0#柴油水溶性成分暴露对雌性褐菖鲉血浆卵黄蛋白原水平的影响

雌性褐菖鲉通过水体分别暴露于0.02、0.10、.5 mg/kg的0#柴油水溶性成分,84 d后血浆睾酮水平与对照组相比显著下降;17β-雌二醇水平和血浆卵黄蛋白原水平下降;Western bolt检测显示柴油水溶性成分暴露组肝脏雌激素受体水平降低.雌二醇和雌激素受体水平降低是血浆卵黄蛋白原水平下降的主要原因.卵黄蛋白原水平下降将影响卵的发育和质量.     

双酚A对泥鳅卵黄蛋白原的诱导

研究了不同浓度[（0．1—500）μg／L）]、不同时间（7d,14d）BPA暴露对雄性泥鳅卵黄蛋白原的诱导效应。结果表明,雄性泥鳅血清Vtg含量随BPA暴露时间和暴露浓度的增加而显著增加。暴露14d后,诱导雄性泥鳅血清Vtg显著性增加的最低BPA浓度为1μg/L。     

中国明对虾卵黄蛋白原基因启动子克隆与分析

为了探明中国明对虾卵黄蛋白原基因启动子表达调控机制,利用DNA步移法克隆了中国明对虾卵黄蛋白原基因启动子及其上游调控序列,总长1 100bp.分析表明,在基因转录起始位点上游-30～-24bp处有1个TATA box,未发现有CAAT box和GC box.同时,在上游调控区还存在有多个可能影响启动子转录活性的顺式作用元件,如NF-κB,YY1和SP1等转录因子结合位点.这些结果为深入研究中国明对虾卵黄蛋白积累及卵子发生过程奠定了基础.     

中国明对虾卵黄蛋白原部分cDNA序列和表达部位研究

从成熟的中国明对虾卵巢中提取总RNA,经同源克隆得到了卵黄蛋白原(Vg)部分cDNA序列,长度为1 226 bp。在NCBI上比对后发现它与墨吉明对虾、短沟对虾等的Vg mRNA序列有很高的相似性。根据8种虾(墨吉明对虾、短沟对虾、凡纳滨对虾、日本囊对虾、刀额新对虾、罗氏沼虾、高背长额虾和中国明对虾)Vg mRNA相应序列建立了系统发生树。通过RT-PCR证实了雌虾的卵巢和肝胰腺是卵黄蛋白原的合成位点。     

Tet-on系统诱导乳腺特异表达CUEDC2转基因小鼠的制备

目的：建立Tet-on系统诱导乳腺特异表达CUEDC2的转基因小鼠模型。方法：构建转基因表达载体,经细胞诱导表达验证后,酶切得到含有CUEDC2的线性DNA片段,并采用显微注射的方法及后续筛选鉴定,得到CUEDC2转基因小鼠。进而通过与乳腺特异表达的MMTV-rtTA转基因小鼠交配,得到CUEDC2/rtTA双阳性转基因小鼠。利用2mg/ml的多西环素（Doxycycline）诱导小鼠体内CUEDC2表达,通过Western Blot、免疫组化检测表达。结果：经诱导,CUEDC2/rtTA双阳性转基因小鼠的2个Founder的F1、F2代在转录水平和蛋白水平均成功表达CUEDC2, 并具有乳腺特异性。结论：Tet-on系统诱导乳腺特异表达CUEDC2的转基因小鼠制备成功.     

真鲷卵黄蛋白原的诱导、纯化及初步鉴定

采用腹腔注射17β-雌二醇（E2），使真鲷雌鱼在一星期内产生大量卵黄蛋白原（Vtg）；利用阴离子交换高效液相色谱系统分离纯化E2诱导后的Vtg．Native-PAGE电泳结果表明。真鲷有两种形式的Vtg。分子量分别为570kDa和360kDa；SDS-PAGE电泳结果表明，它们由两个不同的亚基构成，分子量分别为180kDa和115kDa；磷、脂、糖蛋白分析证实，所获取的Vtg是一类含磷、脂、糖的大分子蛋白．同时考察了4-壬基酚（4-NP）对真鲷Vtg的诱导作用．     

