食虫有袋类食性选择与猎物质量的相互关系

食虫有袋类是捕食多种昆虫的泛食性动物．同域的不同食虫有袋类同样选择鞘翅目、蜚蠊目、直翅目和膜翅目昆虫作为主要猎物但对同种昆虫猎物的捕食频率明显不同．食虫有袋类的食性具有季节转变现象．不同猎物昆虫质量之间的差异大多不显著但猎物昆虫的质量具有季节变化．食虫有袋类的食性选择与猎物质量、食性季节转变与猎物质量季节变化之间不存在显著相关关系．根据该结果以及最佳摄食理论,食性选择有可能受猎物可获得量或猎物体形大小的影响,值得今后进一步加以研究．     

泽泻田优势天敌对莲纹夜蛾幼虫的捕食作用研究

通过开展几种优势天敌对莲纹夜蛾的捕食作用研究发现,在相同猎物密度下,拟水狼蛛雌成蛛的日捕食量>草间小黑蛛雌成蛛的日捕食量,龟纹瓢虫雌成虫的日捕食量>黑翅小花蝽雌成虫的日捕食量,说明拟水狼蛛和龟纹瓢虫对莲纹夜蛾1-2龄幼虫具有较强的控制能力.经拟合,它们各自的捕食功能反应均属HollingⅡ型反应,其圆盘方程分别为:Na=1.00260N/(1+0.98404N)(草间小黑蛛雌成蛛)、Na=0.94118N/(1+0.02804N)(拟水狼蛛雌成蛛)、Na=0.44238N/(1+0.00375N)(龟纹瓢虫雌虫)、Na=0.50312N/(1+0.01350N)(黑翅小花蝽雌成虫).a`/ Th值的大小是反映天敌对猎物控制能力强弱的参数,供试的这4种天敌对莲纹夜蛾1-2龄幼虫控制作用效果的a`/ Th值大小依次为:龟纹瓢虫雌成虫的a`/ Th >拟水狼蛛雌成蛛的a`/ Th >黑翅小花蝽雌成虫的a`/ Th >草间小黑蛛雌成蛛的a`/ Th.此外,研究结果还表明,天敌的捕食作用有较强的种内干扰效应,随着捕食者密度的增大,平均捕食量逐渐减少,捕食作用率也相应降低.     

换飞羽对丹顶鹤摄入能量需求的影响

为验证丹顶鹤（Grus japonensis）换飞羽对其摄入能量需求的影响,以夏季20只供给新鲜鲫鱼（Carassius auratus）和干玉米粒（Zea mays）的成年丹顶鹤为研究对象,按是否换飞羽（包括初级、次级和三级飞羽）,对换飞羽（实验）与未换飞羽（对照）2组丹顶鹤的摄食量和摄入能量进行组间比较。结果发现,飞羽脱落至修复期,实验组比对照组丹顶鹤摄食玉米质量和能量显著减少（P﹤0.05）,摄食鲫鱼质量和能量显著增加（P﹤0.05）,摄入总能量组间差异不显著（P﹥0.05）;快速生长和飞羽丰满各时期,实验组与对照组丹顶鹤摄食量与摄入能量组间差异均不显著（P﹥0.05）。结论,换飞羽不会对丹顶鹤摄入能量需求及适合度产生显著影响。     

黑背小瓢虫生物学特性及捕食功能反应的初步研究

黑背小瓢虫是蚜虫的捕食性天敌之一，在湖北一年发生5－6代，第一代主要在槐，榆，桃树等植物上捕食，第2－4代主要在棉田捕食，有世代重叠现象，从卵发育到成虫羽化约需16天，成虫寿命一般为18天，幼虫和成虫都扔食，每头日平均捕食量为27头左右，在棉田的虫口密度一般为12－14头／百株，每年6月下旬至7月上旬虫口数量达到高峰，1990年在实验室内，对黑背小瓢虫进行了捕食功能反应试验，建立了参数方程和模拟模型。     

星豹蛛对棉花害虫的捕食效应研究

研究了星豹蛛对棉花害虫的捕食效应．观察结果表明：星豹蛛对棉蚜、叶螨、棉铃虫、棉盲蝽的种群数量具有明显的控制作用．田间种群数量消长与棉花害虫密度表现为动态正相关（ｒ＝０．６１２４～０．８９２８）．在试验条件下，其功能反应表现为随猎物密度的增加捕食量增大，随自身密度的增加捕食量减少．用Ｈｏｌｉｎｇ－Ⅱ型反应模型Ｎａ＝ａ′ＴＮｔ／（１＋ａ′ＴｎＮｔ）能较好地拟合．星豹蛛对四种猎物的日最大捕食量依次为７１．４，１５８．７，１７．８，２５．０头．在蚜螨猎物共存时，星豹蛛的选食作用较小，选择系数Ｅ＝０．９８９６     

