Universal scaling relations in food webs

The structure of ecological communities is usually represented by food webs. In these webs, we describe species by means of vertices connected by links representing the predations. We can therefore study different webs by considering the shape (topology) of these networks. Comparing food webs by searching for regularities is of fundamental importance, because universal patterns would reveal common principles underlying the organization of different ecosystems. However, features observed in small food webs are different from those found in large ones. Furthermore, food webs (except in isolated cases) do not share general features with other types of network (including the Internet, the World Wide Web and biological webs). These features are a small-world character and a scale-free (power-law) distribution of the degree (the number of links per vertex). Here we propose to describe food webs as transportation networks by extending to them the concept of allometric scaling (how branching properties change with network size). We then decompose food webs in spanning trees and loop-forming links. We show that, whereas the number of loops varies significantly across real webs, spanning trees are characterized by universal scaling relations.     

植物体中多胺代谢及其功能研究进展

多胺广泛参与植物的生长发育以及对各种环境胁迫的响应.综合介绍了多胺的生物合成,多胺的转运与降解过程;同时总结了植物体中多胺功能的研究方法,并对多胺研究的发展前景作以展望.     

高等植物氮素转运蛋白研究进展

土壤中植物所利用的主要外源氮素形态是硝态氮和铵态氮,NRT,AMT转运蛋白分别介导它们在植物根系的吸收及体内的运输,氨基酸、酰脲和多肽类等有机态氮也可在相应的转运蛋白的作用下被植物吸收利用.本文概述了近年来在硝态氮、铵态氮及有机氮素转运蛋白生物学功能与调控及其与植物氮营养等方面的最新研究进展,并对今后关于氮素转运蛋白研究的方向做了展望.     

矮牵牛缺氮、缺磷、缺钾植株的形态和生理指标的变化

利用对照的试验方法，探讨了矮牵牛在缺素条件下外部形态和内部生理指标的变化，指出了氮、磷和钾元素不同的生理作用。缺氮处理25d的矮牵牛植株叶色淡绿，下部叶片发黄，叶柄短而纤弱，叶绿素含量较对照植株叶绿素含量减少20％左右；缺磷植株叶片呈暗绿色，部分植株的茎部和叶片出现紫红色，叶子小而狭，叶柄短而纤弱；缺钾植株叶子有缺绿斑和坏死斑出现，叶子变厚，叶柄变短。矮牵牛缺钾植株叶片中可溶性糖含量高于根部；矮牵牛缺磷植株叶片中可溶性糖含量低于根部。     

植物高光胁迫与自由基代谢研究进展

本文综述了植物在高光胁迫下体内自由基引发的伤害,以及植物自由基清除系统对自由基伤害的防御。从自由基代谢的角度来观察植物高光胁迫下的反应     

Fractal geometry predicts varying body size scaling relationships for mammal and bird home ranges

Scaling laws that describe complex interactions between organisms and their environment as a function of body size offer exciting potential for synthesis in biology. Home range size, or the area used by individual organisms, is a critical ecological variable that integrates behaviour, physiology and population density and strongly depends on organism size. Here we present a new model of home range-body size scaling based on fractal resource distributions, in which resource encounter rates are a function of body size. The model predicts no universally constant scaling exponent for home range, but defines a possible range of values set by geometric limits to resource density and distribution. The model unifies apparently conflicting earlier results and explains differences in scaling exponents among herbivorous and carnivorous mammals and birds. We apply the model to predict that home range increases with habitat fragmentation, and that the home ranges of larger species should be much more sensitive to habitat fragmentation than those of smaller species.     

高寒草甸51种菊科植物种子大小变异及其对种子萌发的影响研究

对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸51种菊科植物的种子大小变异及其对种子萌发的影响进行了研究,结果表明:该植物群落中菊科植物的种子百粒重为0.0034～1.599 g,种子的大小变异接近于3个数量级,种子大小呈现对数正态分布.80%的物种种子百粒重为0.0034～0.4000 g,表明该草地群落菊科植物中小种子植物占绝对优势.种子大小与萌发速度系数(CV)呈极显著负相关;与萌发速率指数(GR)呈显著负相关;种子大小与萌发百分数(G)、萌发时滞(L)以及萌发集中度(CD)没有显著的相关关系.     

