Morphology,size and distribution of MnS inclusions in non-quenched and tempered steel during heat treatment

This article reports the morphology, size, and distribution evolution of Mn S inclusions in non-quenched and tempered steel during heat treatment. The variation of single large-sized Mn S inclusions at high temperature was observed in situ using a confocal scanning laser microscope(CSLM). The slender Mn S inclusions first changed to pearl-like strings. These small-sized pearls subsequently coalesced and became closer together as the temperature increased. Large-sized Mn S inclusions in non-quenched and tempered steel samples with different thermal histories were investigated with respect to the evolution of their morphology, size, and distribution. After 30 min of ovulation at 1573 K, the percentage of Mn S inclusions larger than 3 μm decreased from 50.5% to 3.0%. After a 3 h soaking period, Ostwald ripening occurred. Most Mn S inclusions moved from the grain boundaries to the interior. The present study demonstrates that heat treatment is an effective method of changing the morphology, size, and distribution of Mn S inclusions, especially large-sized ones.     

原位观察MnS对非调质钢拉伸性能各向异性的影响

利用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜原位观察S质量分数为0.065%的非调质钢纵向与横向拉伸过程中MnS的行为,研究MnS形貌与分布对非调质钢各向异性的影响.原位观察表明锻后钢中存在大量长条形MnS,横向与纵向拉伸过程中MnS长度方向与拉力方向取向不同.横向拉伸过程中MnS更易与基体分离产生裂纹,裂纹随MnS长度方向扩展长大,最终导致基体的断裂. MnS在纵向拉伸时不易与基体分离,因此对纵向拉伸性能影响较小.钢中群聚分布的MnS有利于裂纹的聚合长大,会促进基体的断裂.     

非调质钢中钛脱氧产物析出行为

从氧化物冶金的观点从发,利用扫描电镜和图像分析仪研究了非调质钢加钛脱氧后钢液中夹杂物的形貌、组成和尺寸分布以及孕育时间对夹杂的影响,并考察了加钛前后钢的组织变化.结果表明:钛的脱氧产物都可成为硫化锰夹杂的形核核心;此类夹杂物呈细小弥散析出,适当的孕育时间可使夹杂细化;加钛后,钢的组织细化.     

Superior machinability of steel enhanced with BN and MnS particles

The strategy that replacing part of MnS with BN was proposed in order to decrease the sulfur content in sulfur based free-cutting steel. The effects of BN and MnS inclusions on the microstructure and machinability of the steel were systematically investigated. The results show that most of the BN and MnS inclusions exist individually in the steel and only a small amount of them are in a composite state forming either isolated particles or clusters of particles. In the case of multi-phased steel, the theoretical calculation predicts that the volume of large BN particles should be 0.7 times of the volume of large MnS particles. The machinability of this type of BN and MnS alloy steel over a wide range of cutting speeds ranging from a low speed appropriate for drilling to a high speed appropriate for turning is confirmed as being equal to or superior to that of an MnS reference steel, even though the sulfur content in the composite steel is only half that of the MnS steel. The aptitude for cutting effect of 240 ppm nitrogen and 115 ppm boron in the composite steel is demonstrated to be equivalent or even better than 1000 ppm sulfur in MnS free-cutting steel.     

Effects of cooling rate and Al on MnS formation in medium-carbon non-quenched and tempered steels

The effect of Al on the morphology of MnS in medium-carbon non-quenched and tempered steel was investigated at three different cooling rates of 0.24, 0.43, and 200℃·s-1. The formation mechanisms of three types of MnS were elucidated based on phase diagram information combined with crystal growth models. The morphology of MnS is governed by the precipitation mode and the growth conditions. A monotectic reaction and subsequent fast solidification lead to globular Type I MnS. Type II MnS inclusions with different morphological characteristics form as a result of a eutectic reaction followed by the growth in the Fe matrix. Type III MnS presents a divorced eutectic morphology. At the cooling rate of 0.24℃·s-1, the precipitation of dispersed Type III MnS is significantly enhanced by the addition of 0.044wt% acid-soluble Al (Al_s), while Type II MnS clusters prefer to form in steels with either 0.034wt% or 0.052wt% Al_s. At the relatively higher cooling rates of 200℃·s-1 and 0.43℃·s-1, the formation of Type I and Type II MnS inclusions is promoted, and the influence of Al is negligible. The results of this work are expected to be employed in practice to improve the mechanical properties of non-quenched and tempered steels.     

