浅谈食蟹猴直肠脱垂的防治

随着现代医学的飞速发展,国际市场上对食蟹猴的需求量急剧上升,食蟹猴的人工养殖呈现出蓬勃发展的势头。直肠脱垂是人工繁育食蟹猴生产中的一种常见病、多发病。本文就人工繁育条件下食蟹猴直肠垂脱发病机制、症状、治疗方法、术后护理和预防措施做一探讨。     

食蟹猴生长曲线

目的描绘食蟹猴从断奶到3岁的生长曲线。方法对中心数据资料进行汇总、统计。结果初步揭示在我中心的饲养条件下,食蟹猴在3岁之前的生长规律。结论我中心的食蟹猴生长曲线已与国外的研究基本吻合。食蟹猴的生长曲线可为饲养管理和动物实验提供有益的科学数据。     

SIVmac感染食蟹猴、恒河猴的外周血血象观察

目的　比较SIVmac感染的食蟹猴、恒河猴外周血粒系统变化情况。方法　常规方法进行白细胞 (WBC)和白细胞分类计数 (WBC .DC)。结果　感染了SIVmac的恒河猴、食蟹猴其外周血粒系统变化与人类AIDS外周血变化相似 ,显现规律性的白细胞数量、形态变化。感染SIVmac病毒两周后 ,恒河猴、食蟹猴的白细胞总数开始下降 ,异型淋巴细胞数开始上升 ,随后白细胞总数持续回升至高峰 ,8周后白细胞总数及异型淋巴细胞数下降 ,其中三只食蟹猴先后于 8周后死于病毒血症和早期死亡 ,余 1只猴白细胞总数于 12周后仍持续下降。结论　本文中描述的现象同人类HIV AIDS的诊断标准实验检查部分中提及的基本一致。另外 ,本实验还表明恒河猴、食蟹猴对SIVmac毒株的实验感染是敏感的 ,食蟹猴对SIVmac更敏感     

食蟹猴离乳期间标准化生产管理技术要点探讨

食蟹猴离乳阶段的标准化生产管理是实验食蟹猴质量控制和系谱信息管理的重要环节。本文对食蟹猴离乳期间的饲养管理、疾病防控、个体标记、检验检疫、疫苗免疫接种及动物福利保障等多个技术要点进行了简要概述,为科学制定规范化、标准化的食蟹猴离乳阶段的生产管理技术体系提供参考。     

<非洲绿猴和食蟹猴主要肠道细菌的实时定量 PCR 检测及分析

摘要:目的 非洲绿猴具有不同于食蟹猴和恒河猴等猕猴的生物学特征,如脂质代谢、自发性高血压、SIV 感染不引起获得性免疫缺陷综合症( AIDS)等,本研究拟对食蟹猴和非洲绿猴肠道细菌的相对含量进行比较研究。 方法随机选取 SIV 抗体阴性的成年食蟹猴和非洲绿猴各 12 只,排除肥胖和疾病个体,收集其新鲜粪便样本,按 200 mg每份等分后进行液氮速冻,-80 ℃ 保存。 其中 1 份进行肠道细菌的实时定量 PCR 分析。 结果 与食蟹猴相比,非洲绿猴双歧杆菌、乳酸菌以及肠杆菌相对含量显著偏低( P<0. 05) ,而普氏菌以及丁酸盐产生菌 ———普拉梭菌和真细菌相对含量更高( P<0. 05) 。 结论 非洲绿猴产丁酸盐的细菌相对含量更高,反映出其肠道免疫细胞稳态和黏膜完整性具有不同于食蟹猴的进化适应特征,为深入研究非洲绿猴对 SIV 感染不致病的相关机制奠定了基础。     

猕猴、食蟹猴群中STLV-1病毒感染状况的研究

目的　摸清STLV I感染现状 ,从而有效地降低STLV 1在猕猴、食蟹猴群中的感染率。方法　采用STLV 1ELISA法对猕猴、食蟹猴血清进行抗体检测。结果　本中心送美国BioReliance公司的 2 4 5 5只出口猴血清 ,10 3份血清呈STLV Ⅰ抗体阳性 ,19份血清呈STLV I抗体可疑 ,其余血清均为STLV 1抗体阴性。结论　猕猴、食蟹猴群中STLV 1的平均感染率为 4 97% ,其中猕猴STLV 1感染率为 2 7% ,食蟹猴STLV 1感染率为 5 4 % ,是猕猴STLV 1感染率的 2倍 ;随着年龄的增长 ,猕猴 (食蟹猴 )STLV 1的感染率也随之升高     

