使用化学农药对农业生物多样性的影响

在综合近年来国内外研究结果的基础上,从遗传多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性3个尺度水平上,介绍了使用化学农药对农业生物多样性的负面作用及其影响;总结了加强我国化学农药的科学合理使用对农业区域生物多样性保护的一些具体对策和建议.     

金臂金龟

人类的存活全靠生态系统中的物种多样性，不论是我们吃的食物或者药物，穿的衣服，用的许多物品，燃料乃至呼吸的新鲜空气，居住的环境和欣赏的大自然都是仰赖生物的多样性、健康的生态系统。生物多样性如果持续减损，生态系统恶化，人类亦无法在地球上生活。     

物种多样性与干扰

随着近年来温室效应、环境污染、世界性缺水的加剧,荒漠化、沙尘暴、洪水、干旱、疾病的肆虐,可耕地、环境的退化,濒危物种的增多,生态系统的破坏及生物多样性的丧失等等,环保、生态系统的恢复与重建、生物多样性的保护日益成为人们关注的焦点。生物多样性不仅为人类提供了食品、医药保健及多种多样的工业原料,而且在调节气候、涵养水源、保护土壤、固定能量、促进生物能源循环等生态系统功能方面的作用,是任何活动都无法替代的。物种丰富的植物群落为生物多样性及日益减少的资源撑起了储存的仓库(Jonathan Silvertown等,1999)。生物多样性是生物及其环境形成的生态复合体及与其相关的各种生态过程的总和,它包括物种多样性、基因多样性、生态系统多样性(孙儒泳),近年来又提出了景观多样性。就生物多样性及其与干扰的关系进行初步探讨。     

生物多样性与生态系统功能:内涵与外延

从不同层次探讨了生物多样性和生态系统功能的内涵与外延，在此基础上提出了进行生物多样性和生态系统功能研究的启示．     

生物多样性刍议

生物多样性是生物及其组成的系统的总体多样性和变异性,或所有来源活的生物体的变异性,它包括物种的基因多样性或称遗传多样性,群落内部的物种多样性,景观中的群落多样性或称生态系统多样性.而景观多样性是指景观单元结构和功能方面的多样性,它包括了斑块多样性,类型多样性和格局多样性,主要研究组成景观的斑块在数量、大小、形状和景观类型的分布及其斑块之间的连接度、连通性等结构和功能上的多样性.显然,景观多样性与生物多样性无论在研究内容或方法上均有所不同,明显有别于生物多样性的概念与内涵, 而应是另类的多样性.因而,把景观多样性与遗传多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性并列为第四个层次的生物多样性是不确切的.     

生物多样性研究发展态势与挑战

在文献调研、专家咨询和文献计量分析的基础上,对国际生物多样性研究的发展历程进行了回顾,分析了国际生物多样性研究的发展态势和挑战。分析结果表明,国际生物多样性研究热点主要集中在植物多样性开发、生态保护、物种丰度、基因多样性、可持续管理、气候变化、森林、土壤、生态系统等方面,并面临以下新的形势与挑战：（1）生物多样性科学已成为联系生物学各学科以及相关科学领域的综合交叉研究领域;（2）人类社会与生物多样性的交互关系是生物多样性研究的核心内容;（3）观测监测网络成为国际生物多样性研究的关键平台;（4）长期、持续和更广泛范围的生物多样性调查和监测成为重要的工作方向;（5）先进技术成为生物多样性研究和保护的重要手段;（6）生物多样性评估工作正成为生物多样性可持续利用的基础性工作。最后,根据国际研究进展与特点提出了加强我国生物多样性研究的建议。     

CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITIY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA

生物多样性是生命系统的基本特征,也是生物有机体及其与环境之间复合而成的生态系统和各种有关生态过程的总和.生物多样性主要包括三个层次基因多样性、物种多样性，生态系统多样性.中国的幅员辽阔,生境复杂,气候多变,历史悠久,拥有丰富的植物、动物和微生物种类及不同的生态系统类型.多年来,我国采取了一系列措施和行动,旨在保护生物多样性,促进国家经济、人类社会和自然生态系统的持续发展.     

