超低界面张力强化泡沫体系稠油驱研究

针对孤东六区稠油油藏条件,研究得到既能在不含碱的条件下与原油形成超低界面张力,又能形成稳定泡沫的超低界面张力强化泡沫体系。其配方为:3.0 g/L石油磺酸盐+5.0 g/L HEDP-Na4+0.6 g/LⅠ型两亲聚合物,气体为氮气。该体系具有较好的泡沫性能和乳化降黏性能,并且两亲聚合物能够改善泡沫的稳定性和体系对原油的乳化效果。超低界面张力强化泡沫体系对孤东六区稠油具有较好的驱替性能,原油采收率能够在水驱的基础上提高37.9%,总采收率达到65.7%,所注入体系能在较长时间里发挥调剖和驱油效果。     

稠油催化水热裂解降黏实验研究

采用高温高压反应釜模拟研究了稠油在开采过程中全温度段(50～300℃)条件下的催化水热裂解降黏反应,利用元素分析仪和高效液相色谱分析了稠油元素组成和族组成变化,利用旋转流变仪测试并分析了稠油黏度变化及黏温特性,初步探讨了200℃以下的稠油催化水热裂解降黏的实质.结果表明:稠油在低温条件下水热裂解反应降黏以破坏弱化学作用力为主,稠油降黏率与重质组分减少密切相关.有催化剂存在时,稠油催化裂解作用的主要温度在150～200℃,反应24 h降黏率可达到80%以上.     

粘多糖乳化降黏稠油的研究

利用本实验室生产的粘多糖A对辽河重质稠油进行乳化降黏试验,系统考察油水质量比、多糖浓度、乳化温度、乳化转速和乳化时间对稠油乳化降黏的影响。结果表明：将油水质量比6：4,多糖质量浓度150 mg/L的稠油溶液放入温度25 ℃、转速160 r/min的摇床乳化6 h,稠油黏度由87000 mPa·s降至310 mPa·s,降黏率达到99.6%。此外,通过对乳化降黏后稠油破乳处理研究发现,稠油在室温静置24 h后即可实现油水分离,且破乳后的多糖水溶液可以重复使用2批次,显著降低了多糖乳化剂及后续稠油脱出水处理成本。因此,该粘多糖A可广泛应用于稠油乳化降黏开采和输送领域。     

河南特稠油降黏剂及其性能研究

针对河南特稠油开采难题研制出耐高温复合降黏剂WP,其既可随高温蒸汽注入井下实现蒸汽吞吐、蒸汽驱采油,也可随热水注入井下达到热水驱采油,能有效降低油水界面张力,其所形成的特稠油乳状液在高温和常温下均能保持低黏度和均匀稳定性,为实现特稠油乳化降黏低温开采和常温输送提供了依据.实验结果表明:WP加入量为0.128 mg(以每克特稠油计)时,30 ℃时可使2#河南特稠油的黏度由252.0 Pa·s降至其乳状液时的9.6 mPa·s,降黏率达99.99%;考察了WP的耐高温性能以及影响WP表面性能和降黏性能的因素,并初步探讨了其表面性能和降黏性能的关系,对WP的降黏机理及其所形成特稠油乳状液的稳定机理也进行了探讨.     

适合稠油油藏的新型复合降黏驱油体系研究与应用

海上常规稠油油田前期通常采用注水开发,由于原油黏度相对较高;并且目标储层黏土矿物含量较高,存在较强的水敏现象等原因,稠油油田注水开发效果逐渐变差。为此,以新型改性烷基磺酸盐为主要降黏驱油剂,通过复配以非离子表面活性剂、渗透剂以及高效防膨剂,研制出了一种适合于目标稠油区块的新型复合降黏驱油体系。分析了复合降黏驱油作用机理,并进行了室内实验评价。结果表明,新型复合降黏驱油体系能够有效降低稠油黏度,降低油水界面张力,对储层钻屑具有较好的防膨作用;并且与地层水的配伍性良好;该体系可以使岩心水驱后的采收率提高30%以上,具有良好的降黏驱油效果。现场应用结果表明,经新型复合降黏驱油体系处理的三口井,平均日产油量提高48.6m3/d,平均含水率下降82.7%,达到了良好的增产效果。     

