Change of proton motive force across thylakoid membrane in soybean leaf during state transitions

Change of proton gradient across thylakoid membrane in soybean leaves was studied with millisecond delayed light emission(ms-DLE) during the coures of state transitions which were indicated by the cholrophyll fluores-cence at room temperature and 77K.When dark-adapted leaves were induced to state Ⅰ with far-red light,Fm/F0,F685/F735 and the intensity of fast phase of ms-DLE were af-fected slightly.However,during the induction to state Ⅱ with red light,both Fm/F0 and F685/F735 decreased immedi-ately and the former were quicker than the latter.In this interval,the intesity of fast phase of ms-DLE increased to a maximum and then decreased to a lower valus during the transition to stateⅡ.Nigericin,an uncoupler which elimi-nates the proton gradient across thylakoid membrane,inhib-ited the increase in the intensity of fast phase of ms-DLE during the transition to state Ⅱ.Another uncoupler,valino-mycin,which eliminates the membrane potential,did not affect the changes of the intensity of fast phase.These results suggest that the prompt increase in the intensity of fast phase of ms-DLE at the beginning of transitions to state Ⅱ is cor-related mainly with the proton gradient released from water oxidation in photosystemⅡ.     

Evidence for transmission of aphid-pathogenic fungi by migratory flight of Myzus persicae alates

The alates of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, were daily trapped from the air from late October through early January and carried to laboratory for determination of fungal infection by individually rearing them for 7 d on detached cabbage leaves in Petri dishes. Among 760 alates trapped, 266 (35%) were found carrying various fungal pathogens, 87.3% of them died due to mycosis during the first 3-day period of rearing and the rest died in the following two days. Most of the deaths of the alates were attributed to entomophthoralean fungi, taking 94.4%, and the rest were the hyphomycetous fungus Beauveria bassiana. Among the Entomophthorales-killed alates, P. neoaphidis took a proportion of 66.1%, Z. anhuiensis 22.6%, E. planchoniana 9.7%, and N. fresenii 1.6%, respectively. Two alates were found suffering from cross infection of two fungal species, i.e. P. neoaphidis with Z. anhuiensis and N. fresenii, respectively. The results represent the first report on transmission of aphid-pathogenic fungi by M. persicae alates through migratory flight.     

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation of the phytopathogenic fungus Penicillium digitatum

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation （ATMT） system was assessed for conducting insertional mutagenesis in Penicillium digitatum, a major fungal pathogen infecting post-harvest citrus fruits. A transformation efficiency of up to 60 transformants per 106 conidia was achieved by this system. The integration of the hph gene into the fungal genome was verified by polymerase chain reaction （PCR） amplification and sequencing. These transformants tested were also shown to be mitotically stable. Southern blot analysis of 14 randomly selected transformants showed that the hph gene was randomly integrated as single copy into the fungal genome of P. digitatum. Thus, we conclude that ATMT of P. digitatum could be used as an alternatively practical genetic tool for conducting insertional mutagenesis in P. digitatum to study functional genomics.     

Morphological and physiological analysis of narrow and striped leaf 1 （nsl1） mutant of rice （Oryza sativa L.） and the gene mapping

The shape and color of rice leaves are impor- tant agronomic traits that directly influence the proportion of sunlight energy utilization and ultimately affect the yield and quality. A new mutant exhibiting stable inheritance was identified as derived from ethyl methane sulfonate （EMS）-treated restorer Jinhui 10, tentatively named as narrow and striped leaf 1 （nsll）. The nsll displayed pale white leaves at the seeding stage and then white striped leaves in parallel to the main vein at the jointing stage. Meanwhile, its leaf blades are significantly narrower than the control group of Jinhui 10. The chloroplast structures of cells in the white striped area of the nsll mutant break down, and the photosynthetic pigments are significantly lower than that of the wild type. Moreover, fluorescence parameters, such as Fo, Fv/Fm, ФpsⅡ, qP, and ETR, in the nsll mutant are significantly lower than those of the wild type, and the photosynthetic efficiency is also significantly decreased. These changes in leaf color and shape, together with physiological changes in the nsll, result in smaller plant height and a decrease in the most important agro- nomic traits, such as the number of grains per panicle, grain weight, etc. Genetic analysis shows that the narrow and striped traits of the nsll mutant are controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene, which is located between InDel 16 and InDel 12 in chromosome 3. The physical distance is 204 kb. So far, no similar genes of such leaf color and shape in this area have been reported, This study has laid asolid foundation for the gene cloning and function analysis of NSL 1.     

