氧化石墨烯对高羊茅光合固碳特征的影响

为了探究碳纳米材料对草坪植物光合固碳的影响，采用氧化石墨烯（GO）和高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea Schreb）为实验材料，通过向土壤中添加不同质量分数（1%、3%和5%）的GO进行高羊茅培植，分析了固碳相关指标，包括植物生长、光合参数、光合色素含量、糖含量、糖合成酶活性对GO的响应特征.结果表明：1%GO处理对高羊茅的光合固碳特征没有显著影响，而3%和5%处理显著抑制了植物生长，降低了光合参数、光合色素含量、糖含量和糖合成酶活性，且各指标随着GO质量分数的增加而降低.与对照组相比，5%GO处理下高羊茅的地下鲜重、净光合速率、蔗糖含量和蔗糖合成酶活性分别降低了57.9%、35.3%、56.5%和36.1%.由此可知，高浓度GO处理会显著抑制高羊茅的光合作用，阻碍植物生长，降低植物固碳能力.     

大肠杆菌酶基因缺失菌株碳中心代谢系统的代谢通量分析

大肠杆菌(E.coli)因其遗传信息简单且容易培养而被广泛用作各种生物化学、生物技术研究的模式微生物.为了认识重要模式生物大肠杆菌的代谢系统中各种酶的作用,以软件分析的模式,对已经构建好的小型大肠杆菌代谢系统在cobra中进行代谢通量平衡分析FBA(Flux-Balance Analysis)和代谢通量变化性分析FVA(Flux Variability Analysis),分别单独敲除代谢系统中的25个酶基因,分析敲除各个酶基因后的FBA和FVA的计算结果,通过作图显示出在大肠杆菌代谢系统中不同酶基因被敲除后每个反应的两项结果变化和不同酶基因被敲除后全部反应的两项结果的变化,以此来推测大肠杆菌代谢系统中各种酶所起的作用.     

荒漠地区土壤表层固碳作用研究进展

 干旱、半干旱地区的生态环境条件脆弱,光能自养生物在荒漠地区地表的物质循环和能量流动中起着重要作用。藻类和苔藓是荒漠地区地表普遍存在的固碳生物,不仅能够改善土壤的物理性质,起到保护土壤的作用,同时能够通过特定蓝藻的固氮作用增加土壤的氮含量,最重要的是这些固碳生物能够通过光合作用固定空气中的CO₂,是荒漠地区土壤表层固碳的主要贡献者。荒漠地区生态系统固碳量的研究也是研究全球气候变化的重要组成部分,固碳量的大小不仅受自然条件的约束,也与土壤表层固碳生物（主要是藻类和苔藓）的组成密切相关。当土壤中仅有丝状蓝藻存在时固碳速率较低,随着绿藻等高等藻类和苔藓的出现,固碳速率快速增加。本文综述了荒漠地区土壤表层固碳生物组成和影响地表固碳的因素,回顾和展望了地表固碳的研究方法。     

维生素对乳酸菌细胞活性和代谢途径相关酶活性的影响

研究了拟干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus paracasei)发酵生产乳酸过程中,添加维生素对菌体生长、细胞活性、产酸,以及在碳流代谢中与乳酸生物合成密切相关的4种酶[乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)、丙酮酸脱氢酶(PDC)和丙酮酸羧化酶(PC)]活性的影响。结果显示:维生素添加促进了菌体生长,使乳酸产量提高了42.47%;同时降低了发酵过程中菌体的死亡率,降低的最大幅度可达53.46%;PFK和LDH的活性比对照有提高,最大幅度达62.30%和126.65%,PDC的活性在发酵中期也有一定的提高,但PC的活性变化很小。实验结果表明:组合维生素的添加可以提高乳酸菌的活性,同时使代谢通量有利于乳酸生成。     

海洋硅藻三角褐指藻生长及光合作用对阳光UV辐射的响应

以海洋硅藻三角褐指藻为研究对象,将其置于全波段阳光辐射(PAB,280-700 nm)、阳光辐射滤除UV-B(PA,320-700 nm)以及光合有效辐射PAR(P,400-700 nm)3种辐射处理下进行培养,以探讨阳光UVR对其生长及光合作用的影响.研究发现,在低PAR条件下(日辐射剂量小于1.34 MJ/m2时),UVR的存在对三角褐指藻的生长表现促进作用;而随着辐射剂量的增加,UVR对生长的抑制效应突显.在73.6 w/m2 UV-A及2.24 W/m2UV-B辐射水平下,三角褐指藻PSⅡ的有效光化学效率下降为P处理下的24%,碳酸酐酶活性被完全抑制,其光合固碳速率被抑制84%,表明高辐射水平下UVR显著抑制三角褐指藻的光合作用,从而导致生长速率降低.     

