HeLa/GFP-H2B 细胞系的构建及对其有丝分裂进程的动态观察

准确的染色体分离依赖于有丝分裂过程的精确调控,包括有丝分裂的时间,及纺锤体检查点的正确调控等。通过动态观察有丝分裂染色体的运动可对上述研究进行精确定量。结果显示,利用逆转录病毒系统成功构建了稳定融合表达绿色荧光蛋白GFP—H2B的HeLa细胞系,结合细胞同步化方法,建立了一套利用活细胞荧光共聚焦显微镜观察HeLa细胞有丝分裂的实验体系。     

HeLa/GFP-α-tubulin/GFP-CENP-A 细胞系的构建及对其有丝分裂的观察

有丝分裂中染色体的正确排列及准确地分离依赖于一系列的分子调控机制;其中微管的精确组装与运动发挥着重要的调控作用。微管功能调控异常可导致基因组不稳定性,从而促进肿瘤的发生;同时许多以微管为靶点的抗肿瘤药物被临床广泛应用。为了在细胞水平更好地研究微管的作用机制,利用慢病毒系统构建了稳定表达绿色荧光蛋白GFP-tubulinα及GFP-cenp A的HeLa细胞系,通过实时成像的激光共聚焦显微镜,实现了对HeLa细胞在有丝分裂期微管运动的动态观察,为研究肿瘤的发生机制及抗肿瘤药物的作用机理提供了实验基础。     

三极细胞有丝分裂中期纺锤体的激光共聚焦显微镜观察

用松胞素 Ｂ（ Ｃｙｔｏｃｈａｌａｓｉｎ Ｂ, Ｃ Ｂ）处理培养的 Ｈｅｌａ 细胞,抑制胞质分裂,引起 Ｈｅｌａ 细胞发生不正常分裂,可形成多极细胞（三极、四极等）．通过荧光免疫染色法显示多极细胞有丝分裂中期的微管,使用激光共聚焦显微系统观察三极细胞纺锤体和中期染色体的空间相对关系,推测了纺锤体微管的分布与有丝分裂后期染色体分离的相关性．本方法还可用于研究有丝分裂期纺锤体微管对胞质分裂分裂沟形成的影响．     

凋亡素融合蛋白在HeLa细胞中的转导及体外活性分析

研究胞外超氧化物歧化酶(EC-SOD)的肝素结合域(HBD)在HeLa细胞中的转导活性,并证实HBD具有运载药物蛋白(凋亡素)进入细胞并诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的能力。通过克隆表达的HBD-EGFP融合蛋白经Ni2+-NTA纯化后,观察其转导活性;并利用HBD-凋亡素融合蛋白表达纯化后,用噻唑蓝(MTT法)检测肿瘤细胞的凋亡。结果表明:用荧光显微镜可观察到HeLa细胞内有绿色荧光;MTT法检测表明凋亡素融合蛋白能诱导HeLa细胞的凋亡;HBD具有转导活性,能携带药物蛋白(凋亡素)进入细胞并能诱导HeLa细胞的凋亡。     

大蒜根尖细胞在观察有丝分裂中的应用

介绍大蒜根尖细胞有丝分裂标本的制备方法。该方法适用于课堂教学中对正常植物组织有丝分裂过程的观察。由于细胞中的微核、染色体畸变极易识别,也可用于检测环境诱变剂。     

核仁蛋白RRP15在细胞有丝分裂期的表达与定位

为了明确核糖体RNA加工蛋白15(RRP15)在细胞周期不同时期的表达情况与亚细胞定位,以稳定表达GFP-RRP15的He La细胞为实验材料,利用细胞同步化以及蛋白免疫印迹方法研究RRP15在细胞周期不同时期的表达情况,利用细胞免疫荧光染色以及活细胞成像检测RRP15在有丝分裂期的亚细胞定位,利用染色体提取探究RRP15与有丝分裂期细胞染色体的关系.结果发现,RRP15在整个细胞周期中均有稳定表达,且在G1期表达微量上调;在有丝分裂期,RRP15定位于染色体外周和中小体,始终伴随染色体,且染色体外周定位不依赖于DNA.     

葎草单染色体的显微分离及DOP-PCR技术体系建立

葎草是具有XX/XY1Y2性染色体系统的雌雄异株植物,是研究植物性染色体演化的模式材料之一.利用染色体显微分离技术从葎草根尖有丝分裂中期分裂相中将单条染色体进行了显微分离及DOP-PCR(Degenerate oligonucleotide primer-PCR)扩增,并构建了单染色体DOP-PCR扩增产物的荧光探针,对葎草根尖有丝分裂中期分裂相染色体进行了荧光原位杂交,其结果表明荧光信号分布在所有的染色体上,表明所建立的技术体系能够成功分离葎草单染色体并进行DNA扩增.本研究结果为进一步进行葎草X,Y染色体的细胞及分子生物学研究提供了技术支持.     