Phylogenetic positions of some genera and species of the family Buccinidae (Gastropoda: Mollusca) from China based on ribosomal RNA and COI sequences

A phylogenetic analysis of members of the family Buccinidae was conducted using 18S rRNA gene, 28S rRNA gene and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase Ⅰ gene. We studied 18 species of Buccinidae that belong to eight different genera and inhabit the China coastal seas. We analyzed the patterns of divergence between an outgroup and basal ingroup taxa, the monophyly of the genus Neptunea, and the position of one unnamed species within the Buccinidae. A phylogenetic tree (neighbor-joining (NJ) method) was reconstructed based on the sequences of 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and COI, with Rapana venosa as outgroup. The NJ tree indicated that the 18 species could be divided into five groups. The genus Buccinum was monophyletic, whereas Neptunea was shown to be paraphyletic since it included Siphonalia subdilatata and Neptunea sp., a new species. This novel species otherwise clustered consistently with Neptunea cumingi in three other phylogenetic trees, showing a low genetic distance and divergence percentage of sequences belonging to the genus Neptunea. A smaller genetic distance and a smaller difference of 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and COI sequences between Neptunea cumingii and Neptunea arthritica cumingii confirmed them to be the same species.     

Fungal genus Hypocrea/Trichoderma: from barcodes to biodiversity

Hypocrea/Trichoderma is a genus of soil-borne or wood-decaying fungi containing members important to mankind as producers of industrial enzymes and biocontrol agents against plant pathogens, but also as opportunistic pathogens of immunocompromised humans and animals, while others can cause damage to cultivated mushroom. With the recent advent of a reliable, BarCode-aided identification system for all known taxa of Trichoderma and Hypocrea, it became now possible to study some of the biological fundamentals of the diversity in this fungal genus in more detail. In this article, we will therefore review recent progress in （1） the understanding of the geographic distribution of individual taxa; （2） mechanisms of speciation leading to development of mushroom diseases and facultative human mycoses; and （3） the possible correlation of specific traits of secondary metabolism and molecular phylogeny.     

吉安市南方菟丝子寄主范围及危害调查研究

采用野外踏查和样点调查相结合的方法对吉安市南方菟丝子寄主的种类及危害进行了调查,并对寄主组成及寄生关系的利用进行了分析探讨。结果表明:吉安市南方菟丝子寄主种类涉及23科62种植物,以菊科、豆科寄主植物最多,分别为11种(17.74%)和8种(12.90%),并对菊科、豆科、唇形科及旋花科的大部分寄主植物产生较严重的危害。南方菟丝子可寄生香丝草等14种(22.58%)入侵植物,并对大狼把草等5种植物产生严重危害。南方菟丝子寄主植物种类繁多,属于广寄性种类,其对入侵植物的寄生危害性将为防治入侵植物提供重要思路。     

Biological control of aflatoxin contamination of crops

Aflatoxins produced primarily by two closely related fungi, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, are mutagenic and carcinogenic in animals and humans. Of many approaches investigated to manage aflatoxin contamination, biological control method has shown great promise. Numerous organisms, including bacteria, yeasts and nontoxigenic fungal strains of A.flavus and A. parasiticus, have been tested for their ability in controlling aflatoxin contamination. Great successes in reducing aflatoxin contamination have been achieved by application of nontoxigenic strains of A. flavus and A. parasiticus in fields of cotton, peanut, maize and pistachio. The nontoxigenic strains applied to soil occupy the same niches as the natural occurring toxigenic strains. They, therefore, are capable of competing and displacing toxigenic strains. In this paper, we review recent development in biological control of aflatoxin contamination.     

Effects of inoculating fungi on agilawood formation in Aquilaria sinensis

Agilawood is a costly heartwood medicine obtained from Aquilaria sinensis with active ingredients mainly composed of volatile and semi-volatile substances. However, the formation time of agilawood is quite long and little is known about its formation mechanism. Two highly active fungi obtained from natural agilawood were inoculated on A. sinensis trees to understand their interaction processes and elucidate the transformation rules of induced chemical compositions within different test periods. The results demonstrated that the fungi could successfully colonize living tissues and cells and activate the host defense system, resulting in agilawood accumulation. With increasing time, the main components of A. sinensis converted into constituents or analogs of agilawood and the host exhibited "self-injury" to prevent fungal intrusion and protect other tissues. The data presented here could provide scientific basis for producing agilawood with the two new fungi in a safe, feasible, and sustainable manner without destroying rare Aquilaria plants.     

