推理的广义概念——推理理论的基本问题

拉尔夫·约翰逊指出推理理论的研究是哲学领域亟待填补的空白,并指出对推理概念本身的探讨是推理理论研究中至关重要的基本问题。文章讨论了目前学者对这个概念的各种用法并试图解释推理与论证之间的概念混淆。为了澄清推理的概念,文章试图从形式逻辑研究抽象推理形式的角度和非形式逻辑研究真实推理的具体特征进行论述,提出了一个相对广义的推理之概念,以涵盖更多推理理论研究试图探讨的理论内涵。最后,文章再次指出了推理理论研究的学术意义。     

论心智逻辑理论与心智模型理论融合的可能途径

文献表明，到目前为止，还没有一个全面的、精确的和统一的研究人类推理心理学理论，而心智逻辑理论和心智模型理论是近20年来发展最快的两个主流理论。心智逻辑理论认为人类运用推理图式进行推理；心智模型理论则认为人类通过构造心智模型实现推理。本文讨论了两个理论各自的适用范围和局限性，并提出未来两理论融合的可能方向。     

回归自然的认知策略——中医诊断的模型化推理及其方法论启示

众所周知,中国传统医学和现代医学在诊断的方法论上存在极大的差别。但长久以来,人们对中医诊断的认识一直比较模糊。“基于模型推理”的概念使我们对中医诊断的推理过程具有了新的和比较清楚的认识。事实上,一个有效的中医诊断相当于一组复杂的假说推论。利用可直观转换的模型系统;基于模型选择模型、锁定假说;颠倒地使用三段论第一式（AAA）,是本文从中医诊断的考察中获得的关于解决假说推论中溯因难题的重要启示。对中医诊断的研究将有助于了解直观模型在人类认识过程中的作用,并推进回归自然的认知研究新策略。     

对科学发现推理的再认识

科学发现是科学的生命。科学发现的推理问题一直是科学方法论的一个重要内容。本文提出，科学发现中的模型化推理对于科学发现的创造性具有至关重要的意义，理应纳入现代科学发现推理的研究领域。作者从人类思维的起源和发生认识论角度进行了考察，结合科学家的典型实践活动深入探讨了这一问题，并且预测其未来的发展前景是十分广阔的。     

最佳说明推理与溯因推理

最佳说明推理源于溯因推理,在一种推理过程中同时对科学假说的产生和评价作出了说明。文章考察了最佳说明推理的基本概念;从新假说产生即科学发现的视角,重构了皮尔士的溯因模型;在此基础上,比较了最佳说明推理与溯因推理的异同,比较性地评价了两者作为科学探究模式的优劣;最后,尝试性地得出几条结论。     

以推理理解知识——基于盖梯尔案例推理细节的反思

知识的JTB定义的三元条件包括:成真条件、信念条件、证成条件.盖梯尔案例揭示出信念条件联结成真条件和证成条件的关键作用.在通常的盖梯尔案例中,由于缺少信念条件而造成了成真条件和证成条件割裂,暴露出盖梯尔案例推理过程中真理论的不一致性,因此盖梯尔案例中的根本矛盾应该是真理论的矛盾,所以盖梯尔案例并不构成对JTB定义的反例...     

创造性溯因推理与科学发现——以现代原子模型的早期发展为例

科学实验中的经验反常往往激起科学家强烈的好奇心,引导科学家进行扩展性探索,以创造解释性假说去合理解释之.创造性溯因是创造新假说的重要机制.现代原子模型的早期发展体现了经验反常、创造性溯因与科学发现之间的密切关系.     