紫杉醇诱导HeLa细胞凋亡的研究

目的：探讨紫杉醇抑制HeLa细胞生长的机制。方法：经荧光染色、电镜观察细胞形态,DNALadder及流式细胞仪检测凋亡细胞。结果：紫杉醇作用24h经荧光染色细胞呈不均一亮蓝色,作用48h细胞被染成红色,电镜观察可见细胞变小,染色质浓缩并产生凋亡小体,DNALadder未见明显的梯形条带,流式细胞仪检测紫杉醇作用24h细胞凋亡。结论：紫杉醇可诱导细胞凋亡,也可直接杀伤HeLa细胞,而且以后者为主。     

佛手叶挥发油对HeLa细胞形态与结构的影响

探讨了佛手叶挥发油对HeLa细胞形态与结构的影响.采用噻唑蓝(MTT)法检测细胞活力,倒置显微镜、荧光显微镜和电子显微镜观察细胞形态与结构的变化,免疫荧光结合激光共聚焦显微镜观察微管的分布.结果表明:佛手叶挥发油能够抑制HeLa癌细胞的增殖,呈剂量和时间依赖性;不同浓度的佛手叶挥发油处理HeLa癌细胞24 h后,低剂量(200μg/mL)佛手叶挥发油使HeLa细胞皱缩,染色质凝集,出现凋亡小体,微管解聚,表现为典型的凋亡特征;中、高剂量(400和800μg/mL)佛手叶挥发油使HeLa细胞膜裂解,内容物外泄,细胞碎片增多,表明细胞已坏死.     

镉对蒜根尖细胞分裂的影响

蒜小鳞茎在不同浓度的镉溶液中处理２４－４８小时后，观察到随着Ｃｄ浓度的递增或培养时间的延长，根尖细胞有丝分裂的指数下降，分裂细胞异常率增高，分裂细胞异常主要表现为低毒的染色体Ｃ－有丝分裂，染色体桥等。     

Chromosome nondisjunction yields tetraploid rather than aneuploid cells in human cell lines

Although mutations in cell cycle regulators or spindle proteins can perturb chromosome segregation, the causes and consequences of spontaneous mitotic chromosome nondisjunction in human cells are not well understood. It has been assumed that nondisjunction of a chromosome during mitosis will yield two aneuploid daughter cells. Here we show that chromosome nondisjunction is tightly coupled to regulation of cytokinesis in human cell lines, such that nondisjunction results in the formation of tetraploid rather than aneuploid cells. We observed that spontaneously arising binucleated cells exhibited chromosome mis-segregation rates up to 166-fold higher than the overall mitotic population. Long-term imaging experiments indicated that most binucleated cells arose through a bipolar mitosis followed by regression of the cleavage furrow hours later. Nondisjunction occurred with high frequency in cells that became binucleated by furrow regression, but not in cells that completed cytokinesis to form two mononucleated cells. Our findings indicate that nondisjunction does not directly yield aneuploid cells, but rather tetraploid cells that may subsequently become aneuploid through further division. The coupling of spontaneous segregation errors to furrow regression provides a potential explanation for the prevalence of hyperdiploid chromosome number and centrosome amplification observed in many cancers.     

Cdc48/p97 promotes reformation of the nucleus by extracting the kinase Aurora B from chromatin

During division of metazoan cells, the nucleus disassembles to allow chromosome segregation, and then reforms in each daughter cell. Reformation of the nucleus involves chromatin decondensation and assembly of the double-membrane nuclear envelope around the chromatin; however, regulation of the process is still poorly understood. In vitro, nucleus formation requires p97 (ref. 3), a hexameric ATPase implicated in membrane fusion and ubiquitin-dependent processes. However, the role and relevance of p97 in nucleus formation have remained controversial. Here we show that p97 stimulates nucleus reformation by inactivating the chromatin-associated kinase Aurora B. During mitosis, Aurora B inhibits nucleus reformation by preventing chromosome decondensation and formation of the nuclear envelope membrane. During exit from mitosis, p97 binds to Aurora B after its ubiquitylation and extracts it from chromatin. This leads to inactivation of Aurora B on chromatin, thus allowing chromatin decondensation and nuclear envelope formation. These data reveal an essential pathway that regulates reformation of the nucleus after mitosis and defines ubiquitin-dependent protein extraction as a common mechanism of Cdc48/p97 activity also during nucleus formation.     