Inheritance of the delayed gland morphogenesis trait in Australian wild species ofGossypium

Five Australian wild cotton species with the delayed gland morphogenesis trait, as well as G. arboreum, G. davidsonii and four different gland genotypes of G. hirsutum, Gl₂Gl₂Gl₃Gl₃, Gl₂Gl₂gl₃gl₃, gl₂gl₂Gl₃Gl₃, and gl₂gl₂gl₃gl₃, were used in this experiment and 10 interspecific hybrids were obtained by the crossing among them. According to the gland expression on the seeds and plants of the interspecific hybrids, the inheritance of the delayed gland morphogenesis trait of Australian wild cotton species was opened out as follows: (ⅰ) the inheritance of the delayed gland morphogenesis trait was almost the same among the 5 Australian wild cotton species, and the gene or genes which controlled this trait may be located in the same loci. (ⅱ) The glandless seed trait of the Australian wild cotton species was dominant over the glanded seed trait of G. arboreum, a genome A species, and the seeds of interspecific hybrid F₁ between them were glandless. However, it was recessive over the glanded character of genome D species, G.davidsonii, and their F₁ was a typical glanded one. (ⅲ) The glandless seed trait of the Australian wild cotton species was recessive or incomplete dominant over the glanded cotton but dominant over the glandless cotton of G. hirsutum, and the glandless genes (gl₂gl₂gl₃gl₃) of upland cotton had great weakening effect on the glanded plant trait of the Australian wild cotton species on the other hand. For the two main glanded genes of upland cotton, the delayed gland morphogenesis trait of the Australian wild cotton species was dominant epistatic over glandless genes, gl₂gl₂gl₃gl₃, and one of the glanded genes, Gl₂Gl₂, but was recessive epistatic over the other glanded gene, Gl₃Gl₃. Therefore, it is much convenient to use Gl₂Gl₂gl₃gl₃ as the upland cotton parent in the interspecific hybridization and backcrossing afterward, in order to produce the upland cotton germplasm with glandless seeds and glanded plant trait.     

油樟叶内生真菌的多样性研究

 采取在马铃薯培养基上加无菌油樟(Cinnamomum longepaniculatum N.Chao ex H.W.Li)叶汁液作为分离培养基的办法,从油樟树叶中分离到24株内生真菌,经过鉴定,其分属于子囊菌纲的双足囊菌属(Dipodascus Lagerh.)、拟指突孢曲霉属(Emericellopsis J.F.H.Beyma)和半知菌类的花核菌属(Anthina Fr.)、青霉属(Penicillium Link)、组丝核菌属(Phacodium Pers.)、茎叶核菌属(Ectostroma Fr.)、地霉(Geotrichum Link)、皮核菌(Acinula Fr.)、团丝核菌(Papulaspora Preuss)、发菌(Capillaria Pers.)、峡串孢霉(Paepalopsis J.G.Khn)、小卵孢霉(Ovularia Sacc.)、卵形孢霉(Oospora Wallr.)、稀丝头孢霉(Haplotrichum Link)、单梗曲霉(Briarea Corda)等15个属,且以无孢菌居多,表现出较为丰富的类群(物种)多样性.     

云南稻核心种质回交后代糙米总黄酮含量分析

为研究云南稻核心种质回交后代糙米总黄酮含量,本实验分别以143份云南籼稻核心种质与滇屯502,241份云南粳稻核心种质与合系35配制的杂种F6,BC2F4,BC3F3,BC4F2为材料,采用比色法对其糙米总黄酮含量进行测定分析.结果表明,籼稻后代黄酮含量高于粳稻后代;有色米高于无色米;不同世代的黄酮含量(mg/100g)情况籼稻后代是轮回亲本(236.26)BC2F4(224.69)BC4F2(222.36)BC3F3(210.19),但差异不显著;粳稻后代是BC4F2(244.42)BC2F4(239.58)轮回亲本(227.21)F6(220.03)BC3F3(190.91),其中BC3F3代极显著低于BC2F4,BC4F2代.筛选出的粳稻后代(白镰刀谷/合系353)是供试材料中含量最高的,达到1267.62±54.79mg/100g.     