海洋硅藻三角褐指藻生长及光合作用对阳光UV辐射的响应

以海洋硅藻三角褐指藻为研究对象,将其置于全波段阳光辐射（PAB, 280—700nm）、阳光辐射滤除UV-B（PA, 320—700nm）以及光合有效辐射PAR （P, 400—700nm）3种辐射处理下进行培养,以探讨阳光UVR对其生长及光合作用的影响.研究发现,在低PAR条件下（日辐射剂量小于1.34MJ/m2时）,UVR的存在对三角褐指藻的生长表现促进作用;而随着辐射剂量的增加,UVR对生长的抑制效应突显.在73.6W/m2 UV-A及2.24W/m2 UV-B辐射水平下,三角褐指藻PSⅡ的有效光化学效率下降为P处理下的24%,碳酸酐酶活性被完全抑制,其光合固碳速率被抑制84%,表明高辐射水平下UVR显著抑制三角褐指藻的光合作用,从而导致生长速率降低．     

莱茵衣藻生长和光合作用对硝基苯的响应

初步研究了不同浓度硝基苯对莱茵衣藻（Chlamydomonas reinhardtii）生长和光合作用的影响．结果表明：不同浓度的硝基苯对莱茵衣藻的生长和光合生理有明显抑制作用，主要表现在其明显降低光合色素的含量、光能转换效率（Fv／Fm）、电子传递速率（ETR）、净光合速率（Pn）等方面；硝基苯对莱茵衣藻的影响主要是通过影响光合色素合成，降低光合作用电子传递，从而降低藻类的光合作用，引起生长的抑制．     

谷氨酸棒杆菌发酵生产1,5–戊二胺的代谢流分析

为了提高糖类的利用效率,加强糖类代谢向生成尸胺的方向流动,提高尸胺产量,对谷氨酸棒杆菌合成尸胺的代谢网络进行分析,找出影响尸胺合成的代谢流量分配规律和关键节点,并通过改变溶氧及添加辅酶NADPH对关键节点进行验证.结果表明:6–磷酸葡萄糖和丙酮酸是影响碳源流向尸胺合成的关键节点,增强磷酸戊糖途径(HMP)和三羧酸循环(TCA)可以弱化由6–磷酸葡萄糖生成6–磷酸果糖和由丙酮酸生成乳酸,促进碳源向合成尸胺的方向流动,从而有效地提高尸胺产量(产量增幅为77.8%).该研究为高产尸胺的谷氨酸棒杆菌工程菌种改造以及发酵控制提供了理论基础.     

高温对观赏海棠生长和光合作用的影响

通过对耐热性不同的3个海棠品种在生长季的生长、光合作用和高温期光合日变化的测定,探讨海棠光合作用对高温的响应机制,分析其光合作用、生长与耐热性之间的关系.结果表明:高温胁迫下,3个海棠品种的Pn下降,生长速率也随之下降,品种间差异显著.耐热性强的品种Pn下降幅度较小且下降时间为高温后期,生长速率降幅较小；耐热性弱的品种Pn下降幅度较大且下降时间为高温早期,生长速率降幅较大.3个海棠品种的Pn日变化曲线均呈“双峰型”,具明显光合“午休”现象.非气孔因素是海棠光合“午休”的主要原因.     

环境因子对沙坡头人工植被区碳通量的影响

基于腾格里沙漠东南缘沙坡头人工植被区涡度相关通量观测数据,对人工植被区碳通量及环境因子进行分析.研究表明:碳通量的月均日变化和季节变化趋势明显.该生态系统在生长季(4-10月)各月均为碳汇,6月份碳吸收最多,日吸收量最大值也出现在6月份.由于遭遇严重干旱、持续高温、强辐射和大饱和水汽压差,使叶片的气孔阻力较大,抑制了植物的光合作用,盛夏7月净生态系统CO_2交换量较相邻月份小.采用通径分析方法解析了光量子通量密度、净辐射、饱和水汽压差、空气温度、空气相对湿度、5 cm土壤温度、5 cm土壤含水量和风速等环境因子与碳通量的关联性,结果发现白天碳通量的影响因子以光量子通量密度和饱和水汽压差为主,光量子通量密度是影响净生态系统CO_2交换量的最主要因子,饱和水汽压差次之.光量子通量密度与碳通量呈直角双曲线的关系,净生态系统CO_2交换量随光量子通量密度的增加而减小,但当饱和水汽压差大于1.5 kPa时,这种减小关系的程度有所减弱.不同月份的光响应模型参数光饱和时的最大光合速率、表观初始光能利用率和白天生态系统暗呼吸速率不同,三者的最大值都出现在6月份.夜间生态系统呼吸的主导因子为空气温度,次要因子为5cm土壤含水量.当土壤干旱(土壤含水量小于3.5%)时空气温度超过21.25℃后会降低夜间生态系统呼吸速率.     

