Reduced drag coefficient for high wind speeds in tropical cyclones

The transfer of momentum between the atmosphere and the ocean is described in terms of the variation of wind speed with height and a drag coefficient that increases with sea surface roughness and wind speed. But direct measurements have only been available for weak winds; momentum transfer under extreme wind conditions has therefore been extrapolated from these field measurements. Global Positioning System sondes have been used since 1997 to measure the profiles of the strong winds in the marine boundary layer associated with tropical cyclones. Here we present an analysis of these data, which show a logarithmic increase in mean wind speed with height in the lowest 200 m, maximum wind speed at 500 m and a gradual weakening up to a height of 3 km. By determining surface stress, roughness length and neutral stability drag coefficient, we find that surface momentum flux levels off as the wind speeds increase above hurricane force. This behaviour is contrary to surface flux parameterizations that are currently used in a variety of modelling applications, including hurricane risk assessment and prediction of storm motion, intensity, waves and storm surges.     

Arabian Sea tropical cyclones intensified by emissions of black carbon and other aerosols

Throughout the year, average sea surface temperatures in the Arabian Sea are warm enough to support the development of tropical cyclones, but the atmospheric monsoon circulation and associated strong vertical wind shear limits cyclone development and intensification, only permitting a pre-monsoon and post-monsoon period for cyclogenesis. Thus a recent increase in the intensity of tropical cyclones over the northern Indian Ocean is thought to be related to the weakening of the climatological vertical wind shear. At the same time, anthropogenic emissions of aerosols have increased sixfold since the 1930s, leading to a weakening of the southwesterly lower-level and easterly upper-level winds that define the monsoonal circulation over the Arabian Sea. In principle, this aerosol-driven circulation modification could affect tropical cyclone intensity over the Arabian Sea, but so far no such linkage has been shown. Here we report an increase in the intensity of pre-monsoon Arabian Sea tropical cyclones during the period 1979-2010, and show that this change in storm strength is a consequence of a simultaneous upward trend in anthropogenic black carbon and sulphate emissions. We use a combination of observational, reanalysis and model data to demonstrate that the anomalous circulation, which is radiatively forced by these anthropogenic aerosols, reduces the basin-wide vertical wind shear, creating an environment more favourable for tropical cyclone intensification. Because most Arabian Sea tropical cyclones make landfall, our results suggest an additional impact on human health from regional air pollution.     

Observational evidence for the accretion-disk origin for a radio jet in an active galaxy

Accretion of gas onto black holes is thought to power the relativistic jets of material ejected from active galactic nuclei (AGN) and the 'microquasars' located in our Galaxy. In microquasars, superluminal radio-emitting features appear and propagate along the jet shortly after sudden decreases in the X-ray fluxes. This establishes a direct observational link between the black hole and the jet: the X-ray dip is probably caused by the disappearance of a section of the inner accretion disk as it falls past the event horizon, while the remainder of the disk section is ejected into the jet, creating the appearance of a superluminal bright spot. No such connection has hitherto been established for AGN, because of insufficient multi-frequency data. Here we report the results of three years of monitoring the X-ray and radio emission of the galaxy 3C120. As has been observed for microquasars, we find that dips in the X-ray emission are followed by ejections of bright superluminal knots in the radio jet. The mean time between X-ray dips appears to scale roughly with the mass of the black hole, although there are at present only a few data points.     

地源热泵能耗监测系统的研发

利用三维力控组态软件开发了一套远程能耗监测系统,对地源热泵进行实时监测。针对地源热泵系统的运行工况,进行了硬件架构及软件平台的设计。运行结果表明,该系统运行稳定,操作方便。应用组态软件比应用LabVIEW开发相同功能的监测系统更方便、快速。     

地下水源热泵定压差取水方式对含水层渗透性的影响

针对地下水源热泵取水引起含水层颗粒迁移问题建立数学模型,并通过案例计算分析地下水源热泵定压差取水方式对含水层渗透性的影响。研究结果表明,地下水源热泵运行5 a后含水层厚度为20,25和30 m时的孔隙率依次增大到初始值的2.57,1.86和1.59倍,渗透系数依次增大到初始值的156,16和7倍;考虑颗粒迁移时,地下水源热泵定压差取水方式对含水层渗透性影响显著。     

海浪感应电磁场特性研究

为了研究海洋环境电磁场对海上低频电磁场探测的影响,首先推导了三层介质中海浪速度函数,再利用电磁场边界条件求解麦克斯韦方程组,建立了三层介质中海浪运动产生感应电磁场的数学模型.在仿真分析基础上进行了浮动平台和沉底固定平台的海浪感应电磁场测量实验,结果表明:海浪感应电磁场频率集中在0.5 Hz以下,大小和频率都与海浪速度密切相关,海浪速度越快频率越低,3级海况下海浪感应电场可达数μV/m量级,感应磁场可达0.5 nT量级.     