非调质钢中钛氧化物冶金行为

通过热力学计算及实验,研究了含钛汽车用非调质钢在液态和凝固过程中含钛夹杂物的析出规律.研究表明,通过调整非调质钢中O,Al和Ti的含量,可以控制夹杂的形态和尺寸,从而得到细小、弥散非金属夹杂物作为针状铁素体的形核核心,细化钢的组织,提高钢的强度和韧性.     

含Ti复合夹杂物对中碳非调质钢组织和力学性能的影响

利用扫描电镜和能谱仪研究了含Ti复合夹杂物对非调质钢组织细化的影响,测定了含Ti非调质钢的室温拉伸强度和冲击功,并观察了断口形貌.结果表明:Ti的复合夹杂物可以作为晶内铁素体形核核心,细化奥氏体晶粒;加Ti后冲击断口中延性形貌所占面积比例上升,在保持非调质钢强度的条件下使韧性提高约50%.     

高品质轴承钢LF--VD过程非金属夹杂物演变规律

对国内一钢厂EAF→LF→VD→CC工艺生产的高品质GCr15轴承钢进行系统取样,针对DS类非金属夹杂物随机性强的特点,利用能够进行大面积试样检测的ASPEX自动扫描电镜分析统计钢中非金属夹杂物的成分、尺寸、数量等信息。研究发现：GCr15轴承钢冶炼过程中非金属夹杂物主要为MgO- Al2 O3- CaO复合夹杂物和MnS,同时有少量的SiO2- Al2 O3和MgO-Al2 O3复合夹杂物;夹杂物尺寸主要集中在3~8μm,并有少量DS类夹杂物出现且尺寸范围波动很大,最大可以达70μm以上,形貌为圆形或近似圆形;VD有较强的去除夹杂物功能,经过VD真空精炼,夹杂物中CaO含量有增加趋势;吊包至铸坯过程,夹杂物成分向Al2 O3含量增多的区域移动,最终轴承钢铸坯中夹杂物成分位于高Al2 O3含量(≥80%),少量MgO (<20%)和低CaO(<5%)的区域;DS夹杂物的生成和去除具有较强的随机性。     

Ti-- Mg 复合脱氧和硫含量对钢中夹杂物特征及 MnS析出行为的影响

采用扫描电镜/能谱仪表征了管线钢中夹杂物的形貌、尺寸、成分及数量,考察了不同 Ti/ Mg 比的钢中夹杂物特征、硫含量及脱氧产物数量对 MnS 析出行为的影响,并进行了热力学计算.结果表明：Ti- Mg 脱氧钢中夹杂物以 MgO- Al2 O3-Ti2 O3、MgO- Ti2 O3或 MgO 为核心,表面包裹或局部析出 MnS,粒径小于1.3μm,数量为300~450 mm -2,形貌为圆形、多边形和方形;夹杂物中 Ti/ Mg 原子数比为0.05~0.2时,夹杂物细小且近圆形;随硫含量减少,凝固过程中 MnS 析出倾向减小, MnS 在夹杂物表面由包裹析出向局部析出转变,提高氧化物夹杂数量,有利于细小 MnS 的包裹或局部异质形核;Ti- Mg 复合脱氧产物细小、弥散,可作为 MnS 异质形核核心,可同时降低 MnS 及氧化物的危害.     

