2-羟基喹啉合成新方法研究

本研究利用简单的乙酰苯胺和丙烯酸酯作为起始原料,在过硫酸钾做氧化剂,水合对甲苯磺酸做添加剂的条件下,通过钯催化的C-H键活化/C-C键生成/环化串联反应以46%~95%收率合成了一系列2-羟基喹啉衍生物.本研究为2-羟基喹啉衍生物的合成提供了实用的合成方法.     

Catalytic functionalization of unactivated primary C-H bonds directed by an alcohol

New synthetic methods for the catalytic functionalization of C-H bonds have the potential to revolutionize the synthesis of complex molecules. However, the realization of this synthetic potential requires the ability to functionalize selectively one C-H bond in a compound containing many such bonds and an array of functional groups. The site-selective functionalization of aliphatic C-H bonds is one of the greatest challenges that must be met for C-H bond functionalization to be used widely in complex-molecule synthesis, and processes catalysed by transition-metals provide the opportunity to control selectivity. Current methods for catalytic, aliphatic C-H bond functionalization typically rely on the presence of one inherently reactive C-H bond, or on installation and subsequent removal of directing groups that are not components of the desired molecule. To overcome these limitations, we sought catalysts and reagents that would facilitate aliphatic C-H bond functionalization at a single site, with chemoselectivity derived from the properties of the catalyst and site-selectivity directed by common functional groups contained in both the reactant and the desired product. Here we show that the combination of an iridium-phenanthroline catalyst and a dihydridosilane reagent leads to the site-selective γ-functionalization of primary C-H bonds controlled by a hydroxyl group, the most common functional group in natural products. The scope of the reaction encompasses alcohols and ketones bearing many substitution patterns and auxiliary functional groups; this broad scope suggests that this methodology will be suitable for the site-selective and diastereoselective functionalization of complex natural products.     

表面活性氧物种对A-H(A=C,O,N)键活化机理的研究进展

表面吸附态活性氧物种如O~*、OH~*等对H_2O、CH_3OH、CH_4、NH_3所含O-H、C-H以及N-H键的活化有着十分重要的作用,其调控行为与催化剂的本身电子结构、氧物种的碱性以及A-H中H原子的酸性等有着非常密切的关系.通过表面吸附氧物种的修饰可以有效地控制A-H键的活化程度,从而达到调控反应的目的.利用40篇文献综述了近些年来理论科学工作者在该方面的研究成果,期望为实验工作提供有价值的理论指导依据.     

Intermediates in the transformation of phosphonates to phosphate by bacteria

Phosphorus is an essential element for all known forms of life. In living systems, phosphorus is an integral component of nucleic acids, carbohydrates and phospholipids, where it is incorporated as a derivative of phosphate. However, most Gram-negative bacteria have the capability to use phosphonates as a nutritional source of phosphorus under conditions of phosphate starvation. In these organisms, methylphosphonate is converted to phosphate and methane. In a formal sense, this transformation is a hydrolytic cleavage of a carbon-phosphorus (C-P) bond, but a general enzymatic mechanism for the activation and conversion of alkylphosphonates to phosphate and an alkane has not been elucidated despite much effort for more than two decades. The actual mechanism for C-P bond cleavage is likely to be a radical-based transformation. In Escherichia coli, the catalytic machinery for the C-P lyase reaction has been localized to the phn gene cluster. This operon consists of the 14 genes phnC, phnD, …, phnP. Genetic and biochemical experiments have demonstrated that the genes phnG, phnH, …, phnM encode proteins that are essential for the conversion of phosphonates to phosphate and that the proteins encoded by the other genes in the operon have auxiliary functions. There are no functional annotations for any of the seven proteins considered essential for C-P bond cleavage. Here we show that methylphosphonate reacts with MgATP to form α-D-ribose-1-methylphosphonate-5-triphosphate (RPnTP) and adenine. The triphosphate moiety of RPnTP is hydrolysed to pyrophosphate and α-D-ribose-1-methylphosphonate-5-phosphate (PRPn). The C-P bond of PRPn is subsequently cleaved in a radical-based reaction producing α-D-ribose-1,2-cyclic-phosphate-5-phosphate and methane in the presence of S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Substantial quantities of phosphonates are produced worldwide for industrial processes, detergents, herbicides and pharmaceuticals. Our elucidation of the chemical steps for the biodegradation of alkylphosphonates shows how these compounds can be metabolized and recycled to phosphate.     