工业余热热泵冬季供暖的应用分析

将电厂冷却水作为热泵的低位热源,根据水源热泵的技术特点分析余热热泵的节能原理及余热热泵系统的可行性,讨论了其在节能环保方面的巨大优越性.结合工程实际,应用余热热泵给长春某小区冬季供暖,通过计算比较分析,得出余热热泵具有很好的经济、环境、社会效益.     

太阳能驱动第二类吸收式热泵的模拟研究

对太阳能驱动的第二类吸收式热泵 (热变换器 )的性能进行了数值模拟研究 .建立了太阳能集热设备数学模型和第二类吸收式热泵系统各组件单元数学模型 .引入了热泵工质 (溴化锂水溶液 )的物性拟合计算过程 .在变工况条件下对第二类吸收式热泵的性能进行了模拟研究 .通过求解非线性方程组 ,获得了在不同外部环境温度和不同吸收温度、发生温度等条件下第二类吸收式热泵系统性能的变化规律     

土壤源热泵地下U型埋管换热器传热模拟研究

介绍了几种常见土壤源热泵U型埋管换热器传热模型,建立了单U型垂直埋管换热器的非稳态传热模型.采用隐式有限差分法对冬季运行工况进行数值模拟,得到了U型埋管出口水温的变化规律及土壤温度场的分布规律.     

海产养殖中余热回收热泵系统热力循环优化方法

采用Ebsilon软件构建了海产养殖余热回收和热泵供热系统的热力循环模型,通过仿真计算分析了一个典型的海产养殖热泵系统工程案例的系统缺陷。经过优化,系统能效提高一倍左右,以青岛地区冬季室内一个海参育苗池为例,日节电可达2 000 k W·h,节能潜力巨大,经济效益显著。研究表明,利用热泵回收海产养殖排水余热,最关键的是要遵循"温度对口,梯级利用"的科学用能原则。     

Geochemical evidence for widespread euxinia in the later Cambrian ocean

Widespread anoxia in the ocean is frequently invoked as a primary driver of mass extinction as well as a long-term inhibitor of evolutionary radiation on early Earth. In recent biogeochemical studies it has been hypothesized that oxygen deficiency was widespread in subsurface water masses of later Cambrian oceans, possibly influencing evolutionary events during this time. Physical evidence of widespread anoxia in Cambrian oceans has remained elusive and thus its potential relationship to the palaeontological record remains largely unexplored. Here we present sulphur isotope records from six globally distributed stratigraphic sections of later Cambrian marine rocks (about 499 million years old). We find a positive sulphur isotope excursion in phase with the Steptoean Positive Carbon Isotope Excursion (SPICE), a large and rapid excursion in the marine carbon isotope record, which is thought to be indicative of a global carbon cycle perturbation. Numerical box modelling of the paired carbon sulphur isotope data indicates that these isotope shifts reflect transient increases in the burial of organic carbon and pyrite sulphur in sediments deposited under large-scale anoxic and sulphidic (euxinic) conditions. Independently, molybdenum abundances in a coeval black shale point convincingly to the transient spread of anoxia. These results identify the SPICE interval as the best characterized ocean anoxic event in the pre-Mesozoic ocean and an extreme example of oxygen deficiency in the later Cambrian ocean. Thus, a redox structure similar to those in Proterozoic oceans may have persisted or returned in the oceans of the early Phanerozoic eon. Indeed, the environmental challenges presented by widespread anoxia may have been a prevalent if not dominant influence on animal evolution in Cambrian oceans.     

地源热泵埋管换热器传热模型的研究进展

分析了国内外地源热泵埋管换热器的传热模型,指出了目前尚存在的问题,提出建立考虑地下水运动影响的更完善的传热模型,这对地源热泵技术在我国南方富水土壤地区的有效推广和应用有着极为重要的意义.     

空气源热泵烘干大枣系统的研究

本文设计完成了空气源热泵烘干大枣系统,主要研究空气源热泵的设计及大枣干燥的控制方法。     

间接膨胀式太阳能多功能热泵供热实验

提出了一种太阳能与多功能热泵技术有机结合的间接膨胀式太阳能多功能热泵(IESA-MDHP)系统.描述了间接膨胀式太阳能多功能热泵系统的组成及工作原理,并阐述了各种功能模式的运行条件和运行方式.重点对研制的IESA-MDHP实验样机的供热性能进行了实验研究.实验结果表明,IESA-MDHP系统的COPhp在3.30~4.71之间变化,而COPsys在2.88~3.96之间变化,明显高于传统的家用空气源热泵系统,但烟用性能系数在0.17~0.31之间变化.     