硫含量对中碳非调质钢中硫化物及组织的影响

利用真空感应炉冶炼了不同硫含量的中碳非调质钢,研究了S含量对非调质钢中硫化物形态分布及显微组织的影响.结果表明：在0.025%~0.065%范围内,随S质量分数的增加,非调质钢中硫化物的数量增多,偏聚分布现象加重;晶内铁素体比例随之升高,组织得到细化.通过热力学计算及相图信息研究了硫化物的类型转变. S含量增加时第Ⅲ类MnS在凝固末期以离异共晶形式较早析出,剩余液相中的S在凝固结束时以共晶形式析出为第Ⅱ类MnS.单独MnS以及MnS- V( C, N)复合硫化物均可作为晶内铁素体的有效形核核心,促进铁素体的生成.     

热处理对高硫钢硫化物形态及性能的影响

研究淬回火热处理工艺对高硫钢的基体组织和硫化物形态的影响,分析了其力学性能和磨损性能.结果表明,热处理后高硫钢中硫化物主要为FeS,其形态趋于球化;淬火温度由880 ℃升至900 ℃,高硫钢的抗拉强度由460 MPa提高到590 MPa,伸长率由1.7%变化到3.0%,但其仍为脆性材料,这与组织中含有大量硫化物有关;由于硫化物的自润滑作用,热处理后高硫钢的耐磨性随连续磨损时间的延长而改善,并明显优于淬火后低温回火的GCr15钢.     

高硼钢中夹杂物形成热力学及实验研究

高硼钢冶炼过程中,洁净度的控制是提高冶炼质量的重要环节。分析了高硼钢熔体中氧化物和氮化物等夹杂物的形成条件。计算结果表明,硅的脱氧能力要强于硼,冶炼温度越低,氧含量越少;硼的脱氮能力要强于硅,同样冶炼温度越低,氮含量越少。通过高温实验,制备了高硼钢样品。夹杂物检测结果表明,1~4μm的夹杂物占总量的37%;4~8μm的夹杂物占总量的55%;大于8μm的夹杂物占总量的8%,主要是硅酸盐类夹杂,渣洗吸收了大部分夹杂物。探讨了提高高硼钢洁净度的方法,对实际冶炼高硼钢具有重要指导意义。     

Characteristics of Al2O3, MnS,and TiN inclusions in the remelting process of bearing steel

The Al2O3, MnS, and TiN inclusions in bearing steel will deteriorate the steel's mechanical properties. Therefore, elucidating de-tailed characteristics of these inclusions in consumable electrode during the electroslag remelting process is important for achieving a subse-quently clean ingot. In this study, a confocal scanning violet laser microscope was used to simulate the remelting process and observe, in real time, the behaviors of inclusions. The obtained images show that, after the temperature exceeded the steel solidus temperature, MnS and TiN inclusions in the specimen began to dissolve. Higher temperatures led to faster dissolution, and the inclusions disappeared before the steel was fully liquid. In the case of an observed Al2O3 inclusion, its shape changed from angular to a smooth ellipsoid in the region where the solid and liquid coexisted and it began to dissolve as the temperature continued to increase. This dissolution was driven by the difference in oxygen potential between the inclusion and the liquid steel.     

钙处理过程夹杂物演变及热力学分析

通过检测分析钙处理前后钢中夹杂物的形貌和成分的变化,探讨钢液钙处理过程中夹杂物演变规律.利用热力学计算,优化钙处理工艺.结果表明,钙处理可以将钢液中不规则固态夹杂物改性为球形液态夹杂物;1873 K下,当[ Al ]为0.030%时,[O]控制在5×10-6~17×10-6,[Ca]控制在0.7×10-6~30×10-6,钢中夹杂物变性效果良好;当[Al]为0.030%时,[ S]控制在6×10-6~19×10-6,既能使钢中Al2 O3夹杂生成液态铝酸钙夹杂物,同时又可以减少CaS生成.     

