短尾拟鲿头骨的研究

短尾拟鲿头骨结构中无顶骨、后耳骨、下鳃盖骨,有续软骨存在;犁骨、前颌骨;齿骨上密生铺石状牙齿;上颌骨和腭骨分别特化成粒状和棒状小骨,用以支持触须;舌颌骨、方骨、中翼骨、外翼骨发育良好;前鳃盖骨失去鳃盖作用而参与悬器形成;上枕骨具成对的三叉神经叉脊支神经孔。     

黄颡鱼头骨的研究

黄颡鱼头骨共有126块,无顶骨、后耳骨和下鳃盖骨,有续软骨存在.犁骨、前颌骨、齿骨上都具铺石状牙齿,上颌骨、腭骨不具齿而成棒状小骨支持触须.舌颌骨、方骨、中翼骨、外翼骨发育良好.前鳃盖骨失去鳃盖作用而参与悬器的形成.     

瓦氏黄颡头骨的研究(英文)

本文对瓦氏黄颡头骨形态作了详细描述,并对鲶形目续骨的退化和前鳃盖骨功能的转变进行了讨论。通过对鲿科、鲶科、鮡科、胡子鲶科和鲤科共8种鱼类头骨的比较观察,发现鲶类头骨的又一显著特征,即上枕骨上有一对三叉神经叉脊支神经孔。 瓦氏黄颡的头骨由125块(含软骨)组成,其中脑颅37块,咽颅86块(颌弓20,舌弓37,鳃弓31)。其头骨的主要特点可归纳如下: (1)无顶骨、后耳骨和下鳃盖骨; (2)腭骨呈棒状,后端游离,前端与上颌骨关节;上颌骨退化成短棍状以支持触须。 (3)上枕骨具发达的柄状上枕棘及腹脊,以及一对三叉神经叉脊支神经孔。 (4)前囟和后囟均存在,且较宽,表明其在进化上的原始性; (5)由泪骨、侧筛骨、筛骨、鼻骨和前颌骨构成的框架保护其发达的鼻囊; (6)由4对围眶骨和侧筛骨、额骨保护其较发达的眼; (7)前鳃盖骨与舌颌骨、方骨紧密关节,间鳃盖骨紧贴在上舌骨的外面,均参与悬器的形成; (8)鳃弓骨化不全,仅骨化出2枚基鳃骨、2对下鳃骨;相当于基一下鳃骨区域的其余部分终生保留为软骨; (9)具软骨性续骨。     

沟鲹骨骼系统的研究——兼与鲹科某些种类比较

对沟鲹骨骼系统的特征进行了观察,并比较其与蓝圆鲹、美长吻鲹、游鳍叶鲹及镰鳍裸胸鲹等4种鲹科鱼类的差别,结果表明,它们脑颅上的上筛骨、侧筛骨、犁骨、额骨、眶下骨、蝶耳骨、翼耳骨和上耳骨等,咽颅上的前上颌骨、腭骨、舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和上枕骨等;肩带上的主后颞骨、后颞骨、上匙骨、后匙骨等均有明显的差异,其中某些特征可能是...     

长吻鮠骨骼的研究

这篇文章是对长吻(鱼危)骨骼的描述. 长吻(鱼危)是我国的一种经济鱼类.它们生活在河流的底层,其骨骼系统比鲤科鱼类有较大的变形. 颅骨有长的额骨形成船形结构.有后额骨,但无顶骨、续骨、下鳃盖骨及间鳃盖骨.前鳃盖骨缩窄为一斜的赘骨向内延伸,并连接成悬器的侧支架.上枕骨的长柄被坚固的关节在背鳍的第一根鳍条上. 梨骨、前颌骨和齿骨上都有一系列的牙齿,但上颌骨不具齿并异常特化为一小骨以支持触须. 舌颌骨、方骨和中翼骨发育良好,三叉形的(?)骨游离在梨骨的下面,围眼骨系缺乏.这些都是鲶形目的特点. 脊柱由40个脊椎组成.也许目的在于支持重大的颅骨,第一到第五个脊椎愈合成一复合的脊椎被连接在基枕骨上. 肩带坚实由上匙骨.匙骨.肩胛骨和鸟啄骨组成,有两块基鳍骨和11根鳍条在肩带的后面. 腰带只由一块基翼骨(盆骨)组成,有六根鳍条在基翼骨后面,     

侧条光唇鱼的年轮特征

观察了侧条光唇鱼鳞片、脊椎骨、主鳃盖骨和耳石的年轮特征.鳞片分区明显,环片清晰常呈U型,年轮主要为疏密型,切割型较少见,偶见副轮;脊椎骨为明暗交替的同心环纹,近中心处年轮不清晰;主鳃盖骨为明暗交替的L型环带平行分布,L型的拐角处或其附近较明显;耳石年轮围绕中心核呈弧状排列,轮纹特征在后区清晰.鳞片为侧条光唇鱼年龄鉴定材料,脊椎骨、主鳃盖骨和耳石可用于辅助鉴定.     

