Trapping an atom with single photons

The creation of a photon-atom bound state was first envisaged for the case of an atom in a long-lived excited state inside a high-quality microwave cavity. In practice, however, light forces in the microwave domain are insufficient to support an atom against gravity. Although optical photons can provide forces of the required magnitude, atomic decay rates and cavity losses are larger too, and so the atom-cavity system must be continually excited by an external laser. Such an approach also permits continuous observation of the atom's position, by monitoring the light transmitted through the cavity. The dual role of photons in this system distinguishes it from other single-atom experiments such as those using magneto-optical traps, ion traps or a far-off-resonance optical trap. Here we report high-finesse optical cavity experiments in which the change in transmission induced by a single slow atom approaching the cavity triggers an external feedback switch which traps the atom in a light field containing about one photon on average. The oscillatory motion of the trapped atom induces oscillations in the transmitted light intensity; we attribute periodic structure in intensity-correlation-function data to 'long-distance' flights of the atom between different anti-nodes of the standing-wave in the cavity. The system should facilitate investigations of the dynamics of single quantum objects and may find future applications in quantum information processing.     

Generating single microwave photons in a circuit

Microwaves have widespread use in classical communication technologies, from long-distance broadcasts to short-distance signals within a computer chip. Like all forms of light, microwaves, even those guided by the wires of an integrated circuit, consist of discrete photons. To enable quantum communication between distant parts of a quantum computer, the signals must also be quantum, consisting of single photons, for example. However, conventional sources can generate only classical light, not single photons. One way to realize a single-photon source is to collect the fluorescence of a single atom. Early experiments measured the quantum nature of continuous radiation, and further advances allowed triggered sources of photons on demand. To allow efficient photon collection, emitters are typically placed inside optical or microwave cavities, but these sources are difficult to employ for quantum communication on wires within an integrated circuit. Here we demonstrate an on-chip, on-demand single-photon source, where the microwave photons are injected into a wire with high efficiency and spectral purity. This is accomplished in a circuit quantum electrodynamics architecture, with a microwave transmission line cavity that enhances the spontaneous emission of a single superconducting qubit. When the qubit spontaneously emits, the generated photon acts as a flying qubit, transmitting the quantum information across a chip. We perform tomography of both the qubit and the emitted photons, clearly showing that both the quantum phase and amplitude are transferred during the emission. Both the average power and voltage of the photon source are characterized to verify performance of the system. This single-photon source is an important addition to a rapidly growing toolbox for quantum optics on a chip.     

Quantum secure direct communication and authentication protocol with single photons

A quantum secure direct communication and authentication protocol is proposed by using single photons. An information transmission is completed by sending photons once in quantum channel, which improves the efficiency without losing the security. The protocol encodes identity-string of the receiver as single photons sequence, which acts as detection sequence and implements authentication. Before secret message is encoded as single photons sequence, it is encrypted with identity-string of the sender by using XOR operation, which defends quantum teleportation attack efficiently. The base identity-strings of the sender and the re- ceiver are reused unconditionally secure even in noisy channel. Compared with the protocol proposed by Wang et al. （Phys Lett A, 2006, 358： 256--258）, the protocol in this study sends photons once in one transmission and defends most attacks including ＇man-in-the-middle＇ attack and quantum teleportation attack efficiently.     

单螺杆泵采油系统启动扭矩动力学模型研究

单螺杆泵采油系统启动扭矩模型是螺杆泵井提高系统效率、进行故障诊断的理论基础.对启动过程中单螺杆泵的运动特点和受力情况进行分析,建立了该系统启动扭矩动力学模型.运用经典碰撞理论并考虑杆管非完全弹性碰撞的影响,利用该模型可计算出整个抽油杆柱的运动学和动力学参数.模型在二连油田B18-42井的应用结果表明,启动过程中的扭矩曲线在稳定时的井筒扭矩曲线左右摆动;延长启动时间可降低启动扭矩峰值,有效地解决螺杆泵井瞬时启动抽油杆扭矩过大造成的断杆问题.     

