仙鹤草中齐墩果酸类皂苷的提取工艺研究

确定仙鹤草中齐墩果酸类皂苷的最佳提取工艺。采用单因素试验确定影响超声波提取齐墩果酸类皂苷的最主要因素;正交试验法研究提取工艺参数及其水平;最终明确最佳提取工艺。对超声波提取仙鹤草中齐墩果酸类皂苷影响效果从大到小的因素依次是料液比、超声时间、温度和溶剂浓度;提取最佳工艺条件是当料液比(g:m L)为1:12,超声时间为25min,温度为60?C,乙醇浓度为100%,仙鹤草中齐墩果酸类皂苷提取率最大为8.4%。超声波辅助提取法适合仙鹤草中齐墩果酸类皂苷的提取。     

准噶尔山楂中齐墩果酸的提取及HPLC测定

为了进一步开发和保护准噶尔山楂,通过实验确定超声波辅助提取准噶尔山楂果实中齐墩果酸的方法,并在单因素试验的基础上对其提取条件进行确定.结果表明：在以无水乙醇为提取溶剂,料液比为1∶25,当温度为50℃,超声功率为300 W,提取时间为30 min的条件下,运用高效液相色谱法测定齐墩果酸的含量为0.1898 mg/g.实验结果显示：测定方法具有准确度较高（RSD为1.09%）、精密度较好（RSD为2.53%）、重复性较好（RSD为2.27%）等优点,为从准噶尔山楂中提取和测定齐墩果酸提供了一种实验方法.     

海南番木瓜总皂苷的提取工艺研究

研究了海南番木瓜总皂苷的提取工艺．以齐墩果酸为对照品，采用紫外分光光度法在545nm处测定海南番木瓜总皂苷的含量，通过单因素试验和正交试验确定最佳提取工艺．结果表明：用75％的乙醇，pH=7，温度为70℃，提取时间为120min，海南番木瓜总皂苷的提取率最高，为2．66％．     

猪牙皂中刺囊酸和齐墩果酸的含量测定

目的:测定猪牙皂中刺囊酸和齐墩果酸的含量,优化猪牙皂中刺囊酸和齐墩果酸提取工艺。方法:通过单因素试验研究盐酸浓度、盐酸用量、反应温度、反应时间4个工艺参数对猪牙皂总皂苷水解的影响,以刺囊酸和齐墩果酸皂苷元的含量为指标,筛选酸水解工艺条件;采用高效液相色谱法,用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂,乙腈—水为流动相梯度洗脱,检测波长为215 nm,测定猪牙皂中刺囊酸和齐墩果酸的含量。结果:猪牙皂总皂苷最佳酸水解工艺条件:20%盐酸,盐酸用量80m L,水解时间2 h,水解温度90℃。在该条件下,刺囊酸和齐墩果酸的平均含量分别为62.95 mg·g-1、49.09 mg·g-1;通过方法学的系统考察,建立了猪牙皂中刺囊酸和齐墩果酸的含量测定方法。结论:本方法专属性强,重现性好,是控制猪牙皂内在质量的理想方法。     

齐墩果酸的苦荬菜细胞培养制备与分离纯化研究

以苦荚菜地上部分的培养细胞为原料,生物制备具有特殊药用价值的齐墩果酸;也利用有机溶剂萃取及硅胶柱层析分离进行分离纯化研究。通过改变细胞培养基的组成和培养条件,可以有效提高齐墩果酸的产出率。进一步利用红外光谱、^1H—NMR、^13C-NMR等方法对提取物的化学结构进行了结构表征。结果表明所得化合物为齐墩果酸,其最佳组织细胞培养条件：温度为21℃,时间为24d。     

八月瓜果皮中齐墩果酸的大孔树脂分离工艺

对7种商品化大孔树脂吸附分离八月瓜果皮齐墩果酸的性能进行对比筛选,发现XDA-1型树脂最适合八月瓜果皮齐墩果酸的分离.在单因素实验基础上,用响应面优化法考察了固液比、吸附温度和吸附时间对齐墩果酸提取率的影响.结果表明,在固液比为 1∶8（g/mL）,40 ℃温度下吸附 315 min,齐墩果酸的提取率为0.265 6%.模型预测值为 0.243 2%,实验结果与模型预测值吻合.     

超临界CO2萃取两头尖皂甙研究

应用超临界CO2萃取两头尖皂甙，采用正交设计优化条件，以齐墩果酸为对照品，用香草醛—高氯酸显色法测定皂甙含量，来研究两头尖皂甙的超临界CO2提取方法．实验得出超临界萃取的最佳条件为：萃取压力30MPa，萃取温度50℃，萃取时间1．5h，夹带剂95％乙醇用量为20％．结果证明超临界CO2萃取两头尖皂甙方法是可行的，为提高皂甙提取率，预处理工艺有待进一步实验研究．     

正交试验法优化女贞子提取工艺

以特女贞苷、齐墩果酸、熊果酸的提取转移率为指标,采用单因素考察及正交试验法优化女贞子的最佳提取工艺。结果表明,最佳提取工艺为8倍量60%乙醇,提取3次,每次3 h。特女贞苷、齐墩果酸、熊果酸转移率分别为75.42%、93.86%、99.83%。优化所得工艺提取效果良好,工艺简便,可用于工业化生产。     

湘西桐叶药材熊果酸及齐墩果酸的HPLC法测定

建立一种高效、准确、稳定的桐叶熊果酸和齐墩果酸测定方法,测定湖南省湘西地区桐叶药材中熊果酸和齐墩果酸含量.采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法,色谱条件依次为,色谱柱：TADE-PAKAF-C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）;流动相：乙腈-甲醇-0.5%醋酸铵溶液（体积比61∶18∶21）;流速：1 mL/min;检测波长：210 nm;柱温：35 ℃;进样量：10 μL.结果表明：齐墩果酸与熊果酸分离度为1.73,均符合要求;熊果酸和齐墩果酸对照品分别在0.497 6～9.952 0 μg/mL和0.126 1～2.523 0 μg/mL范围内线性关系良好（r均为0.999 9）;熊果酸、齐墩果酸平均加样回收率分别为99.93%,98.97%;湘西产桐叶含熊果酸4.54～7.07 mg/g,含齐墩果酸2.50～3.20 mg/g.HPLC法分离效果好、灵敏度高、准确度高,是检测桐叶中熊果酸、齐墩果酸含量的科学有效手段.     

鲜切皱皮木瓜饮片中齐墩果酸和熊果酸含量测定

目的：比较不同加工方法所获得的木瓜饮片甲醇总提物中齐墩果酸和熊果酸的含量及HPLC指纹图谱,为改进木瓜饮片的生产方法,提高木瓜质量提供依据.方法：采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测量不同加工方法生产的木瓜饮片中齐墩果酸和熊果酸的含量并比较其指纹图谱.结果：4种不同的样品在组分上的差异较小,HPLC指纹图谱有27个共有峰.但不同加工方法获得的样品所含齐墩果酸和熊果酸的量存在差异,其中鲜切饮片与鲜木瓜含量相近,齐墩果酸和熊果酸总含量为0.89%.结论：鲜切饮片克服了传统加工方法的不足,更好地保存了齐墩果酸、熊果酸等药用成分,有利于保证药品质量,值得推广应用.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with