华东地区人工饲养食蟹猴血液常规和血清生化值的测定

目的建立单笼饲养食蟹猴血液常规和血清生化的参考值,了解检测指标的性别差异。方法选取254只3～5岁健康食蟹猴,雄性84只,雌性170只,在清醒状态下采血。采用全自动血细胞分析仪和全自动生化分析仪检测血液常规和生化指标,并比较不同性别组间的差异。结果经统计分析,获取了单笼饲养食蟹猴血液常规和血清生化的参考值,雌雄食蟹猴血常规指标比较,RBC、HGB、MCHC、HCT、MONO、RDW-CV、MPV、PCT、P-LCR、PDW存在极显著性差异（P〈0.01）,BASO、NEUT%、LYMPH%、MCH、RDW-SD存在显著性差异（P〈0.05）,雌雄血生化指标比较,ALT、AST、ALP存在极显著性差异（P〈0.01）。结论建立了3～5岁食蟹猴血液常规和血清生化的参考值,同时表明部分指标存在性别差异。     

高脂血症食蟹猴模型的建立及分析

目的 建立高脂血症食蟹猴模型。方法 采用高脂膳食饲料诱导食蟹猴,分别在4、8、12、18个月检测血清总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、甘油三脂(TG)指标,对其血脂指标的变化趋势进行分析。结果 模型组在饲喂高脂膳食饲料4个月后,TC、HDL、LDL与实验前相比差异极显著(P<0.01);TG在饲喂高脂膳食饲料8个月后明显升高,与实验前相比差异极显著(P<0.01);造模后,高脂饲料组与正常对照组比较,TC、HDL、LDL、TG均高于对照组,差异极显著(P<0.01)。结论 在本实验中,模型组TC、HDL、LDL、TG均呈现递增趋势,尤其是TC、LDL明显高于食蟹猴正常参考值水平,说明模型组食蟹猴具有高胆固醇和高、低密度脂蛋白血症的特征,初步建立了食蟹猴高脂血症动物模型。     

马来西亚食蟹猴B病毒相关抗体检查

目的 提供马来西亚食蟹猴B病毒相关抗体阳性率,为我国从马来西亚进行食蟹猴引种提供参考依据.方法 对野外捕捉的1 916只食蟹猴后股静脉采血,低温静置,高速离心、分离血清,用玻片免疫酶法(EIA)和ELISA诊断试剂盒法两种方法对血清进行检测.结果 总的B病毒相关抗体阳性率为68.5%,其中年龄<2岁、2～4岁、4～6岁的B病毒相关抗体阳性率分别为53.0%、63.8%和76.4%.结论 马来西亚食蟹猴B病毒相关抗体阳性率较大;B病毒相关抗体的阳性率是随着年龄的增加而增加;B病毒的感染不受性别的影响.因此在引种过程中应选用年龄较小者.     

食蟹猴腰椎穿刺方法

为了促进我国神经科学的发展，我们对１０只食蟹猴进行了多发性硬化模型实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎的系列研究，现将腰穿方法报告如下。１材料与方法１１实验猴广东省实验动物研究所提供的食蟹猴１０只，年龄２５～６０岁，体重２６～５．５ｋｇ。实验前一周先进行...     

褐飞虱NADH泛醌氧化还原酶51kDa亚基cDNA片段的克隆及表达分析

NADH泛醌氧化还原酶是动物体内呼吸链电子传递系统的第一个酶，克隆水稻害虫褐飞虱的NADH泛醌氧化还原酶基因，及研究其在褐飞虱与水稻互作中的表达变化，将为科学防治褐飞虱提供新的线索。利用反转录多聚酶链式反应（RT-PCR）技术克隆了褐飞虱NADH泛醌氧化还原酶51kDa亚基基因的cDNA片段，并进行了序列测定；使用NoRhem杂交技术检测了该基因对两种不同抗性水稻的分子反应。分子杂交结果表明，在取食抗性水稻品种B5后，褐飞虱的NADH泛醌氧化还原酶51kDa亚基基因表达水平明显升高，而取食感虫水稻TN1后，该基因的表达水平没有明显变化。     

Spectral sensitivity of human cone photoreceptors

The brain computes visual colour by analysing the relative excitations of three types of retinal cones. Each cone excitation is governed by a spectral sensitivity function which relates the amplitude of the neural response to wavelength at constant light intensity. The spectral sensitivities of human cones are not well characterized. We report measuring the sensitivities by recording electrical responses of human cones to stimuli of different wavelengths. Spectral sensitivities of 'green' and 'red' cones, determined over the entire visible region, show peaks near 530 and 560 nm respectively, and are remarkably similar to those of the old-world monkey Macaca fascicularis. They satisfactorily predict the photopic luminosity function, a measure of the sensitivity of cone-mediated human vision to light of different wavelengths. The kinetics of the light responses of human cones also appeared similar to those of macaque cones: the time to peak response to a dim flash was 50-100 ms and there was a characteristic undershoot during recovery.     