低氧特殊钢中大尺寸DS类夹杂物生成机理

为了探讨低氧特殊钢中大尺寸DS类夹杂物的生成机理,通过ASPEX PSEM explorer自动扫描电镜对比分析国内外低氧特殊钢试样中夹杂物特征(国内、外试样各两个),发现国内试样中夹杂物平均尺寸大于国外试样,夹杂物的最大尺寸则数倍于国外试样：国内试样中夹杂物的最大尺寸分别为24.9和13.1μm,国外试样分别为7.6和7.5μm.对比国内外特钢试样中大尺寸与小尺寸夹杂物可发现二者成分基本相同,推断大尺寸DS类夹杂物可能是细小夹杂物碰撞长大而形成.通过分析大尺寸夹杂物的可能来源,在实验室通过高温共聚焦激光扫描显微镜观察夹杂物在钢中固/液相界面处的行为.结果发现,总氧降低至7×10-6时,尺寸5μm以下的微细夹杂物可被固/液相界面所捕捉,并在固/液相界面处发生碰撞、聚集、长大而生成大尺寸(>12μm) DS类夹杂物.     

MnS夹杂对钢中氢扩散行为的影响

通过实验和有限元计算研究了MnS夹杂对钢中氢扩散行为的影响. 结果表明:当MnS夹杂长度取向与氢渗透方向平行时,氢在钢中的表观扩散系数随MnS含量的增加而增加;当MnS夹杂长度取向与氢渗透方向垂直时,氢在钢中的表观扩散系数随MnS含量的增加而降低. 对于具有扩散通道效应和陷阱效应的第二相,它对氢扩散的影响取决于扩散通道效应和陷阱效应的强弱以及第二相的形状、数量和取向.     

RH精炼添加钙合金去除硅钢夹杂物研究

采用RH精炼添加钙合金方式对硅钢进行钙处理。结果表明,钙合金添加量为0.67、1.00、1.67kg/t钢时,钢中钙含量分别为0、2×10-6、4×10-6;随着钙合金添加量增大,钢中夹杂物粒度逐渐由0～2μm向2～4、4～6μm偏移;不同钙处理条件下,钢中均存在粒径小于1μm和粒径为1～5μm的MnS、CuxS夹杂物,后者或单独存在,或同AlN、CaS夹杂复合;粒径为5～10μm区间,钢中的夹杂物基本以钙的氧、硫化物为主。与钙处理前相比,钙合金添加量为0.67、1.00、1.67kg/t钢时,粒径小于1.0μm的微细夹杂物减少幅度分别为68.06%、87.50%、94.94%。钙合金添加量为1.67kg/t钢时,可以去除钢中绝大部分的微细夹杂物。     

定向凝固研究易切削钢中硫化物的生成行为

通过定向凝固实验研究了易切削钢中硫化物的生成过程,并建立了枝晶臂间距、硫化物的平均直径与凝固条件之间的关系.实验结果表明:随着温度梯度和拉速的增大,MnS的平均直径减小,数量增多;定向凝固过程中硫化物的完全析出温度大约在固相线温度下100℃左右,MnS形态的改变,主要受其组成元素的活度影响,即MnS形态的改变受其界面自由能的影响;对定向凝固实验中钢的枝晶臂间距、硫化物的平均直径与凝固条件的关系进行了拟合,拟合结果与前人研究结果相吻合.     

Element distribution and diffusion behavior in Q&P steel during partitioning

Carbon, manganese, and silicon distribution in quenching and partitioning （Q＆P） steel during partitioning process was investigated to reveal the diffusion behavior. The microstructure and chemical composition were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, and three-dimensional atom probe. It is shown that the studied Q＆P steel consisted of martensite laths and thin, film-like retained austenite showing extraordinary phase transformation stability. Carbon atoms mostly diffused to the retained austenite from martensite at a higher partitioning temperature. In the experimental steel partitioned at 400℃ for 10-60 s, carbides or cementite formed through carbon segregation along martensite boundaries or within the martensite matrix. As a result of carbon atom diffusion from martensite to austenite, the carbon content in martensite could be ignored. When the partitioning process completed, the constrained carbon equilibrium （CCE） could be simplified. Results calculated by the simplified CCE model were similar to those of CCE, and the difference between the two optimum quenching temperatures, where the maximum volume fraction of the retained austenite can be obtained by the Q＆P process, was little.     

钢中硫化物夹杂的产生及其形态控制

通过研究影响钢中硫化物形态的因素 ,提出了控制钢中硫含量和硫化物夹杂的措施。