星系团Abell 2255的恒星形成性质

研究了星系团Abell 2255中184颗成员星系的恒星形成性质.通过对这些星系的形态分类,发现星系光谱在4×10-7m处的跃变程度对区分星系类型非常有效.该星系团中星系的恒星形成活动和星系所处的环境有关,并且不同形态的星系随投影距离的变化趋势遵循不同的规律.此外还确认了团星系的金属丰度与恒星质量之间的相关性,并推断星系团Abell 2255是在单个星系形成后,经过引力相互作用而形成的,这一结果支持了等级成团理论.     

A2142星系团子结构中的星系演化

系统整理了星系团A2142的光谱和测光数据．利用花树算法得到的子结构,将星系团视场中的星系分为非子结构、子结构和外围星系3类．通过研究它们的分布、产星活动、D_n4000等物理信息,发现了A2142星系团中的星系存在明显的径向演化趋势．星系从星系团外围落入团中心的过程中,其演化不仅受到星系团内介质的影响,还受到子结构自身的调制．      

SDSSDR9星系对中恒星形成速率的测量与研究

星系演化是天体物理研究领域的重要课题和前沿之一.其中,星系并合演化理论在其中具有至关重要的地位.恒星形成速率是这一研究的重要参数之一.近些年来,对于恒星形成速率测量方法的研究更是取得了长足的进展.本论文选取了SDSS DR9中0z≤0.3的3 444个星系对以及4 000个场星系作为样本,通过对恒星形成速率的计算来对比研究星系相互作用对星系演化所起的作用.     

基于积分场光谱数据的近邻星系恒星形成区多波段恒星形成率定标研究

为探究多波段数据相结合的恒星形成率定标在近邻星系恒星形成区的可应用性,基于窄带Hα成像观测数据、二维积分场光谱数据(IFS)以及Spitzer/MIPS 24μm和Herschel/PACS 70、100、160μm的中远红外波段高空间分辨率图像,对5个近邻恒星形成星系中119个恒星形成区进行恒星形成率定标研究.以由IFS数据测得的巴尔末减缩得到的内部消光改正后的Hα光度为基准,将24、70、100和160μm与未经过内部消光改正的Hα光度相结合进行定标.结果发现:在1034~1039 erg/s光度范围内,4个红外波段与Hα光度的结合均能很好地示踪经过内部消光改正的Hα光度,RMS为0.20~0.27 dex.良好的数据分布表明基于较小样本的研究结果具有统计意义和可应用性.     

星系团的性质与其最亮成员星系中的恒星形成活动的相关性

基于哈勃空间望远镜的CLASH巡天观测数据,对其中23个大质量的、红移范围在0.18z0.89的星系团的物理性质(质量、中心区域的熵等)与其最亮成员星系(最亮团星系)中的恒星形成活动间的关系进行了研究。研究表明最亮团星系的恒星形成率与其宿主星系团的质量、中心区域的熵值存在明显的相关:质量越小、中心区域熵值越低的星系团中其最亮团星系的恒星形成率越高,而与最亮团星系本身的物理性质(如恒星质量)几乎不存在相关。研究结果意味着:造成中等红移最亮团星系中的恒星形成活动的冷气体来源于其宿主星系团内的热气体冷却,而不是星系本身。     

环境对于旋涡星系气体的影响研究

星系的演化会受到各种因素的影响,如星系团介质的压力作用、邻近星系的潮汐力作用、星系之间的碰撞等。因此处在不同环境内的星系,它们的形态、颜色以及气体含量上必然存在一定的差异。选取了位于星系群中的样本星系和空洞环境里面的空洞旋涡星系(Void spiral galaxies)、密度较低的环境内的孤立旋涡星系(Isolated spiral galaxies)以及位于室女星系团(Virgo Cluster)内的室女旋涡星系的多波段测光数据,对比研究了不同环境里旋涡星系之间的颜色差异、气体含量、星系的恒星质量等特征,并讨论了其可能的产生机制。     

本超星系团中场星系旋转矢量分布的统计检验

运用 χ2 统计检验法和 Kolmogorov- Smirnov统计检验法对本超星系团中场星系的旋转矢量分布进行了细致的统计研究 ,发现这些场星系的旋转矢量分布呈现显著的非各向同性特征 ,而且与场星系的形态密切相关 .这预示着不同形态的星系可能有不同的大尺度起源 .统计样本是从北天亮星系测光星表中严格筛选出来的 2 2 0颗孤立的场星系 .重点介绍了这两种统计检验方法在星系旋转矢量分布研究中的应用 ,并对该研究领域中广为采用的 χ2 统计检验法的局限性进行了讨论 .     

