中上扬子区志留系龙马溪组页岩气勘探区优选

将中上扬子区志留系龙马溪组页岩与具有相似构造沉积背景的Fort Worth盆地Bar-nett页岩进行对比研究,揭示龙马溪组页岩与Barnett页岩的相似性和变形的差异性。结果表明,龙马溪组页岩与Barnett页岩具有相似的沉积背景、岩性组合和隆升演化模式,但龙马溪组页岩经历了多期构造变形的改造和叠加,不同构造单元的变形强度存在明显的差异,形成了不同的断裂组合及各种不同类型、不同规模的裂缝,构造变形很大程度上制约了中上扬子区龙马溪组页岩气的成藏和破坏。根据龙马溪组页岩现今的残存厚度,结合构造变形的强度,提出川南和川东鄂西页岩发育带均为有利的页岩气勘探潜力区带,但川南页岩发育带优于川东鄂西页岩发育带。两个有利勘探区带内变形相对较弱、远离断裂带和原生裂缝不甚发育区是页岩气富集成藏的有利区域,应为页岩气藏勘探的首选目标区。     

页岩气选区评价方法与关键参数

页岩气是产自泥页岩等细粒沉积岩层中,并需要通过水平井钻探以及多段水力压裂技术才能商业开采的一类非常规天然气。在北美地区"页岩气革命"取得巨大成功的示范下,以及对页岩气资源量乐观评估结果的鼓舞下,国内近年来掀起了页岩气开发热潮。然而,北美地区页岩气取得的成功并非一蹴而就,经验之一是通过20世纪70年代以来即已实施的地质研究与工程技术研发计划,选择了一批页岩气资源禀赋高的页岩气区开展水平井钻探与多级水力加砂压裂。通过页岩气选区评价工作,按照页岩气评价参数标准,优选页岩气资源禀赋较高的有利区块以及具有商业开采价值的页岩气储层(即含气页岩)进行勘探,这是页岩气开采能否取得商业成功的关键一步。本文论述了页岩气选区评价的一些具体方法,对影响页岩气藏规模和产能大小的关键评价参数及其取值标准进行了探讨,并且对目前在页岩气评价认识上存在的一些问题进行了初步讨论。分析认为,有机质含量是评价页岩气资源禀赋高低的一个关键参数。北美地区主要页岩气开发区的含气页岩TOC质量分数均在2%以上。四川盆地南部龙马溪组底部伽马值最高的页岩气储层段的TOC质量分数一般在3%以上,为整个龙马溪组页岩层系中页岩气资源禀赋最高的层段,也是目前页岩气勘探的重要目的层段。埋藏浅、有机质高度富集的页岩以吸附气资源为主,而深层、高温高压条件下的页岩则以游离气资源占主导地位。页岩储层压力异常高有利于页岩气的保存与富集。在构造条件极为复杂、油气保存条件较差的中国南方地区开展海相页岩气勘探工作,不仅要面临钻完井工程技术上的巨大挑战,而且更要面临页岩气资源规模、水资源、地面管网设施以及开发经济性等诸多方面的挑战。     

页岩储层水敏性及井壁失稳规律分析

页岩气储层段钻井过程中普遍存在严重的井壁失稳问题。研究过程中,将页岩储层与常规的盖层页岩做了对比,分析页岩储层水敏性,发现其受水化的影响程度较小,原因是蒙脱石等易水化粘土矿物含量远低于常规盖层页岩。同时结合四川盆地下志留系龙马溪组页岩所取岩芯进行的室内强度实验,在逆冲断层地应力下分析定向井井周应力状态,选取摩尔-库伦破坏准则,得出了页岩储层定向井的坍塌压力与破裂压力随井斜角、方位角的变化规律。研究结论可以为页岩气井钻井设计提供参考。     

基于RBF神经网络的页岩气丰度预测

对页岩气成藏条件进行分析认为,机质含量、类型、成熟度、储层厚度、埋藏深度和孔隙度等为影响页岩气成藏的主要因素;依据四川盆地和北美页岩气形成的地质条件的相似性和所收集的大量页岩气数据,利用RBF神经网络构建了各主要因素与资源量丰度的网络模型,并用MATLAB对网络模型进行训练。对Ohio和龙马溪组页岩资源丰度进行了预测,预测误差分别为27.5%和3.5%,表明RBF神经网络模型可较好预测页岩气产量,对页岩气开采和勘探具有参考价值。     

