Synthesis of the skeleton of the morphine molecule by mammalian liver

The possibility that morphine could be synthesized in animals has long been considered and a pathway in mammalian brain analogous to that in the opium poppy has been proposed. Substances have been detected in mammalian brain that are recognized by antisera raised against morphine. Recently we reported the presence of three such immunoreactive substances in bovine hypothalamus and adrenal, and in rat brain, and the definitive identification of two of them by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as morphine and codeine. Incorporation of a labelled precursor has demonstrated the biosynthesis of morphine in the opium poppy from tyrosine-derived units (see Fig. 1). Intramolecular coupling of reticuline to form salutaridine is the critical step that generates the morphine skeleton (morphinan) and the stereochemistry of the morphinan series. We now report the conversion in vivo and in vitro of reticuline to salutaridine by rat liver, but this conversion is not detectable in rat brain and bovine adrenal. This is the first direct demonstration of the synthesis of a morphinan in an animal tissue and also supports the hypothesis that morphine and codeine in brain and adrenal are of endogenous origin.     

超声-微波协同萃取-HPLC检测掺罂粟壳肉汤中的生物碱

为建立食品中可能出现的罂粟壳生物碱成分--吗啡、可待因、罂粟碱的提取和测定方法,用超声-微波协同萃取的方法提取罂粟壳中的生物碱,高效液相色谱法(HPLC)进行含量分析.其平均回收率分别为97.87%,96.80%,94.47%;精密度相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为0.070%,0.037%,0.029%;重现性相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为0.040%,0.209%,0.665%.本方法具有回收率高、灵敏度高、精密度高等优点,可适用于食品中罂粟壳生物碱的检测.     

Naloxone-reversible effect of opioids on pinocytosis in Amoeba proteus

A characteristic feature of induced pinocytosis in Amoeba proteus is the formation of broad channels by invagination of the cell membrane. This process, which requires Ca2+, occurs in response to depolarising cations. High Ca2+ levels reduce pinocytosis induced by cations such as Na+ and Tris+, whereas pinocytosis induced by K+ is less affected by Ca2+ (ref. 4). Agents which interfere with the calcium metabolism of the amoeba will therefore either stimulate or inhibit pinocytosis induced by Na+ (ref. 5). Among the agents which are supposed to reduce Ca2+ influx across cell membranes or otherwise decrease cellular availability of Ca2+ are the opiates and opioid peptides, high doses of which have been reported to affect the amoeba. Accordingly, Met-enkephalin, morphine and codeine potentiate the inhibition of pinocytosis caused by Ca2+-binding agents and reverse the calcium blockade of pinocytosis mediated by caffeine. In this report we show that pinocytosis induced by Na+ or Tris+ is suppressed by beta-endorphin, Metenkephalin and morphine. These effects were abolished or diminished by an opiate receptor antagonist, (-)naloxone, by increasing the Na+ concentration, or by addition of Ca2+.     

Crystal structure of the µ-opioid receptor bound to a morphinan antagonist

Opium is one of the world's oldest drugs, and its derivatives morphine and codeine are among the most used clinical drugs to relieve severe pain. These prototypical opioids produce analgesia as well as many undesirable side effects (sedation, apnoea and dependence) by binding to and activating the G-protein-coupled μ-opioid receptor (μ-OR) in the central nervous system. Here we describe the 2.8?? crystal structure of the mouse μ-OR in complex with an irreversible morphinan antagonist. Compared to the buried binding pocket observed in most G-protein-coupled receptors published so far, the morphinan ligand binds deeply within a large solvent-exposed pocket. Of particular interest, the μ-OR crystallizes as a two-fold symmetrical dimer through a four-helix bundle motif formed by transmembrane segments 5 and 6. These high-resolution insights into opioid receptor structure will enable the application of structure-based approaches to develop better drugs for the management of pain and addiction.     

毛细管气相色谱法分离检测鸦片毒品

建立了鸦片制品中海洛因,乙基吗啡,可待因,咖啡因及甲基安他明5种组分的毛细管气相色谱分离与检测方法,在选定条件下该法一次进样可以同时获得上述组分的基线分离,相对标准偏差在5．2％（n=6)以内,各组分的检出限在0．57－1．54ug/L,回收率为84．3％－99．5％。     