星系紫外深场巡天观测进展

紫外波段是星系能谱分布中的重要部分.其包含大量原子、离子和分子的共振线以及研究重要物理过程的连续辐射,提供了理论研究重要的观测限制.在星系研究中,紫外辐射追踪大质量恒星,是测量和理解宇宙中恒星形成历史的重要工具.紫外辐射也可追踪大质量黑洞吸积盘,是理解吸积物理过程的重要手段.其涉及的关键科学问题包括宇宙正午时期的恒星形成历史与星系演化、宇宙重子物质缺失、宇宙再电离能量来源以及星系吸积和外流反馈等.本文重点阐述了紫外深场巡天观测的发展现状及其在星系科学研究中发挥的作用.主要介绍了深场仪器的基本参数、深场观测的目的和任务,以及数据及科学产出,并对国内外正在计划中的未来紫外观测进行了总结和展望.     

基于残差神经网络的恒星-星系分类器

使用残差神经网络（residual neural network，RNN）算法对斯隆数字巡天（Sloan digital sky survey，SDSS）提供的天体伪彩色图片进行分类，直接从图像中获得特征．使用带有光谱信息的星系与恒星图片作为训练集和测试集．经过训练，在测试集上的准确率达到98.23%，召回率达到98.80%。这表明:RNN可以实现对星系和恒星图像的精确分类，分类器给出的恒星-星系概率是有效的，可用于分类可靠度评估；还可以尝试将此分类器应用到未来巡天中，进一步测试其性能．      

A2199中心区域成员星系的光度函数

研究了邻近富星系团A2199中心区域一个Abell半径范围内的343颗成员星系在g、r、i 3个波段的光度函数,发现与以前研究的星系团的光度函数并不完全一致,而与场星系的光度函数不存在明显差异.通过对星系进行分类,证实星系光度函数与其颜色分布和局域数密度均密切相关.     

Gas accretion as the origin of chemical abundance gradients in distant galaxies

It has recently been suggested that galaxies in the early Universe could have grown through the accretion of cold gas, and that this may have been the main driver of star formation and stellar mass growth. Because the cold gas is essentially primordial, it has a very low abundance of elements heavier than helium (referred to as metallicity). If funnelled to the centre of a galaxy, it will result in the central gas having an overall lower metallicity than gas further from the centre, because the gas further out has been enriched by supernovae and stellar winds, and not diluted by the primordial gas. Here we report chemical abundances across three rotationally supported star-forming galaxies at redshift z?≈?3, only 2?Gyr after the Big Bang. We find 'inverse' gradients, with the central, star-forming regions having lower metallicities than less active ones, which is opposite to what is seen in local galaxies. We conclude that the central gas has been diluted by the accretion of primordial gas, as predicted by 'cold flow' models.     

Energy input from quasars regulates the growth and activity of black holes and their host galaxies

In the early Universe, while galaxies were still forming, black holes as massive as a billion solar masses powered quasars. Supermassive black holes are found at the centres of most galaxies today, where their masses are related to the velocity dispersions of stars in their host galaxies and hence to the mass of the central bulge of the galaxy. This suggests a link between the growth of the black holes and their host galaxies, which has indeed been assumed for a number of years. But the origin of the observed relation between black hole mass and stellar velocity dispersion, and its connection with the evolution of galaxies, have remained unclear. Here we report simulations that simultaneously follow star formation and the growth of black holes during galaxy-galaxy collisions. We find that, in addition to generating a burst of star formation, a merger leads to strong inflows that feed gas to the supermassive black hole and thereby power the quasar. The energy released by the quasar expels enough gas to quench both star formation and further black hole growth. This determines the lifetime of the quasar phase (approaching 100 million years) and explains the relationship between the black hole mass and the stellar velocity dispersion.     

