无线Ad Hoc网络中MAC协议改进策略的研究

文章通过在传统的 IEEE 802.11 MAC帧的头部增加1个表征信道状态的字段,提供一种通信机制来解决隐藏节点问题;提出了一种具有邻居媒质意识的MAC(New-MAC)协议,当冲突发生时,该协议的后退算法使发射端能够根据本地和邻居的信道使用指数合作地调整竞争窗口大小,避免了采用IEEE 802.11 MAC 协议时节点之间出现的盲目竞争,从而改善了上层TCP 业务的公平性和吞吐量.     

一种多机会确认的无线可靠广播机制

在无线网络中,控制命令的发布采用广播方式.为了提高广播业务的可靠性,针对传统的泛洪广播协议中没有确认机制,不能直接用于低时延、高可靠应用场景的缺陷,提出一种基于多机会确认的可靠广播机制.利用无线信道开放的广播特性和两跳邻节点路由信息,通过转发节点选择、监听转发、转发捎带及邻节点辅助确认4种方式,实现广播分组业务的可靠传输.NS2仿真结果表明,提出的多机会可靠广播机制,在降低广播业务传输开销同时,其递交率优于采用载波侦听机制的广播协议的递交率.     

一种基于立体交通场景的CAB广播路由算法

针对立体交通环境下,经典车载自组网广播协议可能出现的数据误传率高、网络延时大、传输不可靠等问题.提出了一种基于路侧单元装置(RSU, Road Side Unit)的准确高效的广播算法CAB(Cubic traffic Adaptive Broadcast Routing Algorithm).该算法根据立体交通不同的应用场景,将广播分为前向、后向和全向类型.同时,通过特殊hello包交换邻居节点信息.通过统计邻居表信息来选择下一跳转播节点,以达到缩短广播时延,提高广播效率的目的.针对立体交通中数据误传率高的问题,引入了车道判别方案和一跳广播确认机制提高其传输的可靠性.使用NS-3和VanetMobiSim仿真结果表明,与现有经典的广播算法相比,该协议在立体交通场景下有更好的包到达率、更轻的网络负载和更低的传输时延.     

一种基于网络编码的速率自适应多播MAC协议

针对现有IEEE 802.11协议在无线局域网多播应用中存在可靠性差、吞吐性能不佳等诸多缺陷,提出了一种基于网络编码的速率自适应多播MAC协议RAMPNC.该协议采用网络编码组传输模型发送多播数据,使多播接收节点通过对累积的编码帧进行解码操作恢复出所需的原始数据.此外,RAMPNC利用RTS/CTS 握手信号实现信道状态信息交换,并根据多播接收节点反馈的信道信噪比估值动态调整源端的物理层发送速率.通过使用NS-2模拟器评估RAMPNC协议性能,结果显示,该协议在多播吞吐量,平均帧传输延时和帧投递率等方面获得了比已有ELBP和ARSM协议更好的性能.     

一种分布式车联网多跳信息广播协议

传统车联网通过蜂窝网进行信息传输，该传输方式延迟时间较长，难以应用于实时性高的报警信息的传输.然而，通过宽带无线网络的多跳广播方式，传输报警信息可以有效地减少延时.针对分布式车联网的特点，提出了基于地理位置、面向发送端的多跳交替广播协议AMBP(alternatingmulti hopbroadcastprotocol).首先，根据邻居车辆信息表中记录的车辆节点信息，选择下一跳中继节点.然后，利用邻居车辆信息表中的信息，计算交替信息发送阈值.最后，根据报警信息数据帧长度与交替信息发送阈值的关系，采取不同的发送策略.实验结果表明，AMBP协议降低了丢包率，减小了多跳传输延迟和延迟抖动，适合应用在分布式车联网环境.     