Structure of the δ-opioid receptor bound to naltrindole

The opioid receptor family comprises three members, the μ-, δ- and κ-opioid receptors, which respond to classical opioid alkaloids such as morphine and heroin as well as to endogenous peptide ligands like endorphins. They belong to the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily, and are excellent therapeutic targets for pain control. The δ-opioid receptor (δ-OR) has a role in analgesia, as well as in other neurological functions that remain poorly understood. The structures of the μ-OR and κ-OR have recently been solved. Here we report the crystal structure of the mouse δ-OR, bound to the subtype-selective antagonist naltrindole. Together with the structures of the μ-OR and κ-OR, the δ-OR structure provides insights into conserved elements of opioid ligand recognition while also revealing structural features associated with ligand-subtype selectivity. The binding pocket of opioid receptors can be divided into two distinct regions. Whereas the lower part of this pocket is highly conserved among opioid receptors, the upper part contains divergent residues that confer subtype selectivity. This provides a structural explanation and validation for the 'message-address' model of opioid receptor pharmacology, in which distinct 'message' (efficacy) and 'address' (selectivity) determinants are contained within a single ligand. Comparison of the address region of the δ-OR with other GPCRs reveals that this structural organization may be a more general phenomenon, extending to other GPCR families as well.     

BAM8-22对吗啡耐受的影响

采用缩足反射观察椎管内注射感觉神经元特异性受体(SNSR)激动剂牛肾上腺髓质8-22肽(BAM8-22)对吗啡耐受的影响.结果表明,椎管内注射BAM8-22(0.1nmol)后,吗啡抗伤害作用的半数有效剂量由耐受时的80.99μg恢复至12.38μg(P<0.001);隔天混合给予BAM8-22后,能显著延缓吗啡耐受,第6天吗啡抗伤害作用的半数有效剂量为14.84μg,与吗啡耐受组相比有极显著差异(P<0.001);但这两组动物吗啡的抗伤害作用没有达到正常吗啡组水平(P<0.05和P<0.01).连续椎管内单独注射BAM8-22 6d后,吗啡抗伤害作用的半数有效剂量为12.23μg,明显高于正常吗啡组(P<0.01),但又明显低于吗啡耐受组(P<0.001).而椎管内连续6d混合给予BAM8-22和吗啡,并不能阻止吗啡耐受.研究表明,椎管内注射BAM8-22能部分翻转或延缓吗啡的耐受,而BAM8-22的长期作用则会部分降低吗啡的抗伤害作用,提示感觉神经元特异性受体参与了阿片受体功能的调制.     

Polymorphism and absence of Leu-enkephalin sequences in proenkephalin genes in Xenopus laevis

The structures of the genes coding for the opioid peptide precursors proopiomelanocortin, proenkephalin (proenkephalin A) and prodynorphin (proenkephalin B), are known for some mammalian species. To gain insight into the evolutionary history of these precursors, we have examined the proenkephalin gene in the South African clawed toad, Xenopus laevis, which diverged from the principal line of vertebrate evolution some 350 Myr ago. The human proenkephalin gene consists of four exons, of which the main exon (exon IV) contains all known biologically active peptides--six Met-enkephalin sequences and one Leu-enkephalin sequence. We report here the primary structures of the putative main exons of two proenkephalin genes in X. laevis, each of which codes for seven Met-enkephalin sequences but no Leu-enkephalin, indicating that Met-enkephalin preceded Leu-enkephalin in the evolution of the proenkephalin gene. The organization of the main exons of the toad genes is remarkably similar to that of the human gene and conserved regions provide evidence for functionally significant structures. We also detect a polymorphism in one of the toad proenkephalin genes, mapping 1.5 kilobases (kb) 5' of the main exon; it is caused by an insertion/deletion of a 1-kb repetitive sequence which has the characteristics of a transposable element.     

野罂粟全草提取物对人外周血淋巴细胞微核率的影响

采用细胞培养技术，检测罂粟全草提取物对人外周血淋巴细胞微核率的影响，结果显示除1mg组微核率与阴性对照组无差异外，其余各浓度组均能导致人外周血淋巴细胞微核率升高，提取物各浓度组与微核率之间存在着明显的剂量关系，证明野罂粟全草提取物对人外周血淋巴细胞有遗传毒性．     

