酚醛树脂基活性炭微球的制备及其电化学性能

以苯酚和甲醛为原料,盐酸为催化剂,制备醇溶性酚醛树脂前驱体,探讨炭化温度对炭微球性能的影响,并将炭微球在3 mol/L HNO3溶液中活化后得到活性炭微球。利用红外光谱、X线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、循环伏安、恒流充放电、循环寿命等对该材料进行表征及电化学性能测试。研究结果表明:炭微球的最佳炭化温度为750℃,在该温度下制备的炭微球具有良好的球形形貌,其结构为部分石墨化的无定形炭;活性炭微球作为电容器电极材料具有良好的电化学性能,在1 mV/s扫描速度下比电容达到247.8 F/g;在0.5 A/g电流密度充放电下扣式超级电容器比电容高达60 F/g,且充放电循环5 000次后比电容几乎没有衰减。     

基于花瓣球形聚苯胺制备多孔炭的研究

以花瓣球形的聚苯胺(PANI)为前驱体,经炭化和KOH活化制备出球形结构的多孔炭.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、低温N2吸脱附、X射线衍射(XRD)以及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等分析手段对多孔炭的形貌、结构和元素组成进行表征,并探讨了炭化温度对多孔炭电化学性能的影响.结果表明:炭化和活化温度分别为750℃和850℃时,获得的多孔炭为直径约2μm的球形粒子,其比表面积高达2 496.6m2/g,并具有合适的多级孔结构分布.当电流密度为0.5A/g时,合成的多孔炭比电容值高达247F/g;当电流密度增大到20A/g时,比电容量仍有182F/g,表现出优良的倍率性能;在电流密度为10A/g的条件下,经1 000次恒电流充放电循环后,其比电容量保持率为102%.     

离子液体溶解法制备超级电容碳及其电化学性能研究

文章以高纤维素废纸屑为原料，利用无机离子液体进行选择性表面溶解处理，得到具有润胀特性的胶状前驱体，在不同温度条件下热解制备生物质多孔碳。800℃下生物质多孔碳比表面积为1 276.3 m²/g,电化学测试结果表明，其具有较高的比电容(271 F/g),经过1 000次循环，电容保持率为90.3%。为了进一步提升超级电容器的电化学性能，在1 mol/L H₂SO₄电解液中加入15 g (NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂·6H₂O,超级电容器的比电容得到显著提升，电流密度为10 A/g时，比电容为439 F/g,为原电容器(221 F/g)的2倍。研究结果可为生物质多孔碳超级电容器制备提供参考。     

以镍氨离子诱导的氧化煤基沥青凝胶制备多孔炭的研究

煤焦油沥青是制备多孔炭材料的一种重要原料,具有高碳含量和低成本的优点。通过用浓硫酸/硝酸氧化煤沥青制备出氧化沥青(Pitch Oxide,简称PO),并利用PO的水溶性,引入镍氨,使二者发生静电作用形成凝胶。在干燥和碳化过程中,镍氨充当模板。经过碳化和KOH活化后,由PO和镍氨凝胶所制备的多孔炭(PC)具有较高的比表面积和较大的孔体积,优化后的PC比表面积可达到1 871.2 m~2/g,孔体积可达到1.17 cm~3/g。在6.0 mol/L KOH电解质中,优化后PC的电容(C_s)在电流密度为0.25 A/g时可达到248.1 F/g。其组装的对称电容器在62.5 W/kg的功率密度下,能量密度可达到8.61 Wh/kg,并具有良好的循环稳定性(10 000次循环后C_s保持86.1%)。     

MnO2/碳纳米球电化学超级电容器电极材料的制备与性能研究

利用水热法合成了纳米棒状的MnO_2/碳纳米球(CNPs)作为电化学超级电容器的电极材料.利用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、X射线衍射光谱分析(XRD)对样品的微观形貌、物相进行分析;利用循环伏安法和恒电流充放电测试材料的电化学性能.结果表明:纳米棒状MnO_2/CNPs复合材料具有良好的电化学性能.在0.1 A/g的电流密度,1 mol/L Na_2SO_4电解液中,电极材料的比电容高达305.6 F/g,远高于纯碳球的比电容(49.3 F/g),当电流密度增至5 A/g时,材料的比电容为235 F/g,比电容仍能保持76.9%.     