两亲性嵌段聚合物稠油降黏剂的合成与性能评价

稠油降黏冷采是一种重要的稠油开采方式。设计并合成一种两亲性嵌段聚合物降黏剂HPAM/AOS。该降黏剂具有较高的表面活性,且其亲水嵌段中含有大量极性基团,使其同时具有较强的乳化能力及稠油亲和性,从而有效提高了降黏效果。利用旋滴界面张力仪、电稳定性测定仪及激光粒度分析仪等测定降黏剂对稠油的乳化能力,通过Zeta电位仪测定降黏剂对稠油的亲和性。结果发现:与聚丙烯酰胺(hydrolyzed polyacrylamide,HPAM)相比,HPAM/AOS油水界面张力降低了98.2%,达0.007 mN/m,破乳电压提高了104.9%,达420 V;与α-烯烃磺酸钠(alpha-olefin sulfonate, AOS)相比,HPAM/AOS稠油乳液Zeta电势绝对值降低了75.3%,为-17.8 mV,具有更强的稠油亲和性。总体上,与HPAM及AOS相比,HPAM/AOS稠油降黏率分别提升了74.2%及48.7%,降黏效果明显。     

稠油降黏新技术的研究进展

稠油中含有大量胶质、沥青质,造成其黏度高、密度大、流动性差,给稠油的开采和输送造成了很大困难.常规降黏方法,包括加热降黏、稀释降黏及乳化降黏,都有其不可克服的缺点.介绍了5种新型降黏技术的作用机理及其在国内的研究应用情况,包括油溶性降黏剂降黏、水热催化裂解降黏、微生物降黏、超声波降黏、磁处理降黏.指出目前单一降黏方法难以解决稠油的开采和输送问题,采用合理的复配技术是解决稠油降黏的有效途径.     

稠油解烃菌与乳化剂产生菌复配降解降黏机理

油杆菌W3分离自江苏油田韦5井,能够以稠油为唯一碳源生长,并降解稠油。54℃好氧振荡培养7 d之后,稠油能够完全乳化分散到培养基中,降黏率达到了76.88%,降解速率达到了99.7 mg/d,原油族组分分析发现,稠油中饱和烃,芳香烃和胶质的含量分别降低了4.14%,6.77%和4.33%。该菌与另一株筛选得到的、能够合成乳化剂的地芽孢杆菌W12复配(V_(W3)∶V_(W12)=1∶1)后作用稠油,既能够增强稠油降解效果(降解速率加快,原油族组分含量进一步降低),又能够改善稠油的乳化分散状态(乳化稳定性增强,平均乳化粒径减小56.7%),此时的稠油的乳化黏度为20.59 MPa·s,仅为初始黏度的3.9%。这两株菌的复配增强了稠油降解和乳化的双重降黏效果,大幅提高了稠油的流动性。     

旅大27-2油田稠油油藏流体流动性影响因素

旅大27-2油田开发已经进入到蒸汽吞吐中后期,目前油田含水上升快,蒸汽吞吐开发效果变差。为了更好地对旅大27-2油田进行储量评价以和开发动用。详细研究了稠油族组成、温度、油水乳化、压力、N_2溶解及降黏剂对旅大27-2油田稠油黏度的影响,然后通过流动性实验证实了稠油在储层中的流动性主要受到黏度的影响,明确了温度、油水乳化和降黏剂的使用是影响稠油黏度的主要因素。当温度从50℃升高到100℃时,旅大27-2油田稠油油样黏度从3 665 mPa·s降低到172 mPa·s,降低了95.31%;50℃时,70%含水原油黏度为不含水原油黏度的21.1倍;50℃、降黏剂含量为1.0%时,降黏率为94%。有效地避免或者减弱油水乳化形成油包水乳状液,是有效提高油田开发效果的重要途径。     

金家油田微生物稠油降黏剂的研制与评价

针对金家油田通38块稠油多轮次热采后经济效益变差的现状,开展了采用稠油冷采开发方式的技术探索。稠油冷采技术的核心是研发一种适合目标油藏稠油的低成本高效降黏剂。从油田采出液中筛选到一株能够高产生物表面活性剂菌株Q18,以Q18的发酵代谢产物为基础构建了一种稠油降黏剂RF180。RF180既具有良好的温度和矿化度耐受性,也有较宽的酸碱耐受性,在20～180℃﹑0～120 000 mg/L矿化度和pH 5～11的范围内,具有良好的表面及降黏活性,能够适应金家油田的油藏条件。同时,进一步研究发现浓度大于0.3%的RF180对通38稠油就具有良好的乳化与静置降黏效果,乳化与静置降黏率分别达到99.93%和96.64%。物理模拟驱油实验证明,RF180能够大幅提高通38稠油的驱油效率,在不同注入方式条件下,分别提高12%～26%的目标油藏的采收率。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the