乙炔加氢反应的量子拓扑研究

基于ＵＨＦ在６－３１Ｇ基组水平上确定的ＩＲＣ途径，在此ＩＲＣ途径上选择部分构型作电荷密度拓扑分析研究。研究结果表明乙炔加氢反应是一协同的非同步反应，Ｈ－Ｈ键的生成早于Ｃ－Ｈ键的新型。但Ｃ－Ｈ键的断裂速度较快，在反应进程ｓ＝０时，已由共价相互作用变为弱的闭壳层相互作用。而Ｈ－Ｈ键在反应进程ｓ＝－０．４时，已由闭壳层相互作用变为共价相互作用。     

Activation of remote meta-C-H bonds assisted by an end-on template

Functionalization of unactivated carbon-hydrogen (C-H) single bonds is an efficient strategy for rapid generation of complex molecules from simpler ones. However, it is difficult to achieve selectivity when multiple inequivalent C-H bonds are present in the target molecule. The usual approach is to use σ-chelating directing groups, which lead to ortho-selectivity through the formation of a conformationally rigid six- or seven-membered cyclic pre-transition state. Despite the broad utility of this approach, proximity-driven reactivity prevents the activation of remote C-H bonds. Here we report a class of easily removable nitrile-containing templates that direct the activation of distal meta-C-H bonds (more than ten bonds away) of a tethered arene. We attribute this new mode of C-H activation to a weak 'end-on' interaction between the linear nitrile group and the metal centre. The 'end-on' coordination geometry relieves the strain of the cyclophane-like pre-transition state of the meta-C-H activation event. In addition, this template overrides the intrinsic electronic and steric biases as well as ortho-directing effects with two broadly useful classes of arene substrates (toluene derivatives and hydrocinnamic acids).     

末端炔醇HC≡CC(OH)RR’与有机金属试剂反应研究进展

由于含过渡金属的有机共轭体系独特的分子结构,基本性质以及在合成材料、催化、医药等方面潜在的应用,有关这方面的研究引起了人们广泛的兴趣。本文阐述了以炔醇配体为有机源合成M=C类配合物及金属杂芳香化合物的国内外研究现状。     

预测烷烃折光指数的新方法--基团键贡献法

根据分子结构的特点,通过用染色矩阵和妆矩阵对分子结构进行矩阵化表征,发展了一种根据分子结构信息预测烷烃折光指数的新方法－基团键贡献法。该方法将基团贡献法和化合键贡献法有机的结合在一起,既考虑分子中基团的特性,又考虑基团之间的边接性（化合键）,具有基团贡献法和化学键贡献法的特点。对５４８种烷烃的计算结果表明,折光指数预测值十分接近实验值,平均误差０．０７９％,进上步将该方法推广对聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚１     

金属有机配合物晶体中倍频基团的结构优化

着重讨论该类晶体材料电子结构和分子结构的优化，发现由某些不同类型的配位键构成的八面体构型和四面体构型的配合物均有可能具有一定的倍频效应。     

Advances and perspectives in catalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons in liquid phase

This review article summarizes recent advances in catalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons,especially presents two strategies for activation of C-H bonds or molecular oxygen.Based on our own research results,the applications of the two methods in the oxidation of cyclohexane,toluene and ethyl benzene,etc.are introduced,and the perspectives of the two methods are also discussed.     

生物柴油多组分替代混合物化学反应路径分析

采用MD、MD9D和正庚烷三组分作为生物柴油混合替代物,替代物机理包含3 299种组分、10 806个基元反应。应用CHEMKIN-PRO反应速率分析法对燃烧氧化过程中燃料分子高低温主要反应路径和重要中间组分衍化过程进行了详细探究。结果表明:MD和MD9D在低温阶段主要通过脱氢加氧、异构化反应以及酮类物质的分解反应进行消耗,高温阶段主要是低温反应中间产物C—O、C—C键β分解反应、部分高温脱氢以及异构化反应最终生成C_2H_4等小分子产物。另外,MD和MD9D中不同碳原子位置C—H键能不同,邻近羧基以及C≡C双键碳原子处C—H键较弱,易发生脱氢反应生成烷酯基。在过氧酯基异构化生成过氧羧酯基过程中,不同环数过渡环张力大小以及反应势垒不同,异构化难易程度不同,而六元过渡环的张力较小,反应势垒较低,最易发生异构化反应,异构化反应产物更多。     

Structure and reactivity of a mononuclear non-haem iron(III)-peroxo complex

Oxygen-containing mononuclear iron species--iron(III)-peroxo, iron(III)-hydroperoxo and iron(IV)-oxo--are key intermediates in the catalytic activation of dioxygen by iron-containing metalloenzymes. It has been difficult to generate synthetic analogues of these three active iron-oxygen species in identical host complexes, which is necessary to elucidate changes to the structure of the iron centre during catalysis and the factors that control their chemical reactivities with substrates. Here we report the high-resolution crystal structure of a mononuclear non-haem side-on iron(III)-peroxo complex, [Fe(III)(TMC)(OO)](+). We also report a series of chemical reactions in which this iron(III)-peroxo complex is cleanly converted to the iron(III)-hydroperoxo complex, [Fe(III)(TMC)(OOH)](2+), via a short-lived intermediate on protonation. This iron(III)-hydroperoxo complex then cleanly converts to the ferryl complex, [Fe(IV)(TMC)(O)](2+), via homolytic O-O bond cleavage of the iron(III)-hydroperoxo species. All three of these iron species--the three most biologically relevant iron-oxygen intermediates--have been spectroscopically characterized; we note that they have been obtained using a simple macrocyclic ligand. We have performed relative reactivity studies on these three iron species which reveal that the iron(III)-hydroperoxo complex is the most reactive of the three in the deformylation of aldehydes and that it has a similar reactivity to the iron(IV)-oxo complex in C-H bond activation of alkylaromatics. These reactivity results demonstrate that iron(III)-hydroperoxo species are viable oxidants in both nucleophilic and electrophilic reactions by iron-containing enzymes.     

