishes those Old World monkeys and apes that have evolved in Africa from those that have evolved in Asia. Among the apes, only gorilla and chimpanzee seem by these criteria to be African, whereas gibbon, orang-utan and man are identified as Asian, leading us to conclude that most of man's evolution has occurred outside Africa.     

广金钱草根瘤菌抗逆性和遗传多样性分析

分析了14株广金钱草根瘤菌对不同盐度、温度、酸碱度和重金属耐受性,并采用BOX-PCR指纹图谱和recA基因序列分析技术研究其遗传多样性.结果表明,供试菌株对不同盐度和酸碱度表现出相似的耐受性;对不同温度和不同种类的重金属则表现出不同的耐受性.其中4株供试菌株能够耐受4℃的低温.几乎所有供试的广金钱草根瘤菌都能够在含有4 mmol/L 的Zn2+、Pb2+和含锌、铅双盐的YMA平板上生长,而仅有2株供试菌株能够在添加4 mmol/L Cu2+的YMA平板上生长.BOX-PCR指纹图谱分析表明,与广金钱草共生的根瘤菌在基因组水平上与已知的埃氏慢生根瘤菌相似,代表菌株的recA基因序列的系统发育分析与BOX-PCR聚类结果基本一致,供试的广金钱草根瘤菌除1株位于根瘤菌属外,其余根瘤菌均为慢生根瘤菌属.     

乌鲁木齐河流域植物区系研究

发源于天格尔峰北坡1号冰川的乌鲁木齐河,在中、高山带汇聚数十条大小山泉、溪流,由南向东北流经乌鲁木齐市,最后注入位于古尔班通古特沙漠南缘的东道海子,全长220余km。经笔者多年的调查和文献查阅,现已初步查明,乌鲁木齐河流域分布的野生维管束植物有92科500属1424种(含亚种、变种),其中蕨类植物10科15属28种,裸子植物3科3属12种,被子植物(双子叶植物64科402属1089种,单子叶植物15科80属295种)79科482属1384种。对该流域分布的种子植物区系进行分布区类型分析表明,首先是北温带分布及地中海区、西亚至中亚分布及变型的比重最大,共有258属,占该地区种子植物总属数的60.01%。其次为旧大陆温带分布及中亚分布及其变型,有116属,占该地区种子植物总属数的26.97%、再次为温带亚洲分布的有20属,占该地区种子植物总属数的4.65%。东亚分布及其变型有7属,占该地区种子植物总属数的1.63%。东亚和北美洲间断分布的仅有2属,占该地区种子植物总属数的0.47%。上述分析表明该地区植物区系与地中海—西亚—中亚及旧大陆温带交流最多,其次与全热带及温带亚洲和东亚有一定的交流,而与东亚和北美洲及旧世界热带和热带亚洲至热带非洲交流最少。     

饮牛沟墓地古人骨线粒体DNA的研究

对内蒙古饮牛沟战国时期墓地的古代人群（Yng古代人群）进行分子生物学研究, 获得了线粒体高可变一区DNA序列, 初步确定了单倍型归属并搜寻其共享序列, 与现代人群对比构建系统发育树和多维尺度分析. 结果表明, 饮牛沟古代人群与现代东亚人群在母系遗传关系上较近.     

PCR amplification of the Irish potato famine pathogen from historic specimens

Late blight, caused by the oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans, is a devastating disease of potato and was responsible for epidemics that led to the Irish potato famine in 1845 (refs 1,2,3,4,5). Before the 1980s, worldwide populations of P. infestans were dominated by a single clonal lineage, the US-1 genotype or Ib mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype, and sexual reproduction was not documented outside Mexico, the centre of diversity of the pathogen. Here we describe the amplification and sequencing of 100-base-pair fragments of DNA from the internal transcribed spacer region 2 from 28 historic herbarium samples including Irish and British samples collected between 1845 and 1847, confirming the identity of the pathogen. We amplified a variable region of mtDNA that is present in modern Ib haplotypes of P. infestans, but absent in the other known modern haplotypes (Ia, IIa and IIb). Lesions in samples tested were not caused by the Ib haplotype of P. infestans, and so theories that assume that the Ib haplotype is the ancestral strain need to be re-evaluated. Our data emphasize the importance of using historic specimens when making inferences about historic populations.     