大头狗母鱼骨骼系统研究

常规方法制备大头狗母鱼骨骼标本,记录观测结果并绘图.其主要形态特征为:缺眶上骨,眶下骨7块,第1块特大,第4~7块呈不规则的颗粒状.上筛骨短宽.具眶蝶骨.前耳骨发达,向外鼓出明显.有下颞窝.前颌骨和齿骨具发达的锥形齿.腭骨有锥形齿2列,基鳃骨也有锥形齿.第2~4咽鳃骨和下咽骨有齿.主后颞骨和后颞骨有小齿.腰带骨基部愈合.     

南海北部近海5种石斑鱼的骨骼系统比较研究

为揭示骨骼系统在石斑鱼类的物种鉴定和系统进化关系研究中的应用潜力,本研究采用传统的骨骼系统比较法分析南海北部近海的尾纹九棘鲈(Cephalopholis urodeta)、鸢鮨(Triso dermopterus)、青石斑鱼(Epinephelus awoara)、拟青石斑鱼(E.fasciatomaculosus)和断带石斑鱼(E.craigi)等3属5种石斑鱼类的骨骼特征。结果显示,在分析的15种骨片中,中筛骨、额骨、翼耳骨、上枕骨、前鳃盖骨、上匙骨、尾舌骨等7种骨片显示出明显的属特征。尾纹九棘鲈的骨片形态结构总体较简单,而鸢鮨和石斑鱼属(Epinephelus)石斑鱼的骨片形态结构更为分化且复杂,并且二者具有相似类型的骨片数最多(8种)。有10种骨片可将断带石斑鱼与青石斑鱼、拟青石斑鱼有效区分,其中翼蝶骨、蝶耳骨、翼耳骨、上枕骨和前鳃盖骨等5种骨片在断带石斑鱼中显示出显著的种类特性。青石斑鱼和拟青石斑鱼的主要骨骼差异在于额骨、前鳃盖骨、上匙骨。本研究的结果支持了鸢鮨属(Triso)与石斑鱼属有较为密切的亲缘关系以及九棘鲈属(Cephalopholis)是较石斑鱼属更为原始的一个独...     

安徽巢湖下三叠统初始巢湖裂齿鱼的再研究

初始巢湖裂齿鱼(Chaohuperleidus primus)产自安徽省巢湖市马家山采石场南陵湖组上段地层(早三叠世奥伦尼克期斯帕斯亚期), 由于模式材料保存很差, 其骨骼学特征未被完整地记述。依据模式材料及同一层位发现的 3 件保存完整的新材料, 补充描述初始巢湖裂齿鱼的骨骼解剖信息, 修正其属征, 复原其头骨的骨骼模式。修正后的巢湖裂齿鱼属征支持以往的分类学结论, “顶骨与膜质翼耳骨愈合形成的骨块具有发育的前、中、后凹线, 鳃盖骨与下鳃盖骨高度近等, 下鳃盖骨具大的圆形前背突”是该属可能的近裔性状。巢湖裂齿鱼属与裂齿鱼属(Perleidus)的形态特征最相似, 除可能的近裔性状外, 与后者不同之处是次眶骨、鳃条骨和轴上鳍条的数量更多。依据巢湖裂齿鱼属头骨的骨骼特征, 与以往错误地归入裂齿鱼目的早三叠世类群及裂齿鱼目内最相近的类群进行解剖学比较和讨论, 为新鳍鱼类干群的谱系分析提供新的解剖学依据。     

乌鳢Ophiocephalus argus Cantor骨骼系统的研究

本文整理和详细观察了鸟鳢骨骼系统的结构特征。据研究,乌鳢脑颅的鳃弓和颌弓上有圆锥齿和绒毛状细齿。下颞窝和后颞窝发达。这些构造都与其捕食习性相适应。乌鳢第一鳃弓的咽鳃骨,舌弓的舌颌骨构成鳃上器官。脊椎骨的数目幼鱼和成鱼有所区别。     

A Middle Jurassic 'sphenosuchian' from China and the origin of the crocodylian skull

The skull of living crocodylians is highly solidified and the jaw closing muscles are enlarged, allowing for prey capture by prolonged crushing between the jaws. Living species are all semi-aquatic, with sprawling limbs and a broad body that moves mainly from side-to-side; however, fossils indicate that they evolved from terrestrial forms. The most cursorial of these fossils are small, gracile forms often grouped together as the Sphenosuchia, with fully erect, slender limbs; their relationships, however, are poorly understood. A new crocodylomorph from deposits in northwestern China of the poorly known Middle Jurassic epoch possesses a skull with several adaptations typical of living crocodylians. Postcranially it is similar to sphenosuchians but with even greater adaptations for cursoriality in the forelimb. Here we show, through phylogenetic analysis, that it is the closest relative of the large group Crocodyliformes, including living crocodylians. Thus, important features of the modern crocodylian skull evolved during a phase when the postcranial skeleton was evolving towards greater cursoriality, rather than towards their current semi-aquatic habitus.     