脲醛树脂前驱体碳微球形貌调控及电化学性能研究

为了探究原料配比对脲醛树脂形貌及碳微球电化学性能的影响,通过改变尿素、甲醛与甲酸的物质的量比,制备了三种不同微纳结构的脲醛树脂微球,再在氮气保护下800℃裂解,获得了相应的碳微球。采用上述脲醛树脂前驱体制备的花状碳纳米微球(NUFC-3)作为电极材料,在三电极体系中开展电化学性能研究。结果表明,在1 A/g的电流密度下,比电容(Cs)为189 F/g;在20 A/g的电流密度下,Cs为145 F/g,其保留率为76.7%。该脲醛树脂为前驱体的碳微球具有制备方法简单、成本低廉及电化学性能优异等优点,有望在电化学储能领域获得应用。     

无机-有机杂化策略制备二维纳米碳材料及其电容性能研究

通过无机-有机杂化的方式,将葡萄糖插层到六水合氯化高铁层板间,采用一步碳化和酸刻蚀技术制备得到二维结构纳米碳材料。利用扫描电镜、透射电镜、热重分析仪、X射线衍射、拉曼光谱等表征方法对样品的微观结构和组成进行了分析。以6 mol/L KOH为电解液,采用三电极体系对所得的二维纳米碳材料进行电化学测试。结果表明,在0. 5 A/g电流密度下,所制备的二维碳材料质量比电容可以到达236 F/g,当电流密度上升到10 A/g,比电容依然能维持在201 F/g,比电容保持率为85. 2%,具有良好的倍率性能;同时该电极还具有优异的循环稳定性,经过1 000次充放电循环过程,比容量几乎无衰减。     

海藻酸钠修饰LDH制备多孔炭及其电化学性质

研究分别以Mg-Al-LDH,Zn-Cr-LDH和Mg-Cr-LDH为模板,海藻酸钠为前驱体在600℃下炭化制备的多孔炭发现,多孔炭的BET比表面积从173m2/g增加到497m2/g,而海藻酸钠自身炭化所得多孔炭的比表面积仅为95m2/g。电化学研究表明,以Mg-Cr-LDH为模板制备的多孔炭(PC—4)电极的循环伏安曲线图形更接近矩形,阴极和阳极过程基本对称;在恒电流充放电实验中,50mA/g的电流密度下PC—4电极的电容为92F/g且电流密度为500mA/g时充放电循环1000次后电容损失小于1%。比表面积、孔结构和电化学研究表明,海藻酸钠修饰LDH制备的多孔炭具有作为超级电容器电极材料的潜在价值。     

球形多孔氧化钴/碳复合材料的制备及电容性能研究

采用水热合成和煅烧制备氧化钴/碳(Co3O4/C)复合材料,通过SEM、XRD、N2吸附实验等对该材料进行表征.制备的Co3O4/C复合材料为5μm大小,孔径约为30nm的多孔球形结构.在6mol/L的氢氧化钾溶液中进行电化学测试.结果表明,Co3O4/C复合材料具有良好的电容性能.在电流密度为1A/g时,比电容为143F/g.此外,Co3O4/C复合材料还表现出良好的循环稳定性,在1A/g的电流密度下,充放电循环1000次后,比电容保持率为77.8%.     

K2FeO4石墨化生物质多孔炭的制备及其电容性能

采用K₂FeO₄浸泡和热处理相结合的方法制备了石墨化柚子皮多孔炭(GSPC). 通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、比表面积分析(BET)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和拉曼光谱(Raman)对材料的形貌和组成进行表征. 使用循环伏安法(CV)、交流阻抗法(EIS)和恒流充放电法(GCD)研究了GSPC的电容性能. 结果表明:石墨化后材料的比表面积由75.91 m2/g增大到619.78 m2/g,孔容积由0.192 cm3/g增大到0.425 cm3/g;GSPC具有出色的双电层电容性能,在1 A/g的电流密度下,比电容达254 F/g,且具有优异的倍率性能(7 A/g的电流密度下,电容保持率为74%). 此外,GSPC电极在100 mV/s下循环10 000次的比电容没有衰减,具有优异的循环稳定性. 此研究可为开发廉价的高性能生物质炭基材料提供新思路.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that