Quantum nonlinear optics with single photons enabled by strongly interacting atoms

The realization of strong nonlinear interactions between individual light quanta (photons) is a long-standing goal in optical science and engineering, being of both fundamental and technological significance. In conventional optical materials, the nonlinearity at light powers corresponding to single photons is negligibly weak. Here we demonstrate a medium that is nonlinear at the level of individual quanta, exhibiting strong absorption of photon pairs while remaining transparent to single photons. The quantum nonlinearity is obtained by coherently coupling slowly propagating photons to strongly interacting atomic Rydberg states in a cold, dense atomic gas. Our approach paves the way for quantum-by-quantum control of light fields, including single-photon switching, all-optical deterministic quantum logic and the realization of strongly correlated many-body states of light.     

单螺杆泵采油系统启动扭矩动力学模型研究

单螺杆泵采油系统启动扭矩模型是螺杆泵井提高系统效率、进行故障诊断的理论基础。对启动过程中单螺杆泵的运动特点和受力情况进行分析，建立了该系统启动扭矩动力学模型。运用经典碰撞理论并考虑杆管非完全弹性碰撞的影响，利用该模型可计算出整个抽油杆柱的运动学和动力学参数。模型在二连油田B18-42井的应用结果表明，启动过程中的扭矩曲线在稳定时的井筒扭矩曲线左右摆动；延长启动时间可降低启动扭矩峰值，有效地解决螺杆泵井瞬时启动抽油杆扭矩过大造成的断杆问题。     

单片机控制的存贮式大屏幕显示系统

单片机控制的存贮式大屏幕显示系统魏忠仁，梁予，高武军，吴俊林，杨瑞科，薛波（陕西师范大学物理学系，西安７１００６２；第一作者，男，５５岁，教授）１存贮式显示系统作者曾在文献〔１〕中介绍过ＡＰＰＬＥ且机控制的大屏幕显示系统的结构及特点，在此基础上，本文...     

Controlling cavity reflectivity with a single quantum dot

Solid-state cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) systems offer a robust and scalable platform for quantum optics experiments and the development of quantum information processing devices. In particular, systems based on photonic crystal nanocavities and semiconductor quantum dots have seen rapid progress. Recent experiments have allowed the observation of weak and strong coupling regimes of interaction between the photonic crystal cavity and a single quantum dot in photoluminescence. In the weak coupling regime, the quantum dot radiative lifetime is modified; in the strong coupling regime, the coupled quantum dot also modifies the cavity spectrum. Several proposals for scalable quantum information networks and quantum computation rely on direct probing of the cavity-quantum dot coupling, by means of resonant light scattering from strongly or weakly coupled quantum dots. Such experiments have recently been performed in atomic systems and superconducting circuit QED systems, but not in solid-state quantum dot-cavity QED systems. Here we present experimental evidence that this interaction can be probed in solid-state systems, and show that, as expected from theory, the quantum dot strongly modifies the cavity transmission and reflection spectra. We show that when the quantum dot is coupled to the cavity, photons that are resonant with its transition are prohibited from entering the cavity. We observe this effect as the quantum dot is tuned through the cavity and the coupling strength between them changes. At high intensity of the probe beam, we observe rapid saturation of the transmission dip. These measurements provide both a method for probing the cavity-quantum dot system and a step towards the realization of quantum devices based on coherent light scattering and large optical nonlinearities from quantum dots in photonic crystal cavities.     

Bose-Einstein condensation of photons in an optical microcavity

Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC)-the macroscopic ground-state accumulation of particles with integer spin (bosons) at low temperature and high density-has been observed in several physical systems, including cold atomic gases and solid-state quasiparticles. However, the most omnipresent Bose gas, blackbody radiation (radiation in thermal equilibrium with the cavity walls) does not show this phase transition. In such systems photons have a vanishing chemical potential, meaning that their number is not conserved when the temperature of the photon gas is varied; at low temperatures, photons disappear in the cavity walls instead of occupying the cavity ground state. Theoretical works have considered thermalization processes that conserve photon number (a prerequisite for BEC), involving Compton scattering with a gas of thermal electrons or photon-photon scattering in a nonlinear resonator configuration. Number-conserving thermalization was experimentally observed for a two-dimensional photon gas in a dye-filled optical microcavity, which acts as a 'white-wall' box. Here we report the observation of a Bose-Einstein condensate of photons in this system. The cavity mirrors provide both a confining potential and a non-vanishing effective photon mass, making the system formally equivalent to a two-dimensional gas of trapped, massive bosons. The photons thermalize to the temperature of the dye solution (room temperature) by multiple scattering with the dye molecules. Upon increasing the photon density, we observe the following BEC signatures: the photon energies have a Bose-Einstein distribution with a massively populated ground-state mode on top of a broad thermal wing; the phase transition occurs at the expected photon density and exhibits the predicted dependence on cavity geometry; and the ground-state mode emerges even for a spatially displaced pump spot. The prospects of the observed effects include studies of extremely weakly interacting low-dimensional Bose gases and new coherent ultraviolet sources.     