Massive star formation in 100,000 years from turbulent and pressurized molecular clouds

Massive stars (with mass m* > 8 solar masses Mmiddle dot in circle) are fundamental to the evolution of galaxies, because they produce heavy elements, inject energy into the interstellar medium, and possibly regulate the star formation rate. The individual star formation time, t*f, determines the accretion rate of the star; the value of the former quantity is currently uncertain by many orders of magnitude, leading to other astrophysical questions. For example, the variation of t*f with stellar mass dictates whether massive stars can form simultaneously with low-mass stars in clusters. Here we show that t*f is determined by the conditions in the star's natal cloud, and is typically about 105yr. The corresponding mass accretion rate depends on the pressure within the cloud--which we relate to the gas surface density--and on both the instantaneous and final stellar masses. Characteristic accretion rates are sufficient to overcome radiation pressure from about 100M middle dot in circle protostars, while simultaneously driving intense bipolar gas outflows. The weak dependence of t*f on the final mass of the star allows high- and low-mass star formation to occur nearly simultaneously in clusters.     

Systematic variation of the stellar initial mass function in early-type galaxies

Much of our knowledge of galaxies comes from analysing the radiation emitted by their stars, which depends on the present number of each type of star in the galaxy. The present number depends on the stellar initial mass function (IMF), which describes the distribution of stellar masses when the population formed, and knowledge of it is critical to almost every aspect of galaxy evolution. More than 50 years after the first IMF determination, no consensus has emerged on whether it is universal among different types of galaxies. Previous studies indicated that the IMF and the dark matter fraction in galaxy centres cannot both be universal, but they could not convincingly discriminate between the two possibilities. Only recently were indications found that massive elliptical galaxies may not have the same IMF as the Milky Way. Here we report a study of the two-dimensional stellar kinematics for the large representative ATLAS(3D) sample of nearby early-type galaxies spanning two orders of magnitude in stellar mass, using detailed dynamical models. We find a strong systematic variation in IMF in early-type galaxies as a function of their stellar mass-to-light ratios, producing differences of a factor of up to three in galactic stellar mass. This implies that a galaxy's IMF depends intimately on the galaxy's formation history.     

The suppression of star formation by powerful active galactic nuclei

The old, red stars that constitute the bulges of galaxies, and the massive black holes at their centres, are the relics of a period in cosmic history when galaxies formed stars at remarkable rates and active galactic nuclei (AGN) shone brightly as a result of accretion onto black holes. It is widely suspected, but unproved, that the tight correlation between the mass of the black hole and the mass of the stellar bulge results from the AGN quenching the surrounding star formation as it approaches its peak luminosity. X-rays trace emission from AGN unambiguously, whereas powerful star-forming galaxies are usually dust-obscured and are brightest at infrared and submillimetre wavelengths. Here we report submillimetre and X-ray observations that show that rapid star formation was common in the host galaxies of AGN when the Universe was 2-6 billion years old, but that the most vigorous star formation is not observed around black holes above an X-ray luminosity of 10(44) ergs per second. This suppression of star formation in the host galaxy of a powerful AGN is a key prediction of models in which the AGN drives an outflow, expelling the interstellar medium of its host and transforming the galaxy's properties in a brief period of cosmic time.     

The rapid formation of a large rotating disk galaxy three billion years after the Big Bang

Observations and theoretical simulations have established a framework for galaxy formation and evolution in the young Universe. Galaxies formed as baryonic gas cooled at the centres of collapsing dark-matter haloes; mergers of haloes and galaxies then led to the hierarchical build-up of galaxy mass. It remains unclear, however, over what timescales galaxies were assembled and when and how bulges and disks--the primary components of present-day galaxies--were formed. It is also puzzling that the most massive galaxies were more abundant and were forming stars more rapidly at early epochs than expected from models. Here we report high-angular-resolution observations of a representative luminous star-forming galaxy when the Universe was only 20% of its current age. A large and massive rotating protodisk is channelling gas towards a growing central stellar bulge hosting an accreting massive black hole. The high surface densities of gas, the high rate of star formation and the moderately young stellar ages suggest rapid assembly, fragmentation and conversion to stars of an initially very gas-rich protodisk, with no obvious evidence for a major merger.     