Regulation of nitrogen metabolism genes by nifA gene product in Klebsiella pneumoniae

The Klebsiella pneumoniae nifA gene product, which is known to activate expression of the nitrogen fixation (nif) structural genes, is shown here also to be able to substitute for the product of the gene glnG (ntrC) in the regulation of other nitrogen metabolism genes. An evolutionary relationship between the nifA and glnG genes is suggested.     

Universal alignment of hydrogen levels in semiconductors,insulators and solutions

Hydrogen strongly affects the electronic and structural properties of many materials. It can bind to defects or to other impurities, often eliminating their electrical activity: this effect of defect passivation is crucial to the performance of many photovoltaic and electronic devices. A fuller understanding of hydrogen in solids is required to support development of improved hydrogen-storage systems, proton-exchange membranes for fuel cells, and high-permittivity dielectrics for integrated circuits. In chemistry and in biological systems, there have also been many efforts to correlate proton affinity and deprotonation with host properties. Here we report a systematic theoretical study (based on ab initio methods) of hydrogen in a wide range of hosts, which reveals the existence of a universal alignment for the electronic transition level of hydrogen in semiconductors, insulators and even aqueous solutions. This alignment allows the prediction of the electrical activity of hydrogen in any host material once some basic information about the band structure of that host is known. We present a physical explanation that connects the behaviour of hydrogen to the line-up of electronic band structures at heterojunctions.     

螺旋锥齿轮数控切齿机通用运动学变换

直接从数控加工原理出发 ,根据传统带摇台的、机械式加工机床的结构和运动规律 ,利用矩阵变换的方法 ,推导出一种通用的螺旋锥齿轮万能数控切齿机运动学变换方程 .利用该方法 ,可以简单、方便地在万能数控切齿机上实现原有格里森制螺旋锥齿轮加工 .同时给出了计算公式 .     

温性荒漠草原不同功能型草本植物对氮沉降的响应

采用野外人工外源施加氮素模拟氮沉降的方式,设置0、1.75、3.50、7.00、14.00 g/m~2 5个氮素添加水平,研究荒漠化草原不同功能型草本植物的多样性、生产力及养分质量分数对氮素的响应.结果表明:一年生草本植物(AS)的丰富度、多度和生物量均在低的氮素添加水平下显著高于对照,而高的氮素添加水平对AS的影响则不显著.多年生禾本科(PG)和非禾本科(PF)植物的丰富度、多度和生物量均随着氮素添加水平的增大而逐渐下降,其中高氮水平对PG和PF的抑制作用最显著.AS根部和地上部的氮素质量分数在所有氮素添加水平下均显著高于不添加氮素的对照;PG和PF根部和地上部的氮素质量分数对外源氮素添加的响应一致,即根部的氮素质量分数均是在7.00、14.00 g/m~2的添加水平下显著高于对照,地上部的氮素质量分数均是在14.00 g/m~2的添加水平下显著高于对照.在极端干旱和氮素水平低下的荒漠化草原,氮沉降增加对草本植物群落物种多样性和生产力的影响存在种间差异,其中PG和PF有更强的缓冲能力,而.AS则表现出了更强的适应和利用能力.     