无线自组织网络可靠组播MAC协议

为了在无线自组织网络的MAC层中更好地提供可靠组播,在尽量少修改IEEE 802.11协议的原则下提出了一个可靠组播MAC协议RMMP(reliable multicast MAC protocol).首先由源节点组播RRTS(reliable RTS)帧,各接收节点依次回复RCTS(reliable CTS)帧;源节点在收到所有RCTS后,组播N个RDATA(reliable DATA)帧,各接收节点收到第N个要求回复的RDATA帧后依次回复RACK(reliable ACK)帧,然后源节点重传丢失帧.RMMP协议提高了MAC层组播可靠性.最后运用NS-2仿真软件对该协议进行验证,结果表明,RMMP在包投递率、吞吐量性能上都有很大的提高,实现了MAC层可靠组播,其代价是平均端到端时延略大.     

一种面向实时业务的Ad Hoc网络退避自适应拥塞控制协议

该文对IEEE 802.11分布协调功能DCF(Distributed coordination function)进行改进,提出一种实时退避自适应拥塞控制(RBA-CC)协议.RBA-CC协议有两项重要更变:(1)将迅速交换和快速转发机制应用于多跳Ad Hoc网络,减轻了MAC层的流间竞争和流内竞争,从而提高实时业务的传输效率;(2)依据节点的队列瞬间状态确定拥塞状况,让ACK帧携带下一跳节点的拥塞指示信息,以便实现上一跳节点的自适应退避拥塞控制.对RBA-CC协议的仿真结果显示:RBA-CC协议能够降低实时业务数据包的时延,并有效提高网络端到端的饱和吞吐量.     

基于网络编码的无线局域网多播MAC协议及性能分析

针对现有IEEE 802.11协议无法提供可靠多播服务的缺陷,提出一种基于网络编码的无线局域网多播MAC协议MPNC.该协议对已有的ELBP协议进行了扩展,采用网络编码组传输模型发送多播数据.对于多播源节点,采用随机线性码对多播数据帧进行编码组合发送;对于多播接收节点,在接收的编码帧累积到一定数量后通过解码操作恢复出所需的原始数据.该方案有效减少了多播数据帧的发送次数,从而提高了无线带宽的利用效率.基于终端信道竞争的二维马尔可夫链模型,推导了差错信道下MPNC协议在网络饱和状态下的吞吐量理论表达式.最后,使用NS-2模拟器评估MPNC协议在不同信道误比特率和多播节点数目下的性能.仿真结果表明,MPNC比已有LBP和ELBP协议获得更优的吞吐量性能,并验证了理论分析的正确性.     

无线单跳场景下基于网络编码的新型传输模型

为了解决无线链路易出错从而降低传输效率以及由于重传导致数据流间传输不公平的问题,基于网络编码思想提出了一种新的编码组重传模型.在无线单跳信道易错场景下,利用无线广播传输和重传特性,设计了基于编码组重传模型的新型单跳传输算法.根据编码系数产生方式的不同,该算法又分为随机编码组重传算法和启发编码组重传算法.实验结果表明:编码组重传算法的传输延迟和吞吐量略差于单播ARQ传输技术,在信道突发出错情景下,单播ARQ传输技术吞吐量急剧下降,而编码组重传算法下的吞吐量能够维持稳定.编码组重传算法能够有效保证无线传输效率以及数据间传输的公平性.     

一种基于监听邻居信息的AODV本地修复算法

AODV在路由维护阶段,引起较大的端到端延迟和路由开销,针对这一问题提出了一种基于监听邻居信息的快速修复机制—AODV-ONI.通过监听邻居节点的信息,发现断路的上游节点向其下两跳或下一跳节点发送单播路由请求,完成查找和快速修复任务.如果发现断路的上游节点不满足快速修复和本地修复条件,则由其前驱节点根据自身邻居信息发起补充路由修复.通过理论分析和仿真实验证明,改进后的修复机制能够有效地降低数据延迟、减少路由开销,同时使得分组投递率有所提高.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.