GABA regulates synaptic integration of newly generated neurons in the adult brain

Adult neurogenesis, the birth and integration of new neurons from adult neural stem cells, is a striking form of structural plasticity and highlights the regenerative capacity of the adult mammalian brain. Accumulating evidence suggests that neuronal activity regulates adult neurogenesis and that new neurons contribute to specific brain functions. The mechanism that regulates the integration of newly generated neurons into the pre-existing functional circuitry in the adult brain is unknown. Here we show that newborn granule cells in the dentate gyrus of the adult hippocampus are tonically activated by ambient GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) before being sequentially innervated by GABA- and glutamate-mediated synaptic inputs. GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult brain, initially exerts an excitatory action on newborn neurons owing to their high cytoplasmic chloride ion content. Conversion of GABA-induced depolarization (excitation) into hyperpolarization (inhibition) in newborn neurons leads to marked defects in their synapse formation and dendritic development in vivo. Our study identifies an essential role for GABA in the synaptic integration of newly generated neurons in the adult brain, and suggests an unexpected mechanism for activity-dependent regulation of adult neurogenesis, in which newborn neurons may sense neuronal network activity through tonic and phasic GABA activation.     

NMDA receptors of dentate gyrus granule cells participate in synaptic transmission following kindling

In the mammalian central nervous system, receptors for the excitatory amino-acid neurotransmitters are divided into three subtypes depending on their sensitivity to three specific agonists: kainate, quisqualate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). The ionophores operated by NMDA are gated by Mg2+ in a voltage-dependent manner and allow passage of several cations, including Ca2+ which may be important in plastic alterations of neuronal excitability. Indeed, specific antagonists of NMDA receptors effectively block spatial learning, long-term potentiation and some animal models of chronic epilepsy. Despite their abundance on central neurons, NMDA receptors, with a few noteworthy exceptions, do not generally seem to be involved in low-frequency synaptic transmission. Here we report for the first time that NMDA receptors of the dentate gyrus, where they do not normally contribute to the generation of synaptic potentials, become actively involved in synaptic transmission following long-lasting neuronal changes induced by daily electrical stimulation (kindling) of the amygdala or hippocampal commissures. In contrast to controls, the excitatory postsynaptic potentials (e.p.s.ps) of granule cells in hippocampal slices obtained from kindled animals displayed characteristics typical of an NMDA-receptor-mediated component. The involvement of NMDA receptors in synaptic transmission may underlie the long-lasting changes in neuronal function induced by kindling.     

Kindling stimulation induces c-fos protein(s) in granule cells of the rat dentate gyrus

Alterations in neuronal gene expression have been proposed to account for permanent changes in brain function such as learning and memory. In particular, it has been suggested that protooncogenes such as c-fos may be rapidly induced in conditions that lead to neuronal plasticity and evoke permanent changes in the expression of effector genes. Concentrations of the c-fos proto-oncogene increase rapidly following depolarization-induced calcium influx in non-dividing neuronally differentiated PC 12 cells. Recently, the presence and induction of c-fos in the adult brain and spinal cord has been observed. Here we report that electrically-induced seizure activity, which leads to a permanent increase in the response of the brain to future seizures (kindling), rapidly and transiently increases c-fos protein-like immunoreactivity in the nuclei of granule cells in the rat dentate gyrus. These results suggest that c-fos protein is present within the nuclei of adult mammalian neurons, and could be involved in plastic changes in the nervous system associated with seizure activity.     

空间辨别性学习记忆活动对大鼠海马齿状回SDF-1免疫阳性细胞的影响

目的:探讨空间辨别性学习记忆活动引致大鼠海马形态学可塑与海马齿状回内基质细胞衍生因子-1(SDF-1)表达的关系。方法:用水迷宫训练SD大鼠建立空间辨别性学习记忆模型,用免疫组化方法和图像分析技术检测大鼠海马齿状回SDF-1免疫阳性细胞的变化。结果:(1)对照组大鼠海马齿状回可见少量SDF-1免疫阳性细胞,阳性细胞胞体呈圆形或椭圆形,胞核较大,胞浆呈棕黄色。阳性细胞主要分布在齿状回颗粒细胞层;游水组大鼠海马齿状回SDF-1免疫阳性细胞的数量和形态与对照组的相比未见差异;模型组大鼠海马齿状回SDF-1免疫阳性细胞数量随着训练时间逐渐增多,细胞形态同对照组,胞浆呈深棕黄色,并有一至多个突起。(2)对照组与游水组7、14、21 d的大鼠海马齿状回SDF-1免疫阳性细胞在形态和数量未见统计学差异(P>0.05);对照组与模型组7、14 d大鼠海马齿状回SDF-1免疫阳性细胞的形态和数量未见统计学差异(P>0.05);模型21 d大鼠齿状回SDF-1免疫阳性细胞的形态和数量与对照组的比有明显统计学差异(P<0.01)。结论:大鼠海马齿状回内SDF-1阳性细胞可能参与空间辨别性学习记忆活动引致的形态学可塑性。     