猪链球菌分离株的病原学特性

从病死猪体内分离到3株链球菌,并进行了病原学鉴定。细菌在形态上呈链球菌的特征,β或α溶血,分离株的生化试验结果相似,且都不与A~G链球菌群特异性血清发生凝集。经PCR鉴定,结果表明,3株均为猪链球菌2型。动物试验结果表明,3分离株对小鼠的毒力较低,但能在接种细菌12~15 d后使小鼠发病致死。     

南澳大利亚丝核菌抑病土中细菌与放线菌的分离及其对病害的生物防治作用

从南澳大利亚埃文采集的土壤样品中计数分离了细菌和放线菌,该土壤对Rhizoctonia．solani融合群8引起的小麦根腐病具有抑制作用。统计了分离物中对R.solani AG-8菌株2l有拮抗作用的百分比。热处理(60℃,10min)能够消除土壤的抑病能力,可显著减少土壤中细菌和放线菌的数量,但是并不改变对病原菌有抑制作用的分离物的总体百分比。依据对R.solani AG-8菌株21,Gaewuarunomyces graminis var．tritici(Ggt)菌株8,Fusarium graminearum菌株Fg,Verticillium dahliae菌株Vd5,Bipolaris sorokiniana菌株Bs,Pythium irregulare菌株BH40,以及引起棉花猝倒病的Rhizoctonia solani solani AG-4菌株1664的抑菌能力,自2700个菌株中筛选了9个最强拈抗菌株;其中7个菌株能够产生几丁质酶,或者产生内切葡聚糖酶,而几丁质酶活性与生物防治效果具有相关性。这9个菌株鉴定为Bacillus megaterium(菌株Ap25),B．subtilis(菌株Ap113),Streptomyces spp．(菌株Ap117),Bocillus coagulans(菌株Ap123),Streptoverticillium reticuIum(菌株Ap89),Cellulomonas flavigena(菌株ApT5),以及放线菌(菌株Ap116,Ap111和Ap139)．B．megaterium Ap25 and B．subtilis Ap113对小麦根腐病及全蚀病的防治效果以及刺激小麦生长的作用最强。这两个菌株能够在平板上抑制一种分离自同一土样的有益菌Trichoderma pseudokoningii菌株ASMH的生长,但对该木霉菌的生物防治效果及其刺激植物生长的作用没有明显削弱。     

中国地杨梅属植物的分类和地理分布

本文对中国地杨梅属植物进行了研究,记载了3个亚属,4个组,2个系,16种和1亚种,3变种,其中有5个新种和1新变种.同时还简述了本属植物的地理分布.     

4个群体西太公鱼mtDNAD—loop区段的限制性片段长度多态性分析

应用PCR技术对天津市于桥水库、北京市密云水库、日本北海道和日本青森县4个群体共151尾西太公鱼（Hypomesusnipponensis）的mtDNAD-loop区段进行扩增,得到长度约为1．8kbp的扩增片段．扩增出的DNA片段使用13种核酸内切限制酶进行酶切,其中8种核酸内切限制酶（AluI、DraI、HaeⅢ、Hindm、HinfI、MboI、TaqI和XspI）有酶切位点,5种核酸内切限制酶（AluI、HinfI、MboI、TaqI和XspI）个体间存在变异．不同酶切结果组合后,共得到28种单倍型,于桥水库、密云水库、北海道和青森西太公鱼均以单倍型6为主,分别为36．36％、38．30％、43．33％和26．67％;于桥水库、密云水库、北海道及青森西太公鱼单倍型多样性指数（危）分别为0．8171、0．8141、0．7793和0．8828;核苷酸多样性指数Or）分别为0．007918、0．007326、0．007255和0．009710．于桥水库西太公鱼与密云水库西太公鱼之间的Rogers遗传距离最小,为0．1499;于桥水库西太公鱼与日本青森西太公鱼之间的Rogers遗传距离最大,为0．2215;日本北海道西太公鱼与密云水库西太公鱼之间的遗传距离为0．1511,大于于桥水库西太公鱼与密云西太公鱼之间的遗传距离,但小于日本境内北海道西太公鱼与青森西太公鱼之间的遗传距离．     

山西省雏蝗属部分种类的遗传关系分析

采用RAPD和SSRP-PCR技术分析雏蝗属(Chorth ippus F ieber)白纹雏蝗(C.a lbonem us Cheng et T u)、夏氏雏蝗(C.hsia i Cheng et T u)、小翅雏蝗(C.f a llax(Zub.))和北方雏蝗(C.hamm arstroem i(M ir.))的遗传关系,9条引物对98头个体产生131条清晰、稳定的谱带.Shannon信息指数表明,小翅雏蝗遗传多样性水平较高(0.2542),白纹雏蝗遗传多样性水平较低(0.1911).N e i's遗传距离显示,种群间遗传距离小于种间遗传距离.用N J法对N e i's遗传距离作聚类分析,构建分子系统树,结果显示:白纹雏蝗与夏氏雏蝗聚为一支,小翅雏蝗与北方雏蝗聚为一支,两支再相聚.聚类图所显示的种间亲缘关系的远近程度与形态分类学结果相一致,说明RAPD和SSRP-PCR技术在雏蝗属种间分子系统学研究中具有很好的适用性.     

中国地杨梅属植物的分类和地理分布

本文对中国地杨梅属植物进行了研究,记载了3个亚属,4个组,2个系,16种和1亚种,3变种,其中有5个新种和1新变种。同时还简述了本属植物的地理分布。     

Characterization of root-nodulating bacteria on Retama raetam in arid Tunisian soils

The aim of this study is to investigate the diversity of Retama raetam root-nodule bacteria isolated from arid regions of Tunisia. Twelve isolates, chosen as representative for different 16S rRNA gene patterns, were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phenotypic analysis. Isolates were assigned to Sinorhizobium, Rhizobium and Agrobacterium. Symbiotic properties of Sinorhizobium and Rhizobium isolates showed a large diversity in their capacity to infect their host plant and fix atmospheric nitrogen. Strain RK 22 identified as Rhizobium was the most effective isolate.     