Mizolastine（MIZ）对趾叶炎小鼠趾部组织VEGF表达的影响

用组织化学和免疫组化的染色方法对趾叶炎发生过程中正常组、造模组和低、中、高剂量治疗组小鼠趾部组织血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）表达水平、血管数量和肥大细胞及其脱颗粒的动态变化进行了研究.结果表明,造模组小鼠在免疫后14d,VEGF表达均达到一个峰值,而后表达开始减弱,21d后表达开始增强,均极显著高于同一时相的正常组（P〈0.01）.低、中、高剂量治疗组的VEGF表达均极显著低于同一时相造模组,其中,低剂量治疗组同一时相均极显著高于正常组（P〈0.01）,中剂量治疗组除免疫后前3个时相显著外（P〈0.05）,免疫后35d与正常组不显著（P〉0.05）,高剂量治疗组除免疫后14d显著外（P〈0.05）,其余各时相均与正常组不显著（P〉0.05）,治疗各组小鼠的VEGF表达水平随药物浓度的增大和免疫时间的延长而逐渐减弱;真皮内出现了许多增生的小动脉,管壁增厚,管腔内有血栓形成,且血管形成与肥大细胞及其脱颗粒的变化均与VEGF的表达趋势相吻合.Mizo-lastine（MIZ）可以显著抑制肥大细胞脱颗粒、VEGF的表达和血管形成.     

慢性应激对小鼠空间学习记忆功能及海马和前额叶皮层BDNF表达的影响

采用多因素慢性应激动物模型,通过Morris水迷宫测试小鼠空间学习记忆能力;采用免疫组织化学方法检测脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）在海马和前额叶皮层的表达．结果显示,与对照组相比,应激组小鼠的空间学习记忆能力明显下降（P〈0．01）;应激组小鼠海马CA1区、齿状回和前额叶皮层BDNF表达明显下降（P〈0．01）;停止应激后一周,应激组小鼠BDNF在各脑区的表达有一定恢复,但与对照组相比,仍有显著性差异（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）．结果表明,慢性应激导致小鼠空间学习记忆功能的损伤可能与BDNF表达的下调密切相关．     

人凝血Ⅸ因子乳腺特异性表达载体在离体细胞和小鼠乳腺组织中表达的初步研究

以小鼠MAR（matrixattachmentregion）元件,牛β－酪蛋白（β－casein）基因5＇端2．0kb调控顺序,人凝血Ⅸ因子小基因（hFIXminigene）构建乳腺组织特异性表达载体,表达载体和质粒pSV－neo共转染中国仓鼠卵巢细胞（CHO）,兔皮肤纤维细胞（RSF）和人胚肾上皮细胞（293细胞）．发现hFIX基因在CHO细胞中获得低水平表达,最高表达量为7．2ng／ml．在皮肤成纤维细胞中的表达量低于2ng／ml．在293细胞中没有表达．表达载体用stearylamine（SA）脂质体包埋后尾静脉注射哺乳期小鼠,hFIX蛋白在小鼠乳汁中表达水平高达87．34ng／ml．     

MicroRNA及其靶基因在糖尿病肾病小鼠肾脏的表达

 验证与糖尿病肾病小鼠肾脏相关的microRNAs的表达并运用实时荧光定量PCR分析靶基因与糖尿病肾病的关系。以db/db小鼠为模型组（DN组）,db/m小鼠为正常组（NC组）,定期测量小鼠的体重、血糖、甘油三酯、总胆固醇及24 h尿蛋白排泄率。留取DN小鼠与NC小鼠肾脏组织,检测肾脏组织形态学染色及实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）。qRT-PCR验证差异表达的microRNAs及其靶基因的mRNA表达水平。血糖、24 h尿蛋白排泄率结果表明糖尿病肾病动物模型构建成功。与NC小鼠相比,DN小鼠肾脏miR-196a、miR-21、miR-200b表达明显升高,且差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。miR-196a、miR-200b、miR-21的表达水平与血糖、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、24 h尿蛋白排泄率存在正相关关系（P<0.05）。利用miRNAs数据库预测miR-196a的靶基因有ANX1、HOXB7、PTEN、FOXO1、HOXB8、HOXA5等。与NC组比较,DN组ANX1、FOXO1的mRNA表达水平降低,且差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。同时ANX1、FOXO1与24 h尿蛋白排泄率存在正相关（P<0.05）。MiR-196a可能通过调节ANX1、FOXO1的表达水平来参与糖尿病肾病的发生发展。     

PTD-Tat之C端融合在活体体内的跨膜递送作用

报道了Tat蛋白转导区域(PTD-Tat)的C端融合蛋白在线虫和小鼠体内的跨膜递送作用.将重组表达质粒pGEX-GFP-Tat在大肠杆菌中高效表达出的融合蛋白GST-GFP-Tat对小鼠腹腔注射(ip)17h后,荧光显微镜观察其心、肝和肾组织,均检测到强烈的绿色荧光,甚至该蛋白跨越了血脑屏障(BBB).此外用融合蛋白喂食线虫发现蛋白分布于线虫消化管道及其原体腔,且表现出的跨膜递送活性与喂食时间和蛋白浓度呈现正相关.该研究结果拓宽了PTD-Tat在蛋白药物递送方面的应用范围,为蛋白质疗法开辟了新的视野,并为其有效应用提供理论指导.     