Opioids block long-term potentiation of inhibitory synapses

Excitatory brain synapses are strengthened or weakened in response to specific patterns of synaptic activation, and these changes in synaptic strength are thought to underlie persistent pathologies such as drug addiction, as well as learning. In contrast, there are few examples of synaptic plasticity of inhibitory GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)-releasing synapses. Here we report long-term potentiation of GABA(A)-mediated synaptic transmission (LTP(GABA)) onto dopamine neurons of the rat brain ventral tegmental area, a region required for the development of drug addiction. This novel form of LTP is heterosynaptic, requiring postsynaptic NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) receptor activation at glutamate synapses, but resulting from increased GABA release at neighbouring inhibitory nerve terminals. NMDA receptor activation produces nitric oxide, a retrograde signal released from the postsynaptic dopamine neuron. Nitric oxide initiates LTP(GABA) by activating guanylate cyclase in GABA-releasing nerve terminals. Exposure to morphine both in vitro and in vivo prevents LTP(GABA). Whereas brief treatment with morphine in vitro blocks LTP(GABA) by inhibiting presynaptic glutamate release, in vivo exposure to morphine persistently interrupts signalling from nitric oxide to guanylate cyclase. These neuroadaptations to opioid drugs might contribute to early stages of addiction, and may potentially be exploited therapeutically using drugs targeting GABA(A) receptors.     

两种给药途径注射吗啡对大鼠CCI模型的影响

通过建立坐骨神经慢性挤压伤模型（Chronic Constriction Injurymodel,CCI模型）,运用鞘内和腹腔给药技术,对比了2种给药途径单次注射不同剂量的吗啡对CCI大鼠机械性缩足反射阈值（MWT）的影响．结果显示,单次鞘内注射吗啡1μg·kg^-1,给药后1h和3h,在大鼠CCI模型上的镇痛作用与单次腹腔注射吗啡1mg·kg^-1的镇痛作用相当,与单次腹腔注射吗啡0．5mg·kg^-1和0．1mg·kg^-1的镇痛作用具有显著性差异（P〈0．05）．这表明鞘内注射吗啡在大鼠CCI镇痛模型上具有用量小、效果好等优点,对于筛选产量小、难提取,但作用效果明显的镇痛药物具有明显的优越性．     

A novel analgesic dipeptide from bovine brain is a possible Met-enkephalin releaser.

It is generally accepted that morphine exerts its analgesic effect by binding to specific opiate receptors in the brain and spinal cord. Since Hughes et al. isolated and identified two endogenous pentapeptides, Met- and Leu-enkephalin, from the brain and found that they acted as agonists at opiate receptors, alpha-, beta- and gamma-endorphins, larger peptides than enkephalins and having morphine-like activity, have been identified in either the brain or pituitary of various species. Several studies have demonstrated that enkephalins possess analgesic properties and that they are distributed in the pain-mediated pathways in the central nervous system. These findings suggest that enkephalins are important neurotransmitters or neuromodulators regulating pain transmission. We now report the isolation of a novel substance which has a Met-enkephalin releasing action. Our findings suggest the possibility of a regulating mechanism for the release of endogenous opioid peptides, especially Met-enkephalin.     

A dynorphinergic pathway of Leu-enkephalin production in rat substantia nigra

The amino acid sequence of the opioid peptide Leu-enkephalin is found within several larger peptides, which are generated from the precursors proenkephalin and prodynorphin. Proenkephalin contains four copies of the sequence of Met-enkephalin, a single copy of the sequence of Leu-enkephalin and one copy each of two extended Met-enkephalin sequences. Proenkephalin contains three peptides--alpha-neo-endorphin, dynorphin A and dynorphin B--the N-terminal sequences of which are identical to that of Leu-enkephalin. There is good evidence that the large amounts of Leu-enkephalin found in the adrenal medulla are generated from the precursor proenkephalin, but as yet prodynorphin has not been shown to be processed to yield Leu-enkephalin. We show here that the relatively high levels of Leu-enkephalin found in the rat substantia nigra are supplied by striatonigral axons and generated from the precursor prodynorphin.     

基于特征碘离子的非靶向筛查鉴定河北省地下水中碘化消毒副产物

联合高分辨质谱和碘化消毒副产物(I-DBPs)的特征质谱性质, 建立一套完整的非靶向分析方法。以河北省17口监测井为研究对象, 筛查地下水样品中I-DBPs的种类、数量及分布。共筛选出含有同分异构体的I-DBPs疑似离子2408种, 其中不同质荷比的数量为839, 远高于以往研究报道的I-DBPs数量。疑似I-DBPs离子中, 对碘离子响应强度排前十位的离子进行结构鉴定, 其中响应强度排前两位的两种离子被鉴定为酚类I-DBPs, 其发育毒性比对应的脂肪族I-DBPs高数十至数百倍。进一步的分析结果表明, 酚类I-DBPs是样品中主要的I-DBPs 类型之一。最后, 通过主成分分析, 讨论2408种疑似I-DBPs的分布特征。根据主成分分数, 筛选出明显偏离其他采样点的3个采样点。根据装载因子, 通过高斯混合模型对疑似I-DBPs进行聚类, 得到4类离子, 其中3类离子分别属于3个离群采样点的特征污染物。这些结果表明, I-DBPs的分布在河北省内的不同地区具有明显的差异性和复杂性。     

Regulation of the G1-S transition in postembryonic neuronal precursors by axon ingrowth.