人转铁蛋白基因的克隆及序列分析

目的:克隆人转铁蛋白基因并对其编码序列进行分析.方法:以人胎肝cDNA为模板,利用PCR方法克隆人转铁蛋白基因;通过与基因组序列对比分析基因组结构;通过TargetP 1.1和SignalP 3.0预测信号肽;通过Clustal X(1.81)进行蛋白序列联配.结果:PCR扩增了一个长2 160 bp的基因片断,序列分析表明其覆盖了完整编码框,编码由698个氨基酸组成的人转铁蛋白.进一步分析发现人转铁蛋白基因有19个外显子和18个内含子,编码人转铁蛋白N端具有19个氨基酸组成的信号肽序列.人转铁蛋白与猩猩、猴子、兔子和老鼠的转铁蛋白氨基酸相似率分别为94%、91%、78%、73%.生物信息分析表明,人转铁蛋白含有高度保守的参与蛋白二硫键形成的半胱氨酸以及铁离子结合位点,有两个序列较同源的结构域.结论:成功克隆人转铁蛋白基因,人转铁蛋白与其它物种转铁蛋白同源.     

T-cell responses to human AIDS virus in macaques immunized with recombinant vaccinia viruses

There is much interest in developing vaccines against acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by a retrovirus termed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Isolates of this virus include human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III), lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV), and AIDS-associated retrovirus (ARV). Several approaches towards the development of an AIDS vaccine result in the production of antibodies in subprimates. These methods involve the use of: antigens isolated from the AIDS virus; viral antigens expressed by transfected cells or by recombinant vaccinia viruses; and particular synthetic peptides of viral antigens. Because T-cell-mediated immunity (in addition to antibodies) is involved in resistance to diseases and death caused by various enveloped viruses, we sought to determine whether potential AIDS vaccines can induce T-cell responses against the AIDS virus. Here we report that immunization of non-human primates, Macaca fascicularis (macaques), with recombinant vaccinia viruses that express LAV envelope glycoproteins gp41 and gp110 results not only in the production of antibodies against the LAV envelope antigens but also in the generation of T-cells that proliferate and produce the lymphokine interleukin-2 (IL-2), in response to stimulation with purified LAV. We believe this is the first report demonstrating T-cell-mediated immunity to the virus that causes AIDS.     

The genome of the simian and human malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi

Plasmodium knowlesi is an intracellular malaria parasite whose natural vertebrate host is Macaca fascicularis (the 'kra' monkey); however, it is now increasingly recognized as a significant cause of human malaria, particularly in southeast Asia. Plasmodium knowlesi was the first malaria parasite species in which antigenic variation was demonstrated, and it has a close phylogenetic relationship to Plasmodium vivax, the second most important species of human malaria parasite (reviewed in ref. 4). Despite their relatedness, there are important phenotypic differences between them, such as host blood cell preference, absence of a dormant liver stage or 'hypnozoite' in P. knowlesi, and length of the asexual cycle (reviewed in ref. 4). Here we present an analysis of the P. knowlesi (H strain, Pk1(A+) clone) nuclear genome sequence. This is the first monkey malaria parasite genome to be described, and it provides an opportunity for comparison with the recently completed P. vivax genome and other sequenced Plasmodium genomes. In contrast to other Plasmodium genomes, putative variant antigen families are dispersed throughout the genome and are associated with intrachromosomal telomere repeats. One of these families, the KIRs, contains sequences that collectively match over one-half of the host CD99 extracellular domain, which may represent an unusual form of molecular mimicry.     