Temporal integration by a slowly inactivating K+ current in hippocampal neurons

A central aspect of neuronal function is how each nerve cell translated synaptic input into a sequence of action potentials that carry information along the axon, coded as spike frequency. When transduction from a graded depolarizing input to spikes is studied by injecting a depolarizing current, there is often a remarkably long delay to the first action potential, both in mammalian and molluscan neurons. Here, I report that the delayed excitation in rat hippocampal neurons is due to a slowly inactivating potassium current, ID. ID co-exists with other voltage-gated K+ currents, including a fast A current and a slow delayed rectifier current. As ID activates in the subthreshold range, and takes tens of seconds to recover from inactivation, it enables the cell to integrate separate depolarizing inputs over long times. ID also makes the encoding properties of the cell exceedingly sensitive to the prevailing membrane potential.     

Nerve growth factor regulates expression of neuropeptide genes in adult sensory neurons

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a trophic molecule essential for the survival of sympathetic and sensory neurons during ontogeny. The extent to which NGF is involved in the maintenance or regulation of the differentiated phenotypes of mature peripheral neurons is much less clear, however. Biochemical analysis of the actions of NGF upon peripheral neurons has been hampered by the lack of a preparation of neuronal cells that are responsive to NGF but do not require it for survival. We report here that in adult dorsal root ganglion neurons, which can be isolated, enriched and maintained in culture in the absence of neuronal growth factors, the expression of mRNAs encoding the precursors of two neuropeptides, substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide is regulated by NGF. Our results provide the first direct evidence of a continuous dynamic role for NGF in regulation of peptide neurotransmitter/neuromodulator levels in mature sensory neurons.     

新一代CIMS应用集成平台系统体系结构

企业重组需要更灵活、更具柔性的新一代 Ｃ Ｉ Ｍ Ｓ应用集成平台的支持。为此提出了柔性软件系统的基本概念,给出了基于软件代理的软件支撑系统和基于软件组件的应用软件系统两部分组成的柔性软件系统体系结构模型以及柔性软件系统的 Ｂ Ｐ Ｒ Ｏ（基于经营过程重用对象）工程方法。在此基础上提出了 Ｃ Ｉ Ｍ Ｓ应用集成平台系统结构的新构想,给出了分布式的整体结构模型和层次化的单元结构模型,介绍了基于重用的软件工程经营过程方法。最后指出更灵活、更具柔性的新一代 Ｃ Ｉ Ｍ Ｓ应用集成平台能够适应我国企业重组带来的新变化,具有重要的实际应用价值。     

Nonspecific integration of the HTLV provirus genome into adult T-cell leukaemia cells

Human T-cell leukaemia virus (HTLV), previously also reported as ATLV, is a recently identified retrovirus which is closely associated with adult T-cell leukaemia (ATL) endemic in southwestern Japan and the Caribbean. Determination of the total nucleotide sequence of the HTLV genome has revealed no typical onc gene acquired from the cellular sequence. Screening of the HTLV provirus genome in tumour cells has shown that in all cases of ATL examined, the primary tumour cells contained the provirus genome and were monoclonal with respect to the integration site of the provirus. These findings suggest that ATL leukaemogenesis may be due to insertional mutagenesis in which the provirus genome is integrated into a specific locus on the chromosomal DNA and then activates an adjacent cellular onc gene, a mechanism already demonstrated in avian lymphoma and erythroblastosis induced by avian leukosis viruses. A common site of HTLV provirus integration in leukaemic cells among some ATL patients was reported by Hahn et al. but subsequently retracted. However, this retraction does not imply the random integration of the proviruses. Independently, we have been testing this insertional mutagenesis model in ATL and report here that the provirus did not have a common locus of integration in 35 ATL patients and did not integrate on the same chromosome in 2 ATL patients.     