论意向性名称理论的实践推理意义

塞尔提出了名称的意向性解释,他反对将指称的获得归因于外部传递链条的因果命名理论,认为名称获得指称依赖于意向内容,以此发展了名称的描述理论。在意向性名称理论中,网络和背景具有关键作用,并且显示出较之语境分析方法更强的解释力。更需要注意的是,和名称相联系的意向内容不仅能帮助主体获得指称,而且能够扩展主体的意向网络和背景,实现自我纠错、更新和增长,有利于主体的进一步思想和行动,从而具有比获得指称更重要的实践推理意义。     

数学机械化与自动推理平台

数学机械化就是将数学研究的主要活动--"推理与计算"实现机械化或自动化的过程.本项目研究数学机械化基础理论、信息技术若干关键问题的应用、自动推理平台开发.在微分方程求解、不等式自动证明、全局优化、组合恒定式自动证明、Clifford代数计算、几何自动作图与智能CAD、信息压缩、图像伪装、基于Stewart平台的数控技术、CAGD等方面取得一批重要成果.在软件方面,开发出有自主版权的智能软件.在图像压缩方面,提出的"多成分变换"技术为JPEG2000图像压缩国际标准所采纳.     

回溯推理与经济解释

皮尔士提出的回溯推理是根据事实尝试性地提出理论假说,应用演绎推理从前提推出一些结论,作出预言,然后,根据实验来验证.如果预言得到实验的证实,那么,我们可以在一定程度上接受这一假说,把它转化为理论.回溯推理是一类独立的逻辑推理形式,其特点在于作出最佳解释.最佳解释推理要求具备一致性、简单性、类比性等特点.回溯推理在经济解释和经济学方法论中比归纳和演绎更为适用.     

Model-Based and Manipulative Abduction in Science

What I call theoretical abduction (sentential and model-based)certainly illustrates much of what is important in abductive reasoning, especially the objective of selecting and creating a set of hypotheses that are able to dispense good (preferred) explanations of data, but fails to account for many cases of explanation occurring in science or in everyday reasoning when the exploitation of the environment is crucial. The concept of manipulative abduction is devoted to capture the role of action in many interesting situations: action provides otherwise unavailable information that enables the agent to solve problems by starting and performing a suitable abductive process of generation or selection of hypotheses. Many external things, usually inert from the epistemological point of view, can be transformed into what I callepistemic mediators, which are illustrated in the last part of the paper, together with an analysis of the related notions of ``perceptual and inceptual rehearsal' and of ``external representation'.     

主体间的互动性与多主体认知推理模型的建构

认知往往是多个主体间相互作用的活动,建立多主体认知推理模型就必须考虑主体间互动问题.为此我们需要区分团体知识与公共知识,需要借助博弈论方法分析描述主体认知的动态性.这就使多主体认知推理模型的建立面临许多需要解决的技术问题.     

Analogical Reasoning and Modeling in the Sciences

This paper aims at integrating the work onanalogical reasoning in Cognitive Science into thelong trend of philosophical interest, in this century,in analogical reasoning as a basis for scientificmodeling. In the first part of the paper, threesimulations of analogical reasoning, proposed incognitive science, are presented: Gentner's StructureMatching Engine, Mitchel's and Hofstadter's COPYCATand the Analogical Constraint Mapping Engine, proposedby Holyoak and Thagard. The differences andcontroversial points in these simulations arehighlighted in order to make explicit theirpresuppositions concerning the nature of analogicalreasoning. In the last part, this debate in cognitivescience is applied to some traditional philosophicalaccounts of formal and material analogies as a basisfor scientific modeling, like Mary Hesse`s, and tomore recent ones, that already draw from the work inArtificial Intelligence, like that proposed byAronson, Harré and Way.     

牛顿科学的"推理规则"与科学发现的逻辑

牛顿在<自然哲学的数学原理>中提出的"哲学中的推理规则",不仅浓缩了牛顿时代有关科学方法论的许多内容,而且还蕴涵着在此之后有关"科学发现的逻辑"问题的历史变化的思想根源,甚至这一规则也可以作为今天"复活发现逻辑"的一个典型的科学史范例.     