扩展光源相干性的解析证明

从光源的发光机理出发，应用傅里叶分析方法和振动合成原理，研究了扩展光源的相干性．证明了任何两个独立的扩展光源均属不相干光源；分析表明，获得相干光源要比获得相干机械波源困难得多．     

Implementation of the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm on an ion-trap quantum computer

Determining classically whether a coin is fair (head on one side, tail on the other) or fake (heads or tails on both sides) requires an examination of each side. However, the analogous quantum procedure (the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm) requires just one examination step. The Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm has been realized experimentally using bulk nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, employing nuclear spins as quantum bits (qubits). In contrast, the ion trap processor utilises motional and electronic quantum states of individual atoms as qubits, and in principle is easier to scale to many qubits. Experimental advances in the latter area include the realization of a two-qubit quantum gate, the entanglement of four ions, quantum state engineering and entanglement-enhanced phase estimation. Here we exploit techniques developed for nuclear magnetic resonance to implement the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm on an ion-trap quantum processor, using as qubits the electronic and motional states of a single calcium ion. Our ion-based implementation of a full quantum algorithm serves to demonstrate experimental procedures with the quality and precision required for complex computations, confirming the potential of trapped ions for quantum computation.     

Storage and retrieval of single photons transmitted between remote quantum memories

An elementary quantum network operation involves storing a qubit state in an atomic quantum memory node, and then retrieving and transporting the information through a single photon excitation to a remote quantum memory node for further storage or analysis. Implementations of quantum network operations are thus conditioned on the ability to realize matter-to-light and/or light-to-matter quantum state mappings. Here we report the generation, transmission, storage and retrieval of single quanta using two remote atomic ensembles. A single photon is generated from a cold atomic ensemble at one site , and is directed to another site through 100 metres of optical fibre. The photon is then converted into a single collective atomic excitation using a dark-state polariton approach. After a programmable storage time, the atomic excitation is converted back into a single photon. This is demonstrated experimentally, for a storage time of 0.5 microseconds, by measurement of an anti-correlation parameter. Storage times exceeding ten microseconds are observed by intensity cross-correlation measurements. This storage period is two orders of magnitude longer than the time required to achieve conversion between photonic and atomic quanta. The controlled transfer of single quanta between remote quantum memories constitutes an important step towards distributed quantum networks.     

Trapping and emission of photons by a single defect in a photonic bandgap structure

By introducing artificial defects and/or light-emitters into photonic bandgap structures, it should be possible to manipulate photons. For example, it has been predicted that strong localization (or trapping) of photons should occur in structures with single defects, and that the propagation of photons should be controllable using arrays of defects. But there has been little experimental progress in this regard, with the exception of a laser based on a single-defect photonic crystal. Here we demonstrate photon trapping by a single defect that has been created artificially inside a two-dimensional photonic bandgap structure. Photons propagating through a linear waveguide are trapped by the defect, which then emits them to free space. We envisage that this phenomenon may be used in ultra-small optical devices whose function is to selectively drop (or add) photons with various energies from (or to) optical communication traffic. More generally, our work should facilitate the development of all-optical circuits incorporating photonic bandgap waveguides and resonators.     

Photon blockade in an optical cavity with one trapped atom

At low temperatures, sufficiently small metallic and semiconductor devices exhibit the 'Coulomb blockade' effect, in which charge transport through the device occurs on an electron-by-electron basis. For example, a single electron on a metallic island can block the flow of another electron if the charging energy of the island greatly exceeds the thermal energy. The analogous effect of 'photon blockade' has been proposed for the transport of light through an optical system; this involves photon-photon interactions in a nonlinear optical cavity. Here we report observations of photon blockade for the light transmitted by an optical cavity containing one trapped atom, in the regime of strong atom-cavity coupling. Excitation of the atom-cavity system by a first photon blocks the transmission of a second photon, thereby converting an incident poissonian stream of photons into a sub-poissonian, anti-bunched stream. This is confirmed by measurements of the photon statistics of the transmitted field. Our observations of photon blockade represent an advance over traditional nonlinear optics and laser physics, into a regime with dynamical processes involving atoms and photons taken one-by-one.     