高等院校成人教育管理略论

成人教育的发展对提高全民素质 ,促进社会进步有重要的作用。高等学校的成人教育如何更好的为社会主义经济文化建设服务 ,关键是教育质量 ,加强成人教育质量的管理是提高成人教育质量的关键。     

新世纪成人素质教育探讨

在2l世纪的学习化社会中，成人教育同基础教育、普通高等教育一样，也应实施素质教育。为此，必须牢固树立终身教育的理念，构建终身学习体系；大力实施现代远程开放教育；正确处理好素质教育与专业教育辩证统一、相辅相成的关系；积极推进个性化教育；努力学会在成人教育中开展创新教育。     

数据集成系统中数据源描述的框架方法

查询重组是数据集成系统中必不可少的模块之一 ,关于数据源的内容以及它们之间联系的描述 ,是其首要任务 .在基于IA(InformationAgent)的数据集成系统中 ,可以利用多Agent系统中的匹配 (Matchmaking)机制来实现查询重组 ,本文首先给出在这种环境下查询重组模块的工作流程 ,然后提出一种知识表示中的框架来描述数据源和用户查询 ,以便系统高效地进行框架匹配和查询改写     

新结构经济学视角下鄂东经济一体化发展策略

根据新结构经济学原理,资源禀赋的内生力和创新是促使产业转型升级的重要动力.在纵观2016年—2020年长江中游鄂东城市GDP及其相关指标、横观鄂东城市要素禀赋结构之后分析认为,鄂东城市要想在长江大保护战略中实现高质量发展,必须坚持绿色创新驱动发展优先,以有效市场促进鄂东城市群产业融合发展,以有为政府引导鄂东城市群的经济一体化发展.     

CCS，CCUS，CCRS，CMC系统集成

二氧化碳捕集—封存、生产生活中的节能减排和可再生能源的开发是实施低碳经济的三个核心举措。近年来提出的碳捕集—利用—封存和碳捕集—再利用—封存是更为积极的CO2减排应对策略。人类在未来必须要把宝贵的碳元素同时作为资源和能源载体循环利用,进行全程管理。     

成人高等教育新型教学模式的探索

从分析现有成人高等教育教学模式存在的弊病入手，探讨了适应成人高等教育的新型教学模式，即通过开通教学网站、开设电话热线和开设通讯信箱的办法，使学生能够根据自身条件选择适合自己的学习方法进行学习。通过这样的教学模式加强教师与学生的联系与沟通，解决学生学习中的具体困难，提高成人高等教育的教学质量。     

面向产品的高技术企业集群协同创新集成研究

对创新的促进被认为是企业集群这种独特产业组织形式的重要优势,但少有文献关注集群内部不同主体间的创新集成问题。首先通过阐述产品创新系统化理论逻辑入手,指出企业集群的竞争优势源于集群整体资源的整合能力与协同创新;其次构建了集群协同产品创新集成实现系统,阐述了该系统的知识网络构成、过程协调和学习实现机制;最后提出基于价值创造知识网络和集群学习机制的模块化集群协同创新模式。     

Error analysis and characterization of new MEMS IMU sensors and integration with PPP

Several new MEMS Inertial Measurement Unit(IMU) sensor products have been released recently with improved performance,which have the potential to support much higher precision applications.New MEMS IMUs include the NavChip from InterSense,the Nav440 from Crossbow,the Landmark30/40 from GTI,the SDI500 from Systron Donner.Since they are new in the market,currently there is limited information about their error characterization which however is important for the construction of proper error models for their integration with other sensors such as GPS.This paper will investigate the error characterization of two new MEMS IMU sensors,namely the NavChip and Nav440,using Allan variance technique.In addition to identifying different error terms,different stochastic error modeling methods,such as Gauss-Markov(GM) and Autoregressive(AR) processes,will also be investigated to assess the MEMS IMU sensor biases.Investigation to integrate new MEMS IMU sensors with Precise Point Positioning(PPP) will also be conducted to address the re-convergence issues.     

《微机原理与接口技术》课程与新技术的融合

《微机原理与接口技术》课程内容需要在原有的基础上,注意对新技术的融合,这些新技术主要是CPU的64位技术和多核技术,存储器的DDR3技术,总线的PCI-Express总线技术,接口中的SATA接口技术、蓝牙技术及HDM I接口技术,这样才能保证课程内容跟得上技术发展的步伐.     

谈新课标下高中历史教材的合纵联横

不同版本的教材之间、模块——专题式结构与通史结构之间必然各具优势又各具缺陷；这就要求教材的使用者特别是教师必须切实转变“教教材”的传统观念,树立“用教材教”的新思想观念,对教材进行“合纵”与“联横”处理,整合相关教学内容,通过合理取舍以强化主干知识,突出重点,把握核心,以取得高效、优质的教学效果.     

生态系统关键种理论:新思想、新机制、新途径

关键种概念的提出,推动了生态学的深入发展,并渐已成为保护生物学基本原理的组成部分,但同明它也受到一些质疑介绍了关键种概念的内涵、外延及国内外研究现状,评价了其重要价值,阐述了亟待研究的几个问题。