The star-formation history of the Universe from the stellar populations of nearby galaxies

The determination of the star-formation history of the Universe is a key goal of modern cosmology, as it is crucial to our understanding of how galactic structures form and evolve. Observations of young stars in distant galaxies at different times in the past have indicated that the stellar birthrate peaked some eight billion years ago before declining by a factor of around ten to its present value. Here we report an analysis of the 'fossil record' of the current stellar populations of 96,545 nearby galaxies, from which we obtained a complete star-formation history. Our results broadly support those derived from high-redshift galaxies. We find, however, that the peak of star formation was more recent--around five billion years ago. We also show that the bigger the stellar mass of the galaxy, the earlier the stars were formed, which indicates that high- and low-mass galaxies have very different histories.     

The alignment of molecular cloud magnetic fields with the spiral arms in M33

The formation of molecular clouds, which serve as stellar nurseries in galaxies, is poorly understood. A class of cloud formation models suggests that a large-scale galactic magnetic field is irrelevant at the scale of individual clouds, because the turbulence and rotation of a cloud may randomize the orientation of its magnetic field. Alternatively, galactic fields could be strong enough to impose their direction upon individual clouds, thereby regulating cloud accumulation and fragmentation, and affecting the rate and efficiency of star formation. Our location in the disk of the Galaxy makes an assessment of the situation difficult. Here we report observations of the magnetic field orientation of six giant molecular cloud complexes in the nearby, almost face-on, galaxy M33. The fields are aligned with the spiral arms, suggesting that the large-scale field in M33 anchors the clouds.     

A minimum column density of 1 g cm(-2) for massive star formation

Massive stars are very rare, but their extreme luminosities make them both the only type of young star we can observe in distant galaxies and the dominant energy sources in the Universe today. They form rarely because efficient radiative cooling keeps most star--forming gas clouds close to isothermal as they collapse, and this favours fragmentation into stars of one solar mass or lower. Heating of a cloud by accreting low-mass stars within it can prevent fragmentation and allow formation of massive stars, but the necessary properties for a cloud to form massive stars-and therefore where massive stars form in a galaxy--have not yet been determined. Here we show that only clouds with column densities of at least 1 g cm(-2) can avoid fragmentation and form massive stars. This threshold, and the environmental variation of the stellar initial mass function that it implies, naturally explain the characteristic column densities associated with massive star clusters and the difference between the radial profiles of Halpha and ultraviolet emission in galactic disks. The existence of a threshold also implies that the initial mass function should show detectable variation with environment within the Galaxy, that the characteristic column densities of clusters containing massive stars should vary between galaxies, and that star formation rates in some galactic environments may have been systematically underestimated.     

Rapid growth of black holes in massive star-forming galaxies

The tight relationship between the masses of black holes and galaxy spheroids in nearby galaxies implies a causal connection between the growth of these two components. Optically luminous quasars host the most prodigious accreting black holes in the Universe, and can account for greater than or approximately equal to 30 per cent of the total cosmological black-hole growth. As typical quasars are not, however, undergoing intense star formation and already host massive black holes (> 10(8)M(o), where M(o) is the solar mass), there must have been an earlier pre-quasar phase when these black holes grew (mass range approximately (10(6)-10(8))M(o)). The likely signature of this earlier stage is simultaneous black-hole growth and star formation in distant (redshift z > 1; >8 billion light years away) luminous galaxies. Here we report ultra-deep X-ray observations of distant star-forming galaxies that are bright at submillimetre wavelengths. We find that the black holes in these galaxies are growing almost continuously throughout periods of intense star formation. This activity appears to be more tightly associated with these galaxies than any other coeval galaxy populations. We show that the black-hole growth from these galaxies is consistent with that expected for the pre-quasar phase.