NaCl对大蒜根尖细胞有丝分裂的影响

以大蒜根尖为材料,用不同浓度的NaCl溶液(0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20,0.25mol.L-1)分别处理大蒜根尖24h、48h和72h。通过常规染色体压片技术观察发现:大蒜根尖细胞的有丝分裂指数随着处理液浓度的增加和处理时间的延长而下降,并且出现了染色体断裂、染色体桥、多极化、不均等分裂等畸变现象,说明NaCl作为一种胁迫因子,对大蒜根尖细胞的有丝分裂有抑制作用,且具有遗传毒性效应。     

Inhibition of mitosis by an antibody to the mitotic calcium transport system

Calcium ions are important in the regulation of mitotic apparatus assembly and in the control of chromosome movement. Changes in intracellular free calcium concentration, [Ca2+]i are achieved by an intracellular calcium-transport system which is highly conserved in different cell types. A membrane-bound protein of relative molecular mass (Mr) 46,000 (46K) is part of this transport system and has been implicated in the regulation of the [Ca2+]i changes associated with the course of mitosis. A monoclonal antibody against this 46K protein inhibits Ca2+-uptake into isolated Ca2+-sequestering membranes and specifically labels membranes associated with the mitotic apparatus of sea urchin embryos. Here we investigate the relationship between the intracellular calcium transport system and mitosis by injection of this monoclonal antibody into living mitotic sea urchin embryos. We find that after injection the intracellular free calcium increases up to 10(-6) M, the mitotic apparatus is rapidly destroyed and the cell is irreversibly blocked in its development.     

Protein kinase TTK interacts and co-localizes with CENP-E to the kinetochore of human cells

Spindle checkpoint is an important biochemical signaling cascade during mitosis which monitors the fidelity of chromosome segregation, and is mediated by protein kinases Mps1 and Bub1/BubR1. Our recent studies show that kinesin-related motor protein CENP-E interacts with BubR1 and participates in spindle checkpoint signaling. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying spindle checkpoint signaling, we carried out proteomic dissection of human cell kinetochore and revealed protein kinase TTK, human homologue of yeast Mps1. Our studies show that TTK is localized to the kinetochore of human cells, and interacts with CENP-E, suggesting that TTK may play an important role in chromosome segregation during mitosis.     

Cell division

In creating the mitotic spindle and the contractile ring, natural selection has engineered fascinating precision machines whose movements depend upon forces generated by ensembles of cytoskeletal proteins. These machines segregate chromosomes and divide the cell with high fidelity. Current research on the mechanisms and regulation of spindle morphogenesis, chromosome motility and cytokinesis emphasizes how ensembles of dynamic cytoskeletal polymers and multiple motors cooperate to generate the forces that guide the cell through mitosis and cytokinesis.     

铅锌对蒜根尖细胞的遗传毒理作用

用不同浓度(100～400mg/L)的铅锌溶液处理蒜小鳞茎,发现随着培养时间的延长和浓度的增加,对细胞的毒害加重,表现为细胞有丝分裂指数下降而分裂细胞异常率增高。分裂细胞异常主要表现为染色体粘连,染色体桥,染色体解体,微核及核解体等,但锌对蒜根的毒害作用明显低于铅。     

A MAP kinase-dependent actin checkpoint ensures proper spindle orientation in fission yeast.

The accurate segregation of chromosomes at mitosis depends on a correctly assembled bipolar spindle that exerts balanced forces on each sister chromatid. The integrity of mitotic chromosome segregation is ensured by the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) that delays mitosis in response to defective spindle organisation or failure of chromosome attachment. Here we describe a distinct mitotic checkpoint in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, that monitors the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton and delays sister chromatid separation, spindle elongation and cytokinesis until spindle poles have been properly oriented. This mitotic delay is imposed by a stress-activated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway but is independent of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC).     

铅锌对蒜根尖的毒害作用

用不同浓度（１００～４００ｍｇ／Ｌ）的铅锌溶液处理蒜小鳞茎,发现随着培养时间的延长和浓度的增加,毒害加重,外观表现为根尖生长受阻;内部表现为细胞有丝分裂指数下降而分裂细胞异常率增高。分裂细胞异常主要表现为染色体粘连,染色体桥,染色体解体,微核及核解体等,但锌对蒜根的毒害作用明显低于铅。