一种应用型单片机实验实训系统的设计

论述一种应用型单片机实验实训系统的组成和功能,阐述所述系统的开关量接口电路的设计特点、实验实训流程设计思路,给出一个本系统运用实例。所述系统开出的单片机实验实训项目有利于学生在单片机方面应用能力和创新能力的培养。     

Tunable ion-photon entanglement in an optical cavity

Proposed quantum networks require both a quantum interface between light and matter and the coherent control of quantum states. A quantum interface can be realized by entangling the state of a single photon with the state of an atomic or solid-state quantum memory, as demonstrated in recent experiments with trapped ions, neutral atoms, atomic ensembles and nitrogen-vacancy spins. The entangling interaction couples an initial quantum memory state to two possible light-matter states, and the atomic level structure of the memory determines the available coupling paths. In previous work, the transition parameters of these paths determined the phase and amplitude of the final entangled state, unless the memory was initially prepared in a superposition state (a step that requires coherent control). Here we report fully tunable entanglement between a single (40)Ca(+) ion and the polarization state of a single photon within an optical resonator. Our method, based on a bichromatic, cavity-mediated Raman transition, allows us to select two coupling paths and adjust their relative phase and amplitude. The cavity setting enables intrinsically deterministic, high-fidelity generation of any two-qubit entangled state. This approach is applicable to a broad range of candidate systems and thus is a promising method for distributing information within quantum networks.     

Continuous in vitro generation of multipotential stem cell clones from src-infected cultures

A molecular recombinant of Rous sarcoma virus and murine amphotropic leukaemia virus, src(MoMuLV), where the avian src oncogene has been placed under the influence of a murine virus promoter sequence, has been reported. Infection of long-term marrow cultures with this virus led to a dramatic change in the relative numbers of stem cells, granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells and mature cells found in normal haematopoietic cell development. However, although the balance between self-renewal, differentiation and development was disturbed, injection of the cultured cells into irradiated syngeneic recipients did not lead to the development of leukaemia. Thus, although the control had been 'loosened', the host regulatory mechanisms were sufficient to impose a restraint on unlimited growth of the cells. We now show that the stem cells from the src-infected cultures show a remarkably increased capacity for self-renewal in vitro in situations which are inimical to the maintenance of self-renewal in normal uninfected stem cells and that self-renewal/differentiation can be modified by the culture conditions.     

2个原子与2个耗散腔场量子体系中的量子退相干

应用J-C模型与相互作绘景中的密度算符理论,研究了2个相互纠缠的理想腔体中2个二能级Rydberg原子与2个纠缠耗散腔场单光子共振相互作用过程中的量子退相干,得到了2个二能级原子的退相干因子.通过对数值计算,讨论了耗散系数和原子-光场相互作用耦合系数对原子态的量子相干性的演化特性的影响.结果表明,耗散系数和原子-光场相互作用强度不仅影响原子态的量子相干性的演化的振荡性,而且影响其演化的周期性.     

单片机控制IGBT逆变埋弧焊机的研制

针对IGBT逆变埋弧焊机设计了基于单片机80C196KC的控制系统,介绍了系统的软、硬件组成和控制原理.焊接电源采用PWM控制技术,通过电流反馈PI控制算法调节电源输出外特性.送丝及行走小车调速系统采用MOSFET型开关电源,采用电弧电压反馈PI算法,实现了送丝速度的闭环控制.研制的焊机具有参数预置、数字显示和自动引弧收弧等功能.试验结果表明,样机性能稳定,工作可靠,达到了设计要求.     

相位耗散腔QED系统中三体纠缠动力学的研究

利用加入非线性克尔介质的相位耗散腔QED系统,计算了系统的两体和三体量子纠缠,研究了非线性克尔介质对两体和三体纠缠动力学的影响。研究结果表明当非线性克尔系数χ和偶极偶极相互作用强度Ω取合适数值时,两原子间的稳态量子纠缠可以得到提高。另外,利用制备态保真度的方法对系统中的三体纠缠也进行了研究,发现随着时间的演化,真正的三体纠缠是可以在系统中出现的,特别,可以通过调整克尔系数χ和偶极偶极相互作用强度Ω来调节系统中三体纠缠出现的时间。