浅谈生物多样性保护与城市生态系统可持续发展的关系

生物多样性是人类赖以生存的物质基础,也是城市可持续发展的根本条件。本文从城市生态系统现状、生物多样性对城市生态系统的价值、保护城市生物多样性的方法等方面阐述了生物多样性保护与城市生态系统可持续发展的关系。     

江苏自然湿地的生物多样性特点

江苏自然湿地总面积为 9.97× 10 5hm2 .湿地景观可分为海岸带湿地景观、洲滩湿地景观、湖泊湿地景观、沼泽湿地景观和河流湿地景观 ,面积分别为 3.0 5× 10 5hm2 、4 .6× 10 4 hm2 、4 .2 1× 10 5hm2 、6 .8× 10 4 hm2 和 1.5 7× 10 5hm2 .江苏自然湿地生态系统可分为盐土生态系统、沼泽生态系统、水生生态系统和沙丘湿地生态系统 .湿地内物种丰富 ,高等植物有 4 84种 ,海岸带湿地已记载的鸟类有 2 4 1种 ,湖泊鱼类有 12 1种 (亚种 ) ;其中有 2种国家级珍稀濒危植物 ,31种国家重点保护野生脊椎动物 .江苏自然湿地生物多样性面临着人为干扰、海岸侵蚀、海平面上升、自然灾害加剧等问题 ,为此提出加强管理 ,建立湿地生物多样性生态模型 ,建立湿地生物多样性信息系统的建议 ,以保护江苏自然湿地的生物多样性     

探析环境污染对生物多样性的影响

人的行为会对环境造成破坏，环境污染会影响生态系统各个层次的结构、功能和动态，进而导致生态系统退化和生物多样性在遗传、种群和生态系统三个层次上降低。生物多样性保护是生态保护的核心内容之一，而环境影响评价是生物多样性保护的重要手段。随着人类活动对环境污染的不断加大，重视生物多样性的保护日益受到人们的关注。     

生物多样性研究热点与武陵山区生物多样性调查策略

本文从生物多样性与生态系统功能及其价值评估、生物多样性的保护对策的确定、人类活动对生物多样性的影响及生物安全、生物多样性的调查、编目及数字化信息系统的建立四个方面介绍了国际国内的研究进展,并根据国外对生物多样性的研究热点以及国内的现状,讨论了武陵山区生物多样性调查策略.     

Impacts of climate change on ecosystem in Priority Areas of Biodiversity Conservation in China

Priority Areas of Biodiversity Conservation （PABCs） are the key areas for future biodiversity conservation in China. In this study, we used 5 dynamic global vegetation models （DGVMs） to simulate the ecosystem function changes under future climate change scenario in the 32 terrestrial PABCs. We selected vegetation coverage, vegetation productivity, and ecosystem carbon balance as the indicators to describe the ecosystem function changes. The results indicate that woody vegetation coverage will greatly increase in the Loess Plateau Region, the North China Plain, and the Lower Hilly Region of South China. The future climate change will have great impact on the original vegetation in alpine meadow and arid and semiarid regions. The vegetation productivity of most PABCs will enhance in the coming 100 years. The largest increment will take place in the southwestern regions with high elevation. The PABCs in the Desert Region of Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang Plateau are with fastest productivity climbing, and these areas are also with more carbon sink accumulation in the future. DGVM will be a new efficient tool for evaluating ecosystem function changes in future in large scale. This study is expected to provide technical support for the future ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation under climate change.     

High plant diversity is needed to maintain ecosystem services

Biodiversity is rapidly declining worldwide, and there is consensus that this can decrease ecosystem functioning and services. It remains unclear, though, whether few or many of the species in an ecosystem are needed to sustain the provisioning of ecosystem services. It has been hypothesized that most species would promote ecosystem services if many times, places, functions and environmental changes were considered; however, no previous study has considered all of these factors together. Here we show that 84% of the 147 grassland plant species studied in 17 biodiversity experiments promoted ecosystem functioning at least once. Different species promoted ecosystem functioning during different years, at different places, for different functions and under different environmental change scenarios. Furthermore, the species needed to provide one function during multiple years were not the same as those needed to provide multiple functions within one year. Our results indicate that even more species will be needed to maintain ecosystem functioning and services than previously suggested by studies that have either (1) considered only the number of species needed to promote one function under one set of environmental conditions, or (2) separately considered the importance of biodiversity for providing ecosystem functioning across multiple years, places, functions or environmental change scenarios. Therefore, although species may appear functionally redundant when one function is considered under one set of environmental conditions, many species are needed to maintain multiple functions at multiple times and places in a changing world.     

Biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality

Biodiversity loss can affect ecosystem functions and services. Individual ecosystem functions generally show a positive asymptotic relationship with increasing biodiversity, suggesting that some species are redundant. However, ecosystems are managed and conserved for multiple functions, which may require greater biodiversity. Here we present an analysis of published data from grassland biodiversity experiments, and show that ecosystem multifunctionality does require greater numbers of species. We analysed each ecosystem function alone to identify species with desirable effects. We then calculated the number of species with positive effects for all possible combinations of functions. Our results show appreciable differences in the sets of species influencing different ecosystem functions, with average proportional overlap of about 0.2 to 0.5. Consequently, as more ecosystem processes were included in our analysis, more species were found to affect overall functioning. Specifically, for all of the analysed experiments, there was a positive saturating relationship between the number of ecosystem processes considered and the number of species influencing overall functioning. We conclude that because different species often influence different functions, studies focusing on individual processes in isolation will underestimate levels of biodiversity required to maintain multifunctional ecosystems.     

铁岭莲花湖湿地生物多样性研究进展

湿地生物多样性对于维持湿地生态功能和生态系统稳定有重要作用,湿地生物多样性研究的深入开展,对生物多样性保护和生态恢复具有重要意义,也为制定可持续利用规划提供可靠依据.简要介绍铁岭莲花湖湿地的自然概况,从植物种类的多样性、动物种类的多样性、植物群落的多样性和生物多样性评价几个方面,对现有研究成果进行评述,并对铁岭莲花湖湿地生物多样性的下一步研究进行展望.     

松花江三湖湿地生物多样性评价

从物种多样性和生态系统多样性角度对松花江三湖湿地生物多样性进行了评价,评价总分为70.5分,结果表明,该湿地范围内生物多样性较好.     

甘肃敦煌南湖自然保护区生物多样性及保护对策

敦煌南湖自然保护区面积11.06 km^2,以荒漠之中的湿地和候鸟为主要保护对象.相对西部其它荒漠地区而言,保护区内生物多样性丰富,植物群丛多样,重点保护鸟类众多.已查明物种283个,种子植物141种,动物142种,植被群落类型40个.针对保护区生物多样性面临的威胁,提出了生物多样性保护和可持续利用对策.     

生物多样性研究进展

综合了许多研究资料,就生物多样性的内涵及其研究热点进行了综合评述,生物多样性是 所有生物种类、种内遗传变异和它们生存环境的总称,按照空间尺度可分为遗传多样性、物种多样 性、生态系统多样性和景观多样性.并对生物多样性保护作了介绍.     

顺义区农林生物多样性多层次分析

 通过应用遥感、地理信息系统和野外样方调查的方法,从景观、生态系统、群落等层次对北京市顺义区农林生物多样性进行了分析。结果表明,该区域农田景观斑块较小、数量大、形状较规则,物种多样性不高,农林复合景观物种多样性较高;疏林地景观斑块面积差异大,破碎化程度高,不利于形成稳定的森林群落;有林地由于保护较好,斑块连通性较好,利于生物多样性保护,且群落组成丰富,乔灌草结构分明,物种多样性最高。多种方法的结合有利于从不同层次监测同一地区的生物多样性。     

The contribution of species richness and composition to bacterial services

Bacterial communities provide important services. They break down pollutants, municipal waste and ingested food, and they are the primary means by which organic matter is recycled to plants and other autotrophs. However, the processes that determine the rate at which these services are supplied are only starting to be identified. Biodiversity influences the way in which ecosystems function, but the form of the relationship between bacterial biodiversity and functioning remains poorly understood. Here we describe a manipulative experiment that measured how biodiversity affects the functioning of communities containing up to 72 bacterial species constructed from a collection of naturally occurring culturable bacteria. The experimental design allowed us to manipulate large numbers of bacterial species selected at random from those that were culturable. We demonstrate that there is a decelerating relationship between community respiration and increasing bacterial diversity. We also show that both synergistic interactions among bacterial species and the composition of the bacterial community are important in determining the level of ecosystem functioning.