Comparative analysis of A, B, C and D genomes in the genus Oryza with Cot-1 DNA of C genome

Fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH） was applied to somatic chromosomes preparations of Oryza officinalis Wall. （CC）, O. sativa L. （AA）xO. officinalis F1 hybrid （AC）, backcross progenies BC1 （AAC and ACC）, O. latifolia Desv. （CCDD）, O. alta Swallen （CCDD） and O. punctata Kotschy （BBCC） with a labelled probe of Cot-1 DNA from O. officinalis. In O. officinalis, the homologous chromosomes showed similar signal bands probed by Cot-1 DNA and karyotype analysis was conducted based on the band patterns. Using no blocking DNA, the probe identified the chromosomes of C genome clearly, but detected few signals on chromosomes of A genome in the F1 hybrid and two backcross progenies of BC1. It is obvious that the highly and moderately repetitive DNA sequences were considerably different between C and A genomes. The chromosomes of C genome were also discriminated from the chromosomes of Dand B-genome in the tetraploid species O. latifolia, O. alta and O. punctata by Cot-1 DNA-FISH. Comparison of the fluorescence intensity on the chromosomes of B, C and D genomes in O. latifolia, O. alta, and O. punctata indicated that the differentiations between C and D genomes are less than that between C and B genomes. The relationship between C and D genomes in O. alta is closer than that of C and D genomes in O. latifolia. This would be one of the causes for the fact that both the genomes are of the same karyotype （CCDD） but belong to different species. The above results showed that the Cot-1 DNA had a high specificity of genome and species. In this paper, the origin of allotetraploid in genus Oryza is also discussed.     

Isolation and identification of Sclerotinia stem rot causal pathogen in Arabidopsis thaliana

A new stem rot disease is found to occur naturally on Arabidopsis plants in greenhouses of Fuzhou, China. In order to identify its pathogen, we conducted a series of fungal isolation and purification, plant reinoculation, and ascus and ascospore induction from the sclerotia. The isolate caused typical water-soaked lesions after reinoculation and produced sclerotia both on Arabidopsis plants and culture medium plates, and the sclerotia could be induced to produce discal apothecia and 8 binucleate ascospores per ascus. These disease symptom and fungal morphology data revealed that the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum （Lib.） de Bary was the pathogen for Arabidopsis stem rot. To confirm this, we further amplified its large subunit ribosomal DNA （LSU rDNA） by polymerase chain reaction （PCR）, and compared the sequence with the known LSU rDNA sequences in GenBank. The results show that the sequence shares the highest identities with the LSU rDNAs of different S. sclerotiorum strains. Taking all these data together, we concluded that the fungus that caused the Arabidopsis stem rot is S. sclerotiorum （Lib.） de Bary. This is the first report that Arabidopsis is naturally infected by S. sclerotiorum.     

Diversity analysis of soil dematiaceous hyphomycetes from the Yellow River source area: I

Twenty-four soil samples of eight ecosystem-types around the Yellow River source area were investigated for the number and specific composition of soil dematiaceous hyphomycetes by dilution plate technique. And then the co-relationship between genus species of soil dematiaceous hyphomycetes and ecosystem-types was analyzed. The results show that the amount and species distribution of soil dematiaceous hyphomycetes had an obvious variability in different ecosystem-types, and that the dominant genus species varied in the eight ecosystem-types studied, with Cladosporium being the dominant genus in seven of the eight ecosystem-types except wetland. The index of species diversity varied in different ecosystem-types. The niche breadth analysis showed that Cladosporium had the highest niche breadth and distributed in all ecosystem-types, while the genera with a narrow niche breadth distributed only in a few ecosystem-types. The results of niche overlap index analysis indicated that Stachybotrys and Torula, Doratomyces and Scolecobasidium, Cladosporium and Chrysosporium had a higher niche overlap, whereas Arthrinium and Gliomastix, Phialophora and Doratomyces, Oidiodendron and Ulocladium had no niche overlap.     