In the newly cellularized Drosophila embryo, progress through the cell cycle is regulated at the G2-M transition. We have examined cell-cycle regulation later in Drosophila development, in a group of postembryonic neuronal precursors. The S-phase precursor cells, which generate photoreceptor target neurons (lamina neurons) in the central nervous system, are not present in the absence of photoreceptor innervation. Here we report that axons selectively approach G1-phase precursors. Without axon ingrowth, lamina precursors do not enter their final S phase and by several criteria, arrest in the preceding G1 phase. These findings provide evidence that at this stage in development the control of cell division can occur at the G1-S transition.     

毛细管区带电泳测定两种生物碱与牛血清白蛋白的结合常数研究

采用毛细管电泳淌度移动法研究盐酸麻黄碱、磷酸可待因与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的结合常数.使用未涂层弹性石英毛细管柱75μm×60cm(有效长度50cm),在pH 7.40、浓度25mmol/L Tris-HCl的电泳缓冲溶液及分离电压20kV,紫外检测波长214nm,温度37℃的条件下,测得盐酸麻黄碱、磷酸可待因与BSA的结合常数分别为1.46×104 L/mol和0.75×104 L/mol.该法简单、快捷,可用于研究结合比为1∶1的药物小分子与生物大分子的相互作用.     

高管过度自信、政治联结与并购绩效——基于中国民营上市公司的实证研究

信息不充分时,过度自信的高管往往因高估自身能力而导致较差的并购绩效.增加高管信息是减少此种不良并购绩效的关键,政治联结也因增加高管信息而有利于并购绩效.当过度自信的高管具有政治联结时,其获取信息增多,从而改善了不良的并购绩效.基于深沪两市民营上市公司2004～2007年间发生的411起并购数据,使用事件研究方法、多元回归方法和方差图分析方法,研究发现：（1）高管过度自信对并购绩效有显著的负向影响,支持了自大理论;（2）高管政治联结并非直接、正向地影响并购绩效,而是通过削弱高管过度自信对并购绩效的负面影响来发挥作用.这一发现不仅表明了高管政治联结的新＂用途＂,也表明了自大理论适用的一个新的＂边界条件＂.     

"三软"厚煤层综放开采顶煤运移特征分析

针对“三软”厚煤层在综放开采情况下的顶煤运移变形特征,采用深基点位移观测法在预采顶分层和一次采全高两种情形下对顶煤的变形运移特性进行了现场观测及对比分析,从中得出两种情形下顶煤运移特征的异同点。本文结论对类似地质条件下的“三软”综放工作面确定合理的生产工艺参数提供了依据。     

Do human platelets have opiate receptors?

In their study of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)-sensitive adenylate cyclase (AC) in rat brain homogenates, Collier and Roy claimed that the activity of this enzyme is inhibited by opiates. They also proposed that opiates exert their analgesic and allied effects by inhibiting AC of neurones that are normally stimulated by E prostaglandins. Studies using neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells supported this hypothesis. However, subsequent studies with mammalian brain and rat brain tissue slices yielded conflicting results. PGE1 also inhibits platelet aggregation, probably through activation of platelet AC. Gryglewski et al. showed that morphine inhibits the anti-aggregating effect of PGE1 on ADP- and adrenaline-induced platelet aggregation, and suggested that the inhibition by morphine is mediated through platelet AC activity. We report here our attempts to reproduce the results of Gryglewski et al. and our examination of the effect of morphine on PGE1-sensitive AC activity in platelet lysates and on PGE1-induced accumulation of cyclic AMP in intact platelets. The possible existence of opiate receptors in platelets was also assessed by direct binding studies with 3H-etorphine. In contrast to Gryglewski et al., we could not detect any effect of opiates on the aggregation of human platelets, nor did we find any other evidence supporting the presence of opiate receptors in these cells. Thus we conclude that the presence of opiate receptors in human platelets is unlikely.     

阿片类物质的外周镇痛作用

就外周阿片受体的分布和阿片类物质的外周镇痛作用及机制的相关研究进展进行综述.阿片类物质的镇痛作用通过中枢和外周两种机制,研究表明:阿片类物质的外周镇痛作用是通过外周阿片受体起作用的.初级感觉神经元内及其外周末梢上存在着各类阿片受体,在炎症及神经损伤的情况下,阿片受体合成增加并转运到神经末梢或者受损部位,增加传导痛觉冲动...