活性氧与植物防卫反应

目的：总结分析活性氧在植物防卫反应中的作用。方法：根据近10年内公开发表的20篇中英文文献对活性氧的种类、特性，以及在植物抗病过程中所起的作用进行较全面的总结。结果：介绍活性氧的种类、性质，着重讨论了活性氧的产生和消除机理；并对当前该领域今后的研究方向进行了展望。结论：活性氧在植物防卫反应过程中起双重作用，即高浓度时对植物起伤害作用，低浓度时起信号传递作用诱导植物抗性基因和防卫基因的表达。     

植物抗病信号传导途径及其相互作用

植物与病原物长期的互作过程中产生了一系列的防卫反应，其中系统获得性抗性(Systemic Acquired Resistance,SAR)和诱导性系统抗性（Induced Systemic Resistance,ISR)是植物抗病信号传导途径中的两 种重要形式。它们分别由植物内源信号分子SA和JA／Et作介导，两种信号的传导途径之间既相互独立相互联系，协同作用，从而使植物出对自身伤害最小却又最有有效的防卫反应。笔就SA－领带性信号传导途径和SA－非领带性信号传导途径的分子生学研究进展，以及两种信号传导途径间的相互作用等方面进行了综述。     

非亲和性识别与逆反理论

在以植物过敏反应(HR)为特征的植物细菌性病害中,识别作用发生在寄主与病菌的非亲和菌株之间,导致细菌被奇主细胞壁结构特异物(ES)所固定,“固定学说”认为这是植物防卫反应的一个关键环节。但植物对非亲和与亲和菌株的反应常有一些中间状态,“逆反理论”认为这表明植物在对病原物发生防卫反应的同时,也造就了有利于病原物开始寄生生活的环境。文章简述了这一理论对植物病理学和病害控制的意义。     

植物激素对胁迫反应调控的研究进展

植物激素可作为介导植物胁迫反应的关键内源因子,是植物应对环境刺激的整合中心,在植物的防卫反应中发挥重要作用,通过不同激素信号途径之间复杂的信号网络和错综纷呈的交叉对话实现对胁迫反应的精细调控.植物生长反应的调整和胁迫抗性水平的提升对其生存至关重要.脱落酸(ABA)通常负责植物对非生物因素的胁迫反应;水杨酸(SA)参与对...     

海岛棉GbRar1和GbSgt1基因的过量表达提高烟草离体叶片对赤星病的抗性

RAR1 和 SGT1 是两个植物抗病蛋白 (R) 防卫反应的信号元件,在 R 蛋白下游和活性氧产生之间发挥作用. 利用简并引物 PCR 及3′RACE 等技术,克隆了海岛棉 GbRAR1 和 GbSGT1的编码基因. Northern blot 表明,海岛棉GbRar1和GbSgt1基因在转录水平上受棉花黄萎病菌的诱导,诱导后 mRNA 表达量显著增加. 构建组成型植物表达载体 pRar 和 pSgt,分别转化烟草品种 NC89. 离体叶片抗病性鉴定表明,两类转基因烟草对赤星病的抗性明显提高,为植物防卫反应信号元件RAR1 和 SGT1在广谱抗病基因工程中的应用提供了实验证据.     

激发子诱导拟南芥悬浮细胞的脱敏性反应

通过真空转化法获得转重组水母发光蛋白基因(aeq)的拟南芥.利用这一转基因拟南芥研究植物对两种不同来源激发子---来源于植物细胞壁的寡聚半乳糖醛酸(OGA)与来源于真菌细胞壁的二十五肽激发子(Pep-25)的反应.OGA与Pep-25都可以诱导拟南芥悬浮细胞的过敏性反应,包括[Ca 2+ ] cyto 的升高,H 2 O 2 的产生与胞外介质的碱化.但是拟南芥在用OGA或Pep-25预处理以后,再用OGA或Pep-25处理时所产生的过敏性反应强度明显低于未经OGA或Pep-25预处理而直接用OGA或Pep-25处理的拟南芥悬浮细胞所产生的反应,即发生了同源或异源脱敏性反应.OGA与Pep-25诱导pal与gst的转录也有同源与异源脱敏性反应现象.推测是OGA和Pep-25诱导产生的胞内Ca 2+ 和H 2 O 2 作为第二信使诱导抗性相关基因的转录,OGA和Pep-25诱导[Ca 2+ ] cyto 的变化和H 2 O 2 产生的同源与异源脱敏现象以及OGA和Pep-25诱导pal与gst转录方面表现的同源与异源脱敏现象可能是相关的.     

系统素信号转导研究进展

系统素最初是指在番茄叶片中发现的与植物防卫反应相关的一种18个氨基酸的多肽信号,随着在茄科植物中其他相类似的多肽防卫信号的发现,现系统素被定义为茄科植物中具有调节防卫基因功能的一类多肽信号家族.近年来对系统素信号转导的研究取得了很大进展,不仅在系统素信号转导途径上,而且在系统素与其他信号转导途径的相互作用上均有了很大进展.文中介绍了系统素的信号转导途径以及系统素与其他信号转导途径,如与油菜素甾醇类激素(BRs)和紫外线-B(UV-B)信号转导途径之间的相互作用,并对这一领域的研究进行了展望.     

杨盘二孢菌激发子粗提物生物活性的研究

从杨盘二孢菌(Marssonina brunnea)的菌丝和培养滤液中提取激发子物质,得到两种粗提物,用这两种粗提物分别处理烟草、茄子和辣椒叶片,发现均可在烟草上产生过敏性坏死斑,但不能使茄子和辣椒产生过敏性反应。用这两种粗提物分别处理抗病和感病杨树,均可以使抗病杨树的过氧化物酶活性明显升高,但感病杨树的过氧化物酶活性升高不明显。说明这两种粗提物中均含有激发子活性物质,且均为专化性激发子。     

应力刺激在植物细胞防卫反应中的作用

在病原菌与植物初步接触并企图定植期间,有一系列的识别活动,其中包括物理学和生化识别等．二者的相互关系,将直接影响以后的侵染．在病原真菌侵染过程中,不仅对植物细胞有一个酶解的过程,还有一个物理挤压的过程．后者的应力刺激几乎总是能够引起细胞壁相关的防卫反应,诸如细胞外超氧化物的产生和胼胝质的沉积等．化学信号和力学信号诱导的有机结合才能引发完整的细胞防卫反应．和哺乳动物细胞相似,植物细胞对于力学信号的感知和传导依赖于细胞壁和细胞膜之间的粘附。该粘附是由包含RGD（Arg-Gly-Asp）序列多肽特异介导的,并且该粘附为植物细胞壁相关防卫基因表达所必需．     

植物抗病反应中的蛋白磷酸化

在植物抗病反应中,发现有蛋白磷酸化现象发生,已经证明的有关因子包括MBP蛋白激酶、大雄疫霉激发子、丁香霉素、pp29和pp51蛋白激酶以及双链RNA。蛋白磷酸化是细胞信号传递系统的组成部分,与植物抗病反应有关的蛋白磷酸化研究将会发现新的植物病害防治途径。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that