稀土、磷等元素在淬火钢回火时的晶界偏聚

本文应用电镜和扫描电镜观察了DZ-40钢和重轨钢淬火高温回火脆化断口,对断口进行了稳定电位测定及微量磷的化学分析,用离子探针对断口上磷、稀土元素铈和锰等的深度分布进行测定。实验证实了磷、铈在淬火钢高温回火时在原奥氏体晶界发生偏聚,锰也在原奥氏体晶界富集。铈在晶界的偏聚减缓了磷在晶界偏聚的进程,锰和磷的相互作用加速了磷在晶界的偏聚。文章讨论了磷和铈的晶界偏聚,铈和磷以及锰和磷之间在晶界偏聚过程中的相互作用。     

中温大变形量下磷在2．25Cr1Mo钢中的晶界偏聚

采用AES法对中温大变形量下2.25Cr1Mo钢中磷的晶界偏聚现象进行试验研究.通过试验得到磷的晶界偏聚动力学曲线,并对其偏聚规律进行分析.结果表明,磷的晶界偏聚特征是非平衡晶界偏聚,在偏聚的动力学过程中,磷出现了2个偏聚峰值.     

中温低张应力下磷在2．25Cr-1Mo钢中的晶界偏聚研究

采用俄歇电子能谱仪(AES)研究了在520 ℃,40 MPa的张应力下2.25Cr-1Mo钢中磷元素的晶界偏聚行为.经检测发现磷在晶界处发生了明显的非平衡晶界偏聚现象,其临界时间为0.5 h,此时磷原子的偏聚量为14.82%(原子百分比).根据徐庭栋的中温低张应力引起的非平衡晶界偏聚理论模型进行分析,发现张应力使磷-空位复合体的扩散系数增加了1个数量级,使磷原子的扩散系数降低了4个数量级,且俄歇试样的断口形貌与晶界磷原子的偏聚结果相一致.     

碳素重轨钢中磷的偏聚行为

用 Auger 谱仪探测碳素重轨钢中磷的分布。试验结果表明,磷的晶界偏聚是在冷却过程中形成的,钢中含磷多,冷速慢,偏聚程度增加。磷偏聚不会导致碳素重轨钢产生明显的脆化。     

磷在Fe-P-C-Cu-Mo铁基粉末合金中的分布及其对性能的影响

在铁基粉末冶金材料中,为了获得强韧化效果,磷已被作为添加元素之一。本研究利用俄歇能谱、扫描电镜及能谱仪等研究了含0.6％磷的Fe-P-C-Cu-Mo合金中磷的分布及其对性能的影响。发现在1080℃～1200℃烧结,磷在晶界的浓度高于其在晶内的浓度。在此温度范围内,烧结温度越低,磷在晶界的偏聚程度越高。当烧结后的合金中含有大量的铁素体时,磷的这种偏聚状态对合金冲击韧性的影响被合金组织的影响所掩盖。在1080℃～1240℃烧结的合金断口均为穿晶断裂。此外还观察到回火后磷的分布对合金断裂方式及机械性能影响很大。合金淬火后在200℃回火,固溶在基体中的钼具有抑制磷向晶界偏聚的作用,合金断口表现为穿晶断裂;在400℃回火,由于钼形成了碳化钼(Mo_2C),失去了抑制磷偏聚的作用,这时磷主要偏聚在晶界,造成合金沿晶断裂,冲击韧性下降;在600℃回火,由于温度较高,减少了磷向晶界偏聚的趋势,并有利于磷作长程扩散,此时磷主要偏聚在孔隙表面,使合金具有较高的冲击韧性,合金断口呈韧窝状。     

锰对结构钢中磷在晶界偏聚的影响

作者通过 IMA—Ⅱ型离子探针和萃取分析等实验方法,研究了锰对磷在晶界上偏聚量的影响。结果表明,锰和磷的共偏聚作用控制着磷的晶界偏聚量,而基体中锰的固溶量又控制着这种共偏聚作用,从而控制着含锰结构钢韧脆转变温度的高低。脆化初期,锰和磷向晶界的偏聚作用强,使韧脆转变温度升高。随着回火脆化时间增加,锰和磷向晶界的偏聚趋于平衡,与此同时,锰不断溶入渗碳体,使磷发生共偏聚的基体固溶锰量降低,又使磷从晶界上解聚,导致韧脆转变温度降低。     

微量元素锡、砷在U_(74)重轨钢中的晶界偏聚

用Auger谱仪和X射线面扫描探测了U_(74)重轨钢在加热到1200℃奥氏体化以后再以不同冷速进行冷却的条件下微量元素Sn,As的偏聚情况。实验结果表明:在缓慢冷却的条件下,U_(74)轨钢中会发生Sn,As的晶界偏聚。600℃长时间等温可加剧钢中As元素的偏聚,但不加剧Sn的偏聚。     

稀土对CuP耐大气腐蚀钢韧性的影响

用系列冲击试验,AES和SEM分析研究了CuP耐大气腐蚀钢中P的偏聚行为,钢中添加稀土后断口形貌的变化及对钢韧性的影响。结果表明,钢中加入稀土,可净化晶界,断口形貌由沿晶断裂向穿晶断裂过渡,提高韧性。CuP钢中确有P沿晶界偏聚。添加稀土后,晶界P偏聚减少,是钢韧性提高的重要原因,但P的偏聚尚未完全消失。     

微量元素对奥氏体热模钢晶界组织性能的影响

用俄歇能谱仪、电子显微镜和ＷＪ－１０型机械式万能材料试验机，分析了奥氏体热作模具钢的晶界成分，观察了晶界组织，测试了钢的力学性能，结果表明：微量元素硼偏聚于晶界，抑制了氧和磷的晶界内吸附，改善了晶界性能，提高了钢的高温塑性。     

RPV模拟钢热时效过程中碳化物与基体界面元素的偏聚

研究不同磷含量的反应堆压力容器(reactor pressure vessel, RPV)模拟钢在880 ºC固溶, 400 ºC不同时间时效后碳化物周围元素的偏聚. 结果表明, 低磷和高磷模拟钢在时效过程中均发现板条内碳化物与基体界面处存在磷偏聚, 偏聚程度与晶界一致. 高磷样品时效150 h, P, Si和C同时在厚度约为20 nm的范围内富集, 其浓度为基体的2倍; 高磷样品时效500 h, 在Fe₃C与基体的界面处分别存在厚度为7 nm的P和Si偏聚层, 其中P偏聚在近Fe₃C一侧, Si偏聚在近基体一侧, Si的偏聚阻碍了碳化物的长大.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that