甘草苷对感染后咳嗽(肺阴虚证)小鼠的止咳作用机制及抗氧化作用的研究

为探讨甘草苷对感染后咳嗽(肺阴虚证)小鼠的止咳疗效及抗氧化的作用机制.采用烟熏＋内毒素(LPS)滴鼻＋甲状腺素灌胃＋辣椒素雾化诱咳来构建感染后咳嗽(肺阴虚证)小鼠模型；造模成功后随机分为空白组(生理盐水)、模型组(生理盐水)、阳性组(孟鲁司特钠)和甘草苷低、中、高剂量组；观察造模前后各组小鼠的行为学及体质量变化，采用辣椒素雾化诱咳来测定各组小鼠的咳嗽敏感性及咳嗽次数，通过酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定小鼠血清中炎症与肺组织中抗氧化损伤相关蛋白水平变化并经由苏木精-伊红(HE)染色法来观察各组小鼠的肺组织病变.结果表明，甘草苷止咳的作用机制可能为有效减少小鼠血清中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-13、TLR2、TGF-β1、IgE等细胞因子及炎性介质的释放，进而减轻气道感染性及变态性炎性反应环境来降低咳嗽高敏感性，减少对咳嗽中枢的刺激来达到止咳的目的；抗氧化的作用机制可能为有效提高小鼠肺组织中SOD的含量，减少小鼠肺组织中MDA的含量，来改善体内抗氧化平衡系统的紊乱，有效清除机体中的过量自由基，提高机体内抗氧化酶的含量，以减轻氧化损伤来达到抗氧化的目的.     

The Lyme disease agent exploits a tick protein to infect the mammalian host

The Lyme disease agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, is maintained in a tick-mouse cycle. Here we show that B. burgdorferi usurps a tick salivary protein, Salp15 (ref. 3), to facilitate the infection of mice. The level of salp15 expression was selectively enhanced by the presence of B. burgdorferi in Ixodes scapularis, first indicating that spirochaetes might use Salp15 during transmission. Salp15 was then shown to adhere to the spirochaete, both in vitro and in vivo, and specifically interacted with B. burgdorferi outer surface protein C. The binding of Salp15 protected B. burgdorferi from antibody-mediated killing in vitro and provided spirochaetes with a marked advantage when they were inoculated into naive mice or animals previously infected with B. burgdorferi. Moreover, RNA interference-mediated repression of salp15 in I. scapularis drastically reduced the capacity of tick-borne spirochaetes to infect mice. These results show the capacity of a pathogen to use a secreted arthropod protein to help it colonize the mammalian host.     

Exercise-induced BCL2-regulated autophagy is required for muscle glucose homeostasis

Exercise has beneficial effects on human health, including protection against metabolic disorders such as diabetes. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying these effects are incompletely understood. The lysosomal degradation pathway, autophagy, is an intracellular recycling system that functions during basal conditions in organelle and protein quality control. During stress, increased levels of autophagy permit cells to adapt to changing nutritional and energy demands through protein catabolism. Moreover, in animal models, autophagy protects against diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, infections, inflammatory diseases, ageing and insulin resistance. Here we show that acute exercise induces autophagy in skeletal and cardiac muscle of fed mice. To investigate the role of exercise-mediated autophagy in vivo, we generated mutant mice that show normal levels of basal autophagy but are deficient in stimulus (exercise- or starvation)-induced autophagy. These mice (termed BCL2 AAA mice) contain knock-in mutations in BCL2 phosphorylation sites (Thr69Ala, Ser70Ala and Ser84Ala) that prevent stimulus-induced disruption of the BCL2-beclin-1 complex and autophagy activation. BCL2 AAA mice show decreased endurance and altered glucose metabolism during acute exercise, as well as impaired chronic exercise-mediated protection against high-fat-diet-induced glucose intolerance. Thus, exercise induces autophagy, BCL2 is a crucial regulator of exercise- (and starvation)-induced autophagy in vivo, and autophagy induction may contribute to the beneficial metabolic effects of exercise.     

Bid-deficient mice are resistant to Fas-induced hepatocellular apoptosis.