First discovery of fossil Diplothrix (Muridae, Rodentia) outside the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

The first Diplothrix (Muridae, Rodentia) fossils of the early Early Pleistocene are described as D. yangziensis sp. nov., which were collected from the Renzidong Cave deposits in Anhui Province, Eastern China. Diplothrix was previously represented by a single species, D. legata, whose geographical distribution during the Late Pleistocene is restricted to the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. With straight chevrons on M1, distinct t3 and t9 on upper molars, primitive M3, mlc on m1, and developed a-lab on m2 and m3, the new species is morphologically distinct from other large murids in East Asia, and should belong to the genus Diplothrix. There are also differences in molar morphology between the new species and D. legata, the type species of Diplothrix, as well as other known fossils. For example, D. yangziensis sp. nov. has a smaller size, a more elongated crown, developed precingulum and pc on M1, more primitive M3, weaker mlc and more primitive pc on m1, and stronger plc and pc on m3. In short, Diplothrix yangziensis sp. nov. is evidently more primitive than D. legata, suggesting that the former is likely the ancestor of the latter. Diplothrix yangziensis sp. nov. is the first discovery of the genus outside the Ryukyu Islands, Japan and is also the earliest and most primitive species of the genus in Eurasia. Its discovery has significant implications for reconstructing the evolution and dispersal pattern of Diplothrix, as well as for discussing its palaeoecological variation.     

New and rare lignicolous hyphomycetes from Zhejiang Province, China

Sporidesmiopsis zhejiangensis sp. nov. and Spadicoides americana were found on submerged wood from streams in Zhejiang Province, China. Sporidesmiopsis zhejiangensis is characterized by obclavate to fusiform, 5-6-distoseptate, versicolorous, verruculose conidia with an apical mucilaginous sheath. Spadicoides americana is a new record to China. These taxa are described and illustrated, and morphological differences between these species and their similar species were summarized.     

Modern pollen and vegetation relationships in the Yili Basin, Xinjiang, NW China

Fifty-six surface pollen samples from different vegetation zones in the Yili Basin,western Tianshan Mountains,Xinjiang were analyzed to examine the relationships between the surface pollen assemblages and the original vegetation.A pollen analysis and a vegetation investigation with a discriminant analysis show that the pollen assemblages greatly differ across disparate vegetation zones.Twelve pollen taxa can be used as significant types for vegetation reconstruction in the basin.These taxa were the most abundant in the surface pollen samples.Cupressaceae pollen percentages were greater than 1%in Cupressaceae shrubs.More than5%of Picea pollen indicates the growth of a Picea forest within 5 km.The subalpine meadow that is distributed widely in the basin is characterized by high content of Artemisia,Chenopodiaceae,Poaceae,Picea,Asteraceae,Taraxacum and Arenaria pollen types.The Artemisia-Chenopodiaceae-Poaceae-Cannabaceae pollen assemblages indicate the presence of montane steppe in the area.Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae pollen dominate the desert steppe and Populus forest.Artemisia pollen percentages were greater than 60%in the Artemisia desert,whereas Chenopodiaceae pollen percentages exceeded 65%in the Chenopodiaceae desert.The Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae(A/C)ratios reflect the vertical moisture changes in the Yili Basin.The mean A/C ratios were greater than 1.2 in the subalpine meadow and montane steppe that occupy the humid zone in the basin.These ratios were between1 and 1.2 in the Cupressaceae shrubs,desert steppe,Populus forest and floodplain meadow.The ratios were less than 0.5 in the Chenopodiaceae desert,which is an arid environment.     

对马耳蕨配子体不同发育阶段的光合作用特性

 以喜阴植物对马耳蕨成熟孢子为材料,研究了对马耳蕨配子体发育4个阶段叶绿素荧光特性.结果表明:从孢子萌发到原叶体阶段,最大荧光(F_m)、初始荧光(F₀)、最大光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)、有效光化学量子产量(F'_v/F'_m)、PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F₀)、实际光量子产量(Yield)及光化学萃灭系数(q_P)均与发育进程极显著正相关(p<0.001),非光化学淬灭系数(q_N)与发育进程负相关,差异不显著(p>0.05).说明对马耳蕨配子体发育不同阶段荧光特性存在异质性,配子体随发育进程光能转化效率逐渐提高,光合能力逐渐增强.     

从茶多酚及氨基酸含量比较8种金花茶制茶适宜性

测定金花茶,长柱金花茶,显脉金花茶,平果金花茶,东兴金花茶,毛瓣金花茶,毛籽金花茶,大样岗金花茶的茶多酚类物质和氨基酸含量,并与市售茶叶作对照,结果表明,各种金花茶的上述成分含量差异甚大,其中毛瓣金花茶幼叶多酚类物质含量最高（１１．７％）,但低于仙回茶（１８．２５％）和福云绿茶（１６．６２％）,在所有试材中,无瓣金花茶幼叶的氨基酸含量最高（６．３％）,但低于仙回茶（１８．２５％）,和福云绿茶（１６