共轭烃的键焓加和性

该文提出了共轭烃的广义键焓加和性规则,分子中的C-H键键焓仍作定值处理,而C-C键键焓的平均值看作分子平均总键级的线性函数,按此键焓加和计算的原子化热是相当准确的。     

茶多酚清除过氧自由基分子机理的量子化学计算研究

为了评价Kondo等的计算结果,用一种组合的密度泛函理论方法计算了EC和EGC各位点的O-H BDE和C-H BDE,结果表明Kondo等的计算结果是不准确的,B环酚羟基,特别是4’位酚羟基,是清除过氧自由基的第一活性位点,2位书氢则是后继抽氢反应的活性位点,这与Kondon等通过实验提出的茶多酚清除自由基的分子机理完全一致.     

新型三（η^5-环戊二烯基）（μ3-烷基）镍簇合物的合成与表征

本文研究了二茂镍、1,1’-二甲基二茂镍与1,1-二苯基乙基锂的反应,分离得到两个新型的三（η5-环戊二烯基）（μ3-烷基）镍簇合物：（NiCp）3CCPh2H1和（NiCp’）3CCPh2H2其中Cp’=C5H4CH3）.这两个三核镍簇合物的结构经元素分析、EI-MS、1HNMR和13CNMR等光谱方法进行了表征和确定.1,1-二苯基乙基镍中间体的C—H键活化及其迁移反应认为是形成三核镍簇合物形成的重要步骤.此外,甲基引入到环戊二烯基环上可以显著地提高三核镍簇合物的生成产率.     

有机锂及其在有机合成中的应用

有机锂是指含有锂—碳键(Li—C键)的有机金属化合物。本文探讨有机锂的结构、制备、性质及其在有机合成上的应用。     

氟代芳基碳酸酯与氨基甲酸酯中氢键的理论研究

运用 AIM理论在 B97D 水平上计算了2-丁炔-1，4-二基二（2，3，4，5，6-五氟苯基碳酸酯）1，2-丁炔-1，4-二基二（4-氟苯基碳酸酯）2及2-丁炔-1，4-二基二（2，3，4，5，6-五氟苯氨基甲酸酯）3中的分子间有机氟 C -H…F -C 氢键．这些分子间氢键为闭壳相互作用．尽管晶体1中 H…F 距离接近经典氢键，但是该有机氟氢键仍为弱氢键．NBO 分析表明，研究的有机氟 C -H…F -C 氢键存在明显的电荷转移，用电荷转移合理地解释了分子1采取顺式结构．     

聚合物芳核上C—H键的键离解能与聚合物的热稳定性

由聚合物ＰＰＯ、ＰＣ、ＭＰＭ、ＴＤ、ＭＰＰ、ＴＰＰ和ＰＳ芳核上Ｃ－Ｈ键的伸缩振动频率计算了对应聚合物芳核上Ｃ－Ｈ键的键离解能。结果表明,计算所得键离解能顺序与聚合物热稳定性的顺序完全一致。     

四苯基铁卟啉双氧加合物的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论方法计算了自旋多重度为1、3、5的四苯基铁卟啉双氧加合物(FeTPPO2)的几何构型及电子性质。考察了四苯基铁卟啉对分子氧的活化。研究发现,FeTPPO2能量随自旋多重度升高而降低。五重态FeTPPO2的能量最低,但其铁卟啉对分子氧的活化效果最差。FeTPPO2中Oa—Ob键键长随自旋多重度变化的规律为三重态>单重态>五重态,说明三重态FeTPPO2中分子氧活化最明显。Fe—Oa键键长和Oa—Ob键键长呈负相关关系。电荷布居分析表明,FeTPPO2中分子氧活化程度与分子氧上所带负电荷多少有关,所带负电荷越多,分子氧活化越明显。分析自旋密度得知,三重态FeTPPO2中分子氧为单线态分子氧。三重态和五重态FeTPPO2中,铁离子均向分子氧转移了β电子,有利于铁氧键的形成。     

分子形貌半经验方法——快速预测Dpb的应用

C-H强弱在理解DNA和RNA的损坏机理中起着非常重要的作用,得到了许多学者们的关注.以3′,5′-二磷酸核酸为模型分子,应用分子形貌半经验理论方法,使用MELD精密从头计算及自编程序快速计算了8种化合物沿着C-H方向上的Dpb.通过分析沿着C-H方向上的Dpb,预测了化合物中C-H键的强弱,并获得了可能发生H-提取反应的活动顺序.通过计算DNA和RNA分子中糖基沿着C-H方向上的Dpb,预测发生H-提取反应难易程度的顺序分别为C1′-H>C2′-H>C4′-H>C5′-H>C3′-H和C1′-H>C4′-H>C5′-H>C3′-H>C2′-H.计算获得的Dpb数值表明,DNA和RNA中发生H-提取的位点都为C1′-H,预测的结果与文献中基本一致,可以为进一步研究相似体系中发生H-提取反应本质提供参考.