The protein Bid is a participant in the pathway that leads to cell death (apoptosis), mediating the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria in response to signals from 'death' receptors known as TNFR1/Fas on the cell surface. It is a member of the proapoptotic Bcd-2 family and is activated as a result of its cleavage by caspase 8, one of a family of proteolytic cell-death proteins. To investigate the role of Bid in vivo, we have generated mice deficient for Bid. We find that when these mice are injected with an antibody directed against Fas, they nearly all survive, whereas wild-type mice die from hepatocellular apoptosis and haemorrhagic necrosis. About half of the Bid-deficient animals had no apparent liver injury and showed no evidence of activation of the effector caspases 3 and 7, although the initiator caspase 8 had been activated. Other Bid-deficient mice survived with only moderate damage: all three caspases (8 and 37) were activated but their cell nuclei were intact and no mitochondrial cytochrome c was released. We also investigated the effects of Bid deficiency in cultured cells treated with anti-Fas antibody (hepatocytes and thymocytes) or with TNFalpha. (fibroblasts). In these Bid-/- cells, mitochondrial dysfunction was delayed, cytochrome c was not released, effector caspase activity was reduced and the cleavage of apoptosis substrates was altered. This loss-of-function model indicates that Bid is a critical substrate in vivo for signalling by death-receptor agonists, which mediates a mitochondrial amplification loop that is essential for the apoptosis of selected cells.     

Therapeutic silencing of an endogenous gene by systemic administration of modified siRNAs

RNA interference (RNAi) holds considerable promise as a therapeutic approach to silence disease-causing genes, particularly those that encode so-called 'non-druggable' targets that are not amenable to conventional therapeutics such as small molecules, proteins, or monoclonal antibodies. The main obstacle to achieving in vivo gene silencing by RNAi technologies is delivery. Here we show that chemically modified short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can silence an endogenous gene encoding apolipoprotein B (apoB) after intravenous injection in mice. Administration of chemically modified siRNAs resulted in silencing of the apoB messenger RNA in liver and jejunum, decreased plasma levels of apoB protein, and reduced total cholesterol. We also show that these siRNAs can silence human apoB in a transgenic mouse model. In our in vivo study, the mechanism of action for the siRNAs was proven to occur through RNAi-mediated mRNA degradation, and we determined that cleavage of the apoB mRNA occurred specifically at the predicted site. These findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of siRNAs for the treatment of disease.     

绿原酸对脂多糖致炎症小鼠体内体外COX-2的影响

探讨绿原酸对脂多糖致炎症小鼠体内体外COX-2蛋白表达的影响.脂多糖滴鼻造模建立小鼠急性肺损伤模型,脂多糖诱导小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7建立细胞炎症反应模型,应用Weston blot法,检测小鼠肺组织内以及RAW264.7巨噬细胞中COX-2的蛋白表达.绿原酸在小鼠体内体外均能有效降低脂多糖诱导的COX-2的蛋白表达,并能促进COX-2蛋白的降解.降低脂多糖诱导的COX-2的蛋白水平是绿原酸抗炎的机制之一.     

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is an essential regulator of heart function

Cardiovascular diseases are predicted to be the most common cause of death worldwide by 2020. Here we show that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) maps to a defined quantitative trait locus (QTL) on the X chromosome in three different rat models of hypertension. In all hypertensive rat strains, ACE2 messenger RNA and protein expression were markedly reduced, suggesting that ace2 is a candidate gene for this QTL. Targeted disruption of ACE2 in mice results in a severe cardiac contractility defect, increased angiotensin II levels, and upregulation of hypoxia-induced genes in the heart. Genetic ablation of ACE on an ACE2 mutant background completely rescues the cardiac phenotype. But disruption of ACER, a Drosophila ACE2 homologue, results in a severe defect of heart morphogenesis. These genetic data for ACE2 show that it is an essential regulator of heart function in vivo.     

马齿苋多糖的抗肿瘤活性

研究了马齿苋多糖的抗肿瘤活性。结果表明马齿苋多糖可使小鼠T淋巴细胞数量增加，体外对肝癌细胞SMMC7721的增殖具有一定的抑制作用，体内可使小鼠S180腹水瘤分裂指数显著下降，并能明显抑制小鼠S180移植性实体瘤生长。     

The ageing systemic milieu negatively regulates neurogenesis and cognitive function

In the central nervous system, ageing results in a precipitous decline in adult neural stem/progenitor cells and neurogenesis, with concomitant impairments in cognitive functions. Interestingly, such impairments can be ameliorated through systemic perturbations such as exercise. Here, using heterochronic parabiosis we show that blood-borne factors present in the systemic milieu can inhibit or promote adult neurogenesis in an age-dependent fashion in mice. Accordingly, exposing a young mouse to an old systemic environment or to plasma from old mice decreased synaptic plasticity, and impaired contextual fear conditioning and spatial learning and memory. We identify chemokines--including CCL11 (also known as eotaxin)--the plasma levels of which correlate with reduced neurogenesis in heterochronic parabionts and aged mice, and the levels of which are increased in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of healthy ageing humans. Lastly, increasing peripheral CCL11 chemokine levels in vivo in young mice decreased adult neurogenesis and impaired learning and memory. Together our data indicate that the decline in neurogenesis and cognitive impairments observed during ageing can be in part attributed to changes in blood-borne factors.