Feeding mechanisms: Hummingbird jaw bends to aid insect capture

The upper jaws of birds, unlike those in many tetrapods, move relative to the skull and are often flexible along their length, whereas the lower jaw (mandible) is usually a rigid structure formed by the fusion of several bones, flexing only where it meets the skull. Here we describe a previously unnoticed mandibular bending movement in hummingbirds, in which the distal half of the mandible is actively flexed downwards and the gape widens to catch flying insects. The hummingbird is thought to have developed a long narrow bill as it specialized in feeding on floral nectar, but the bird's need to supplement its diet with insects must have contributed to the surprising flexibility of its jaw.     

Evolutionary biology: lamprey Hox genes and the origin of jaws

The development of jaws was a critical event in vertebrate evolution because it ushered in a transition to a predatory lifestyle, but how this innovation came about has been a mystery. In the embryos of jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes), the jaw cartilage develops from the mandibular arch, where none of the Hox genes is expressed; if these are expressed ectopically, however, jaw development is inhibited. Here I show that in the lamprey, a primitively jawless (agnathan) fish that is a sister group to the gnathostomes, a Hox gene is expressed in the mandibular arch of developing embryos. This finding, together with outgroup comparisons, suggests that loss of Hox expression from the mandibular arch of gnathostomes may have facilitated the evolution of jaws.     

翘嘴红鲌Erythroculter ilishaeformis的头骨结构及其对捕食习性的适应

本文根据翘嘴红鲅鲌头骨的研究,研究结果表明,其头骨构造的特点与捕食相适应。     

嘉陵江鲿科鱼类骨学研究（Ⅲ）─—头骨的比较

对从嘉陵江合川至北碚段收集的４属１１种科鱼类脊头骨作了系统的比较研究。结果表明，属、黄颡鱼属、拟属和属在下颞骨的有无，嗅神经孔和舌颌骨与颅骨关节面的构成，泪骨的形态，上枕骨嵴的长短及其与背鳍第一辐鳍骨的关系，颅骨的比例性状等方面具有一分明显的属间差异，头骨形态亦可作为种间分类的重要依据之一。     

Transitional mammalian middle ear from a new Cretaceous Jehol eutriconodont

The transference of post-dentary jaw elements to the cranium of mammals as auditory ossicles is one of the central topics in evolutionary biology of vertebrates. Homologies of these bones among jawed vertebrates have long been demonstrated by developmental studies; but fossils illuminating this critical transference are sparse and often ambiguous. Here we report the first unambiguous ectotympanic (angular), malleus (articular and prearticular) and incus (quadrate) of an Early Cretaceous eutriconodont mammal from the Jehol Biota, Liaoning, China. The ectotympanic and malleus have lost their direct contact with the dentary bone but still connect the ossified Meckel's cartilage (OMC); we hypothesize that the OMC serves as a stabilizing mechanism bridging the dentary and the detached ossicles during mammalian evolution. This transitional mammalian middle ear narrows the morphological gap between the mandibular middle ear in basal mammaliaforms and the definitive mammalian middle ear (DMME) of extant mammals; it reveals complex changes contributing to the detachment of ear ossicles during mammalian evolution.     

草原沙蜥和避役骨骼解剖分析——游舌部蜥蜴(Ascalabotans)骨骼比较

以草原沙蜥和避役的骨骼解剖为素材,证明它们是较原始的蜥蜴,两者共同的原始性为:颞窝宽大,顶骨呈板状,牙齿三尖,下颌板骨前端参加下颌联合,环椎的间椎体同神经弧松散结合,荐椎无分化,尾椎脉弧呈Y型,腕骨超过9枚。各自的原始性状:草原沙蜥为顶骨孔发达,上颞骨存在,腭部骨片未退缩,而且排列位置未变。避役为上颞弧由后眶鳞骨构成。归纳喙头蜥、(?)鳞蜥、草原沙蜥和避役的骨骼结构,为原始蜥蜴特征提供新的证据。同时分析了游舌部蜥蜴的系统发育关系。