环境的指标动物——萤火虫

萤火虫在分类学上属于节肢动物门昆虫纲的鞘翅目。它是一种会发光的甲虫,广泛分布于除南极洲以外的各大洲,但以热带和亚热带地区水质和植被状况良好的地域居多。萤火虫一生要经历卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫四个阶段,通常一年发生一代或两代。卵能发出微弱的萤光,卵期20多天。幼虫主要捕食蜗牛和小昆虫,幼虫期长达几个月。所有种类的     

黑羽型番鸭不同生长期的能量代谢和饲料能量同化率

研究了黑羽型番鸭不同生长期的能量代谢、饲料能量摄入及其同化率,结果表明:雏鸭的代谢本与体重呈强的线性负相关(鸭,r=-0.88,t=4.9>t_(0.01);鸭,r=-0.855,t=4.36>t_(0.01)),不同周龄雏鸭的摄食量、能量摄入、可代谢能量和生长能量的增长值与体重的增长情况基本一致,能量同化率除1周龄(42.66％)较低外,其余各周龄均保持在82.44～90.52％之间。     

体型大小和营养状况对中华倒刺鲃幼鱼群体选择偏好的影响

【目的】探究不同体型大小和营养状况的中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)幼鱼的群体选择偏好。【方法】将实验鱼分为大、小个体组以及摄食组和饥饿组(分别进行正常投喂和14 d的禁食处理)。测定目标实验鱼的游泳速度、移动总距离、运动时间比等游泳行为参数以及它对不同大小或营养状况鱼群的选择偏好。【结果】1)大个体组目标实验鱼在相对游泳速度中值和移动总距离值上均高于小个体的目标实验鱼,差异均具有统计学意义(p<0.05);无论目标实验鱼体型如何,它们均倾向于选择大个体的刺激鱼群,有关统计学检验结果具有统计学意义(p<0.05)。2)饥饿组和摄食组目标实验鱼的所有游泳行为参数及它们对饥饿和正常摄食鱼群的选择偏好差异均无统计学意义。【结论】大个体中华倒刺鲃幼鱼在游泳能力方面强于小个体中华倒刺鲃幼鱼;不同个体大小中华倒刺鲃幼鱼均偏好选择大个体鱼组成的鱼群,这可能有利于降低自身被捕食的风险。短期的饥饿处理所产生的营养状况差异不足以使中华倒刺鲃幼鱼的游泳能力及对鱼群的选择偏好发生明显变化。     

家鸡对丝带凤蝶性二型体色的反应

旨在明确丝带凤蝶成虫Sericinus montelus Gray在全光谱范围内存在性二型体色，评估鸟类对丝带凤蝶性二型体色的识别度，推测性二型体色是否对雌雄丝带凤蝶个体的生存概率产生影响。先用光谱检测仪测量丝带凤蝶雌雄成虫的反射光谱，分析反射光谱特征；再通过家鸡Gallus gallus domesticus视觉模型估算丝带凤蝶雌雄体色与预设背景的颜色差异。最后以小鸡为捕食者设计行为学试验，观测小鸡捕食雌雄丝带凤蝶成虫的行为反应。反射光谱测量结果显示雌雄丝带凤蝶在可见光和紫外波段都具有体色差异，雄性在前后翅白斑测量点上的亮度明显高于雌性。鸟类视觉模型结果表明，雄性丝带凤蝶所有测量点在明暗视觉(远距离)和颜色视觉(近距离)中的识别度值都高于识别阈值3,捕食者容易识别；但是雌性丝带凤蝶前翅和后翅黄白斑识别度值在明暗视觉和颜色视觉中都介于1与3之间，捕食者不易区分。捕食行为试验数据分析发现，捕食者发现猎物的潜伏时间及攻击潜伏时间没有显著差异，但小鸡啄食雄性猎物的次数及处理时间都显著高于雌性猎物。由此可见，与雌性丝带凤蝶相比，雄性在全光谱范围内的确具有更加亮丽的体色，但这种亮丽的视觉信号更易...     

通过鸟类视觉模型研究白星花金龟成虫二型体色

通过鸟类视觉模型,比较白星花金龟Protaetia brevitarsis Lewis成虫古铜色和青铜色体色组成及差异,分析两种体色在绿叶和树皮自然背景下的识别度.结果显示古铜色和青铜色体色白星花金龟成虫在蓝山雀眼中是由种类不同的色斑组合而成,是两种完全不同的可以区分的图案颜色.当蓝山雀搜索猎物时,青铜色白星花金龟在绿...     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with