Phylogeny of SARS-CoV as inferred from complete genome comparison

SARS-CoV, as the pathogeny of severe acute respi-ratory syndrome (SARS), seems to be the first coronavirus that is lethal to humans. Coronavirus (family Coronaviri-dae, genus Coronavirus) is an enveloped, single-stranded plus sense RNA virus whose genome has approximately 30 kb size. Whereas coronaviruses may cause severe dis-ease in animals, coronaviruses human strains only cause mild diseases until SARS-CoV was discovered. To date, SARS-CoV genomes from 12 isolates have been comp…     

基于线粒体ND4基因探讨水龟组系统发生关系

水龟组由旧大陆潮龟科的拟水龟属、眼斑龟属和新大陆龟科的水龟属组成,这三个属以前一直被认为是同属的,但没有得到形态学和染色体等方面的认同.本文测定了四眼斑水龟和黄喉拟水龟线粒体基因组的ND4基因,用部分ND4基因及相邻tRNA基因共985bp的序列(包含简约信息位点235bp)讨论了它们的系统进化关系.MP树和ML树显示:在水龟属中,牟氏水龟和木雕水龟亲缘关系最近,与星点水龟亲缘关系次之,石纹水龟位于水龟属的基部,与水龟属其它物种的亲缘关系较远.拟水龟属与眼斑龟属在潮龟科是姐妹群关系,但与龟科水电属亲缘关系较远.本文结果支持潮龟科和龟科的单系起源,二者为非姐妹群.     

沧州高盐环境嗜盐放线菌多样性研究

利用NaCl的质量分数为10%和20%的不同培养基从35份采自河北沧州高盐环境样品中分离得到33株中度嗜盐放线菌和13株耐盐放线菌.多相分类研究表明,嗜盐菌株具有形态、生理、生化和分子分类特征的多样性,在系统发育上试验菌株分别属于拟诺卡氏菌属、链霉菌属和纤维单胞菌科一新属.分析结果表明,沧州地区高盐环境中嗜盐放线菌主要类群是拟诺卡氏菌属和链霉菌属,另有少量纤维单胞菌科放线细菌;也说明高盐环境是分离新物种的重要来源.     

金银花化学成分的研究

为了研究用简单的方法从金银花中分离化合物,采用选择性萃取法从金银花浸膏的乙酸乙酯萃取部位分离得到化合物Ⅰ,然后经过硅胶柱层析分离得到化合物Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ。通过理化方法和MS、IR、H-NMR、C-NMR等谱学技术对分离得到的4种化合物进行结构鉴定,分别鉴定为3’,4’,5’,5,7-五甲氧基黄酮(Ⅰ)、木犀草素(Ⅱ)、槲皮素(Ⅲ)、绿原酸(Ⅳ)。其中化合物Ⅰ为首次从该属植物中发现,并且是经过选择性萃取分离得到的。该方法简单快捷,较之柱色谱法有较大优势。     

A STUDY ON FLORISTIC FEATURE AND DIVERSITY OF DEHANG REGION SEED PLANTS IN HUNAN

1IntroductionDehangisascenicspotlocatedatthesouthofWulingMTsintheCentralChil1a,between2815'and2843'N,lo93o'andlO945lE,risingfroml89.4mto964.6mabovesealevel,withanareaof225km.Thisre-gionhasacomplicatedtopography.Itissituatedinsubtropicmonsoonclimateareaandrichinlimestone.Ev-ergreebroad-leavedforest,Bambooforestandlowsimountainevergreenconiferousforestaremainvegeta-tionshere'Moreover,Miaonationalitypeoplehhvebeenlivinghereforalongtimeanditenjoysgreatnation-a1navour.Thenoraisrichandthevegeta…     

Comparison of simian immunodeficiency virus isolates

Information on the extent of genetic variability among non-human primate lentiviruses related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is sorely lacking. Here we describe the isolation of two molecular clones from the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and their use to derive restriction endonuclease maps of five SIV isolates from rhesus macaques and one from a cynomolgus macaque. Although similar, all six viral isolates are readily distinguishable; the single isolate from a cynomolgus macaque is the most different. The restriction endonuclease map of one macaque isolate (SIVMAC-251) is identical to that published by others for STLV-IIIAGM of African green monkeys and for HTLV-IV of humans. Nucleotide sequences from the envelope region of cloned SIVMAC-251 have more than 99% identify to previously published sequences for STLV-IIIAGM (refs 2, 4) and HTLV-IV (ref. 4). These results and other observations provide strong evidence that isolates previously referred to as STLV-IIIAGM and HTLV-IV by others are not authentic, but were derived from cell cultures infected with SIVMAC-251.