湖南雪峰山前陆盆地沉积特征及页岩气勘探潜力

雪峰山志留系前陆盆地分布在湘中—湘西北—四川盆地,是上扬子板块主要的盆地类型,但目前针对该前陆盆地沉积特征和页岩气勘探潜力的研究少见。根据野外资料、测井资料和分析测试资料分析了湘西北和湘中地区前陆盆地沉积建造过程和页岩气勘探潜力。结果表明,湘中前陆盆地前渊带以浊积扇和浅海陆棚相沉积为主,而湘西北隆后盆地沉积相类型丰富,包括潮坪相、浅海陆棚相、滨岸相、三角洲相和碳酸盐岩台地相等。虽然前渊带和隆后盆地沉积相类型和沉积厚度差异较大,但沉积旋回的划分却一致,因此,前渊带和隆后盆地相互连通,雪峰山对其两侧盆地的遮挡作用有限。大量的地球化学测试分析表明,研究区隆后盆地页岩的有机碳含量、有机质类型均较四川盆地的焦石坝差。湖南地区志留系页岩各项地化指标较差的主要原因是其缺少龙马溪组第一旋回的黑色碳质页岩。     

黔北页岩气勘探前景评价

本文通过对黔北地区下古生界石油地质特征的研究,认为黔北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组(ε1n)、志留系龙马溪组(S1-2l)页岩厚度大、有机碳含量高、资源丰富,是寻找页岩气的有利地区,页岩气勘探一旦实现重大突破,将对我国南方地区油气勘探开发前景产生重大影响。     

上扬子地区南部志留系龙马溪组笔石页岩有机质特征

上扬子地区南部志留系龙马溪组黑色笔石页岩的有机质丰度高,有机质类型好,有机质成熟度高,具有显著地有机地球化学特征,黑色笔石页岩中笔石化石的保存方式多为聚集式,丰度较高,为页岩气形成提供了物质基础。研究区龙马溪组有机质处于成熟-过成熟阶段,且该区域龙马溪组的烃源岩有机质类型为Ⅰ型（腐泥型）,有利于生气。     

川南龙马溪页岩地层井壁失稳实验研究

川南地区页岩气开采是我国页岩气发展的重点工程,然而其主要产气层龙马溪页岩地层的井壁失稳问题十分严重,影响了该地区页岩气藏勘探开发的进程。基于室内试验的方法对页岩矿物组成、微观结构和理化性质进行了归纳分析;并对流体作用下,页岩力学性质变化进行了研究,分析了页岩的稳定性。实验结果表明:龙马溪页岩属于典型的硬脆性页岩,以伊利石为主,具有弱膨胀性。微裂缝发育明显,为流体侵入的主要通道。流体侵入后,导致微裂缝扩展延伸,页岩岩石整体强度减弱,从而影响井壁稳定。     

海相页岩有利储集条件分析-以四川盆地长宁区块龙马溪组为例

四川盆地长宁示范区志留系龙马溪组泥页岩层段是川东南地区重要的烃源岩和页岩气重点勘探层位。为综合评价其有利储层发育特性及影响因素,在单井岩心观察、矿物组分分析、有机地球化学特征和地球物理测井等分析的基础上,根据该地区沉积环境演化特征,比较分析龙马溪组龙一段和龙二段的的沉积环境、岩相组合、矿物组分、孔隙空间、储层压力等特性对储层发育的影响。研究表明:研究区龙一段和龙二段由于沉积环境不同导致其地层发育、岩性组合、矿物组分、孔隙空间及有机质富集程度上具有很强的差异性。与龙一段相比,龙二段具有成岩作用强、热演化程度高、游离气含量大等特性;并且主要发育有机孔储集空间。对研究区页岩气储集最有贡献的主要是有机质含量,其与孔隙度和含气量成正相关性。证明页岩的不同沉积环境发育不同岩相组合、矿物组分、有机质含量,其共同影响页岩储层储集性能;并且可根据其组合特性综合预测海相页岩气有利储层。     

四川盆地及周缘地区牛蹄塘组页岩气概况及前景评价

探讨四川盆地及周缘地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩的基础地质概况,并对牛蹄塘组页岩气前景进行评价。通过野外露头和盆地内的钻井资料分析,结果表明牛蹄塘组页岩除川西有剥蚀外,其他地区都有分布,且黑色页岩段厚度大,主要集中在下段;由川中地区向北、向东和向南3个方向分布,厚度一般在40m以上;有机碳含量高,多数地区有机碳的质量分数>2%;页岩已达成熟晚期—过成熟早期。该套页岩埋藏较深,演化时间长,保存条件复杂,因此勘探开发均有难度。四川盆地的西部、北部和东部,牛蹄塘组页岩埋深超过7km,只能作为页岩气勘探潜力区;勘探最有利的地区是川南地区,其次有利的地区为鄂西渝东地区。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that