Effects of nitrogen fertilization strategies on nitrogen use efficiency in physiology, recovery, and agronomy and redistribution of dry matter accumulation and nitrogen accumulation in two typical rice cultivars in Zhejiang, China

Field experiments were conducted in farmers’ rice fields in 2001 and 2002 to study the effects of nitrogen (N) management strategies on N use efficiency in recovery (RE), agronomy (AE) and physiology (PE) and redistribution of dry matter accumulation (DMA) and nitrogen accumulation (NA) in two typical rice cultivars in Jinhua, Zhejiang Province. This study aimed mainly at identifying the possible causes of poor fertilizer N use efficiency (NUE) of rice in Zhejiang by comparing farmers’ fertilizer practice (FFP) with advanced site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) and real-time N management (RTNM). The results showed that compared to FFP, SSNM and RTNM reduced DMA and NA before panicle initiation and increased DMA and NA at post-flowering. There is no significant difference between SSNM and FFP in post-flowering dry matter redistribution (post-DMR) and post-flowering nitrogen redistribution (post-NR). These results suggest that high input rate of fertilizer N and improper fertilizer N timing are the main factors causing low NUE of irrigated rice in the farmer’s routine practice of Zhejiang. With SSNM, about 15% of the current total N input in direct-seeding early rice and 45% in single rice could be reduced without yield loss in Zhejiang, China.     

城市空间网络:标度、对称、复杂与优化--城市体系空间网络分形结构研究的理论总结报告

城市空间网络是学术界普遍关心的复杂性课题，这类课题的主要目标是借助后现代数学方法建立模型和设计模拟程序．发展城市空间网络的理论框架．本项研究以城市体系和交通网络为主要对象．借助网络结构与等级体系的数理转换关系．成功地实现了城市网络的数学抽象与模型建设．初步形成了关于城市地理系统的新的解释体系、主要理论成果包括地理空间层次的划分、城市系统标度定律的规范与变换、熵与效用最大化的对偶转换模型、自组织城市网络的发育机制、城市地理规律的对称与对称破缺等等．标度律及其对称性是城市系统的数理本质所在．复杂化为其外在演变特征．自组织优化为其内在发展趋势。     

Effect of stream channel size on the delivery of nitrogen to the Gulf of Mexico

An increase in the flux of nitrogen from the Mississippi river during the latter half of the twentieth century has caused eutrophication and chronic seasonal hypoxia in the shallow waters of the Louisiana shelf in the northern Gulf of Mexico. This has led to reductions in species diversity, mortality of benthic communities and stress in fishery resources. There is evidence for a predominantly anthropogenic origin of the increased nitrogen flux, but the location of the most significant sources in the Mississippi basin responsible for the delivery of nitrogen to the Gulf of Mexico have not been clearly identified, because the parameters influencing nitrogen-loss rates in rivers are not well known. Here we present an analysis of data from 374 US monitor ing stations, including 123 along the six largest tributaries to the Mississippi, that shows a rapid decline in the average first-order rate of nitrogen loss with channel size--from 0.45 day (-1) in small streams to 0.005 day (-1) in the Mississippi river. Using stream depth as an explanatory variable, our estimates of nitrogen-loss rates agreed with values from earlier studies. We conclude that the proximity of sources to large streams and rivers is an important determinant of nitrogen delivery to the estuary in the Mississippi basin, and possibly also in other large river basins.     

南方6类挺水植物净化污水氮素的对比试验研究

[目的]对比研究各类挺水植物对污水中总氮和氨氮的净化效果和机理.[方法]筛选水芹菜、鱼腥草、再力花、风车草、花叶芦竹和香根草6类挺水植物,采用室外大棚无土水培种植试验,定期检测4类污水总氮与氨氮含量、pH、DO及植物生理指标、环境温度.[结果]① 在试验前14 d,各类植物对污水中氨氮和总氮的去除率快速升高,到第21天...     

基于大型藏文语料库的藏文字符、部件、音节、词汇频度与通用度统计及其应用研究

在考察、借鉴上百年来国内外对德、英、汉、蒙、藏等语种所作的文字计量研究,特别是各种汉文字词频度统计研究成果的基础上,论述了基于大型藏文语料库的藏文字符、部件、音节、词汇频度与通用度统计、分析的理论与方法及其实现过程 该项研究是一项基础性研究,首次实现了大规模藏文词汇频度与通用度统计,具有一定的创新性 其成果有助于藏族基础教育和扫盲教育的语言文字教学,对藏语语言学研究和藏文信息处理领域的许多方面具有重要应用价值