塔斯基的真理论与符合论

塔斯基的语义真理论常被当作符合论.通过区分塔斯基式真定义的普遍特征和具体的定义形式,并对不同语言构造具有不同语义特征的定义实例,揭示出塔斯基所持的是一种语义工具论.塔斯基的真理论并不是符合论.     

Abductive Reasoning as a Way of Worldmaking

The author deals with the operational core oflogic, i.e. its diverse procedures ofinference, in order to show that logicallyfalse inferences may in fact be right because –in contrast to logical rationality – theyactually enlarge our knowledge of the world.This does not only mean that logically trueinferences say nothing about the world, butalso that all our inferences are inventedhypotheses the adequacy of which cannot beproved within logic but only pragmatically. Inconclusion the author demonstrates, through therelationship between rule-following andrationality, that it is most irrational to wantto exclude the irrational: it may, at times, bemost rational to think and infer irrationally.Focussing on the operational aspects of knowingas inferring does away with the hiatus betweenlogic and life, cognition and the world(reality) – or whatever other dualism one wantsto invoke –: knowing means inferring, inferringmeans rule-governed interpreting, interpretingis a constructive, synthetic act, and aconstruction that proves adequate (viable) inthe ``world of experience', in life, in thepraxis of living, is, to the constructivistmind, knowledge. It is the practice of livingwhich provides the orienting standards forconstructivist thinking and its judgments ofviability. The question of truth is replaced bythe question of viability, and viabilitydepends on the (right) kind of experiential fit.     

复杂性探索与控制论发展

复杂性探索催生了控制论发展,而控制论发展又促进了复杂性探索,二者相互促进,共同发展.从复杂性探索的角度来看,以维纳为代表的传统控制论既有其历史贡献,也有其历史局限性.感知控制论和元系统跃迁理论,作为一种系统进化控制论,发展和超越了传统控制论,为研究复杂系统及其进化问题提供了一个独到的视角,成为当今复杂性探索控制论转向的重要标志.     

Reasoning to Hypotheses: Where Do Questions Come?

Detectives and scientists are in the business of reasoning from observations to explanations. This they often do by raising cunning questionsduring their inquiries. But to substantiate this claim we need to know how questions arise and how they are nurtured into more specific hypotheses. I shall discuss what the problem is, and then introduce the so-called interrogative model of inquiry which makes use of an explicit logic of questions. On this view, a discovery processes can be represented as a model-based game in which an inquirer subjects a source of information to a series of strategically organized questions. Strategic principles and why-questions are especially important in heuristical reasoning. Why-questions have their own peculiar nature among questions. They indicate that the inquirer's expectations are somehow disappointed, and that is cognitively challenging. In a finished argument why-questions can be omitted, but in the search for more specific questions they are highly important. As a detetective example I shall analyze Sherlock Holmes reasoning in Silver Blace, the scientific one is A.R. Wallace's discovery of the principle of natural selection. In both of these examples the meaning of questions, especially of well-chosen why-questions, of strategic principles, and of highly structured background knowledge come to the fore. Good questions frequent those who have orderly expectations, based on experience and expertise (detectives!) or highly structured background theories (scientists!).     

推理能力与逻辑规则--"沃森选择任务"论争的辨析

一直以来逻辑规则被认为是人们进行正确推理的依据.但是,1966年"沃森选择任务"(Wason selection task)实验的结果似乎表明人们的实际推理可能不遵守逻辑规则.这一问题已成为认知科学最重要的问题之一,逻辑学家和心理学家也一直争论到现在.本文通过分析各种理论对"沃森选择任务"的解释,表明人类的推理能力与逻辑规则并不冲突.     

墨家的推理论研究

墨子是杰出的哲学家、科学家、逻辑学家。《墨经。在中国和世界逻辑史上都占据着极其重要的地位,墨家对于“说”（推理）的本质、作用、范畴、种类等进行了详尽的阐述,这对我们的逻辑思维极有启发性。