Winter cold of eastern continental boundaries induced by warm ocean waters

In winter, northeastern North America and northeastern Asia are both colder than other regions at similar latitudes. This has been attributed to the effects of stationary weather systems set by elevated terrain (orography), and to a lack of maritime influences from the prevailing westerly winds. However, the differences in extent and orography between the two continents suggest that further mechanisms are involved. Here we show that this anomalous winter cold can result in part from westward radiation of large-scale atmospheric waves--nearly stationary Rossby waves--generated by heating of the atmosphere over warm ocean waters. We demonstrate this mechanism using simulations with an idealized general circulation model, with which we show that the extent of the cold region is controlled by properties of Rossby waves, such as their group velocity and its dependence on the planetary rotation rate. Our results show that warm ocean waters contribute to the contrast in mid-latitude winter temperatures between eastern and western continental boundaries not only by warming western boundaries, but also by cooling eastern boundaries.     

光纤光栅温度传感器在地源热泵中应用

地源热泵应用地下土壤的地热资源,为建筑冬季供暖和夏季制冷．为了实时监测地源热泵工作过程中垂直盘管换热器周围土壤温度的变化,应用3个自行研制的光纤光栅温度传感器。组成分布式光纤光栅温度监测系统对其进行监测．3个光纤光栅温度传感器分别安置在25m垂直盘管的5、15和25m处．垂直盘管安装完后,应用FBG波长解调系统采集数据．采用双层钢管封装的光纤光栅温度传感器,有效消除了应变对光纤光栅的影响,同时也提高了光纤光栅的温度灵敏度．该光纤光栅温度传感系统对地源热泵长期工作状态进行了监测,监测结果与理论计算结果符合很好．     

Experimental evidence for apparent competition in a tropical forest food web

The herbivorous insects of tropical forests constitute some of the most diverse communities of living organisms. For this reason it has been difficult to discover the degree to which these communities are structured, and by what processes. Interspecific competition for resources does occur, but its contemporary importance is limited because most pairs of potentially competing insects feed on different host plants. An alternative way in which species can interact is through shared natural enemies, a process called apparent competition. Despite extensive theoretical discussion there are few field demonstrations of apparent competition, and none in hyper-diverse tropical communities. Here, we experimentally removed two species of herbivore from a community of leaf-mining insects in a tropical forest. We predicted that other species that share natural enemies with the two removed species would experience lower parasitism and have higher population densities in treatment compared with control sites. In both cases (on removal of a dipteran and a coleopteran leaf-miner species) we found significantly lower parasitism, and in one case (removal of the dipteran) we found significantly higher abundance a year after the manipulation. Our results suggest that apparent competition may be important in structuring tropical insect communities.     

Coupled 142Nd-143Nd evidence for a protracted magma ocean in Mars

Resolving early silicate differentiation timescales is crucial for understanding the chemical evolution and thermal histories of terrestrial planets. Planetary-scale magma oceans are thought to have formed during early stages of differentiation, but the longevity of such magma oceans is poorly constrained. In Mars, the absence of vigorous convection and plate tectonics has limited the scale of compositional mixing within its interior, thus preserving the early stages of planetary differentiation. The SNC (Shergotty-Nakhla-Chassigny) meteorites from Mars retain 'memory' of these events. Here we apply the short-lived 146Sm-142Nd and the long-lived 147Sm-143Nd chronometers to a suite of shergottites to unravel the history of early silicate differentiation in Mars. Our data are best explained by progressive crystallization of a magma ocean with a duration of approximately 100 million years after core formation. This prolonged solidification requires the existence of a primitive thick atmosphere on Mars that reduces the cooling rate of the interior.     

水源热泵能耗在线监测系统设计

为掌握水源热泵项目的实际运行效果,设计了一种以STM32 F401RE为控制核心的能耗监测系统。以STM32 F401RE控制电能表、温度变送器、电磁流量计,定时采集电量、水温度、流量数据,对数据解析、处理、封包,通过以太网传送到远端监控中心数据服务器记录保存。通过对某高校水源热泵系统运行状态实时监测,结果表明系统运行稳定可靠,该系统有助于评估水源热泵系统的节能状况。