转移因子(TF)对幼年猕猴生理生化指标的影响

目的分析人用转移因子(TF)对幼年实验猕猴的影响,探索其在实验猕猴中应用的效果,为开发和制备实验猕猴专属制品提供科学依据。方法采用全自动血液分析仪和全自动生化仪对幼龄实验猕猴(5♂,5♀)部分血液生理生化指标进行测定和分析。结果血液生理指标在对照组和实验组之间比较,MCH指标有极显著性差异(P<0.01),MCHC指标有显著性差异(P<0.05);在实验组内各组间比较,MCH指标有极显著性差异(P<0.01),WBC、PCT、Mid#、RDW、PLT、PDW有显著性差异(P<0.05)。血液生化指标在对照组和实验组之间比较,ALT指标有显著性差异(P<0.05),TG、UA、AST、AKP、LDH指标有极显著性差异(P<0.01);在实验组内各组间比较,LDH、AKP、AST有显著性差异(P<0.05)。其它各项指标没有显著性差异。结论人用转移因子对幼年实验猕猴的部分生理生化指标有显著的影响,为合理利用TF和开展动物专属制品研究提供了基础。     

Genetic dissection of the circuit for hand dexterity in primates

It is generally accepted that the direct connection from the motor cortex to spinal motor neurons is responsible for dexterous hand movements in primates. However, the role of the 'phylogenetically older' indirect pathways from the motor cortex to motor neurons, mediated by spinal interneurons, remains elusive. Here we used a novel double-infection technique to interrupt the transmission through the propriospinal neurons (PNs), which act as a relay of the indirect pathway in macaque monkeys (Macaca fuscata and Macaca mulatta). The PNs were double infected by injection of a highly efficient retrograde gene-transfer vector into their target area and subsequent injection of adeno-associated viral vector at the location of cell somata. This method enabled reversible expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged tetanus neurotoxin, thereby permitting the selective and temporal blockade of the motor cortex–PN–motor neuron pathway. This treatment impaired reach and grasp movements, revealing a critical role for the PN-mediated pathway in the control of hand dexterity. Anti-GFP immunohistochemistry visualized the cell bodies and axonal trajectories of the blocked PNs, which confirmed their anatomical connection to motor neurons. This pathway-selective and reversible technique for blocking neural transmission does not depend on cell-specific promoters or transgenic techniques, and is a new and powerful tool for functional dissection in system-level neuroscience studies.     

Antiviral treatment is more effective than smallpox vaccination upon lethal monkeypox virus infection

There is concern that variola virus, the aetiological agent of smallpox, may be used as a biological weapon. For this reason several countries are now stockpiling (vaccinia virus-based) smallpox vaccine. Although the preventive use of smallpox vaccination has been well documented, little is known about its efficacy when used after exposure to the virus. Here we compare the effectiveness of (1) post-exposure smallpox vaccination and (2) antiviral treatment with either cidofovir (also called HPMPC or Vistide) or with a related acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogue (HPMPO-DAPy) after lethal intratracheal infection of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) with monkeypox virus (MPXV). MPXV causes a disease similar to human smallpox and this animal model can be used to measure differences in the protective efficacies of classical and new-generation candidate smallpox vaccines. We show that initiation of antiviral treatment 24 h after lethal intratracheal MPXV infection, using either of the antiviral agents and applying various systemic treatment regimens, resulted in significantly reduced mortality and reduced numbers of cutaneous monkeypox lesions. In contrast, when monkeys were vaccinated 24 h after MPXV infection, using a standard human dose of a currently recommended smallpox vaccine (Elstree-RIVM), no significant reduction in mortality was observed. When antiviral therapy was terminated 13 days after infection, all surviving animals had virus-specific serum antibodies and antiviral T lymphocytes. These data show that adequate preparedness for a biological threat involving smallpox should include the possibility of treating exposed individuals with antiviral compounds such as cidofovir or other selective anti-poxvirus drugs.     

中国灵长类实验动物的现状与未来

中国是世界上少数几个灵长类动物最丰富的国家之一,在全世界现生存的200余种灵长类动物中,中国分布有4科7属23种共39亚种.其中云南省就分布有15种,它是中国灵长类动物资源最丰富的省份,同时也是开展灵长类动物研究工作最早和最多的省份.作为生命科学实验研究中使用最广泛和用量最大的灵长类实验动物--恒河猴(Macaca mulatta),仅我国就有6个亚种之多,并广泛分布于20多个省区.各亚种及各地理分布群之间在生态、行为、遗传、生理、医学等方面存在着丰富的多样性,为开发特异性强、敏感性高、可重复性好的实验灵长类动物提供了广泛的资源.本文从灵长类动物资源多样性保护和科学研究与利用二个方面论述了建立恒河猴亚种封闭式繁殖群的重要性和必要性.