A general integrative model for scaling plant growth, carbon flux, and functional trait spectra

Linking functional traits to plant growth is critical for scaling attributes of organisms to the dynamics of ecosystems and for understanding how selection shapes integrated botanical phenotypes. However, a general mechanistic theory showing how traits specifically influence carbon and biomass flux within and across plants is needed. Building on foundational work on relative growth rate, recent work on functional trait spectra, and metabolic scaling theory, here we derive a generalized trait-based model of plant growth. In agreement with a wide variety of empirical data, our model uniquely predicts how key functional traits interact to regulate variation in relative growth rate, the allometric growth normalizations for both angiosperms and gymnosperms, and the quantitative form of several functional trait spectra relationships. The model also provides a general quantitative framework to incorporate additional leaf-level trait scaling relationships and hence to unite functional trait spectra with theories of relative growth rate, and metabolic scaling. We apply the model to calculate carbon use efficiency. This often ignored trait, which may influence variation in relative growth rate, appears to vary directionally across geographic gradients. Together, our results show how both quantitative plant traits and the geometry of vascular transport networks can be merged into a common scaling theory. Our model provides a framework for predicting not only how traits covary within an integrated allometric phenotype but also how trait variation mechanistically influences plant growth and carbon flux within and across diverse ecosystems.     

3种木棉光合特性及碳汇能力研究

以美丽异木棉、爪哇木棉、海南木棉叶片为测试材料,利用3051D光合作用测定仪测定3种木棉光合作用日变化规律,分析其相关性,并通过光合速率计算固碳量,从而得出三者碳汇能力.结果表明：3种木棉光合速率(Pn)日变化基本都呈“M”型双峰曲线,存在明显的“午休”现象;3种木棉蒸腾速率(Tr)均呈单峰曲线变化,12∶00～14∶00时达到最高,其中爪哇木棉 Tr在出现的时间和峰值上都早和高于另外两个品种;3种木棉单位日固碳量在 0.59～0.68 g·m^－2·.d^－1之间,其中美丽异木棉和海南木棉均为0.68 g·m^－2·d^－1,爪哇木棉为0.59 g·m^－2·d^－1.3种木棉年固碳量在214.49～246.11 g之间,其中爪哇木棉比另两品种碳汇能力弱,约低12.8%.通过聚类分析表明,美丽异木棉和海南木棉具有极高的相似性.本研究可为以后园林绿化优良树种选育工作提供参考.     

Ecology: a niche for cyanobacteria containing chlorophyll d

The cyanobacterium known as Acaryochloris marina is a unique phototroph that uses chlorophyll d as its principal light-harvesting pigment instead of chlorophyll a, the form commonly found in plants, algae and other cyanobacteria; this means that it depends on far-red light for photosynthesis. Here we demonstrate photosynthetic activity in Acaryochloris-like phototrophs that live underneath minute coral-reef invertebrates (didemnid ascidians) in a shaded niche enriched in near-infrared light. This discovery clarifies how these cyanobacteria are able to thrive as free-living organisms in their natural habitat.     

Kranz anatomy is not essential for terrestrial C4 plant photosynthesis.

An important adaptation to CO2-limited photosynthesis in cyanobacteria, algae and some plants was development of CO2-concentrating mechanisms (CCM). Evolution of a CCM occurred many times in flowering plants, beginning at least 15-20 million years ago, in response to atmospheric CO2 reduction, climate change, geological trends, and evolutionary diversification of species. In plants, this is achieved through a biochemical inorganic carbon pump called C4 photosynthesis, discovered 35 years ago. C4 photosynthesis is advantageous when limitations on carbon acquisition are imposed by high temperature, drought and saline conditions. It has been thought that a specialized leaf anatomy, composed of two, distinctive photosynthetic cell types (Kranz anatomy), is required for C4 photosynthesis. We provide evidence that C4 photosynthesis can function within a single photosynthetic cell in terrestrial plants. Borszczowia aralocaspica (Chenopodiaceae) has the photosynthetic features of C4 plants, yet lacks Kranz anatomy. This species accomplishes C4 photosynthesis through spatial compartmentation of photosynthetic enzymes, and by separation of two types of chloroplasts and other organelles in distinct positions within the chlorenchyma cell cytoplasm.     

Net carbon dioxide losses of northern ecosystems in response to autumn warming

The carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems is particularly sensitive to climatic changes in autumn and spring, with spring and autumn temperatures over northern latitudes having risen by about 1.1 degrees C and 0.8 degrees C, respectively, over the past two decades. A simultaneous greening trend has also been observed, characterized by a longer growing season and greater photosynthetic activity. These observations have led to speculation that spring and autumn warming could enhance carbon sequestration and extend the period of net carbon uptake in the future. Here we analyse interannual variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration data and ecosystem carbon dioxide fluxes. We find that atmospheric records from the past 20 years show a trend towards an earlier autumn-to-winter carbon dioxide build-up, suggesting a shorter net carbon uptake period. This trend cannot be explained by changes in atmospheric transport alone and, together with the ecosystem flux data, suggest increasing carbon losses in autumn. We use a process-based terrestrial biosphere model and satellite vegetation greenness index observations to investigate further the observed seasonal response of northern ecosystems to autumnal warming. We find that both photosynthesis and respiration increase during autumn warming, but the increase in respiration is greater. In contrast, warming increases photosynthesis more than respiration in spring. Our simulations and observations indicate that northern terrestrial ecosystems may currently lose carbon dioxide in response to autumn warming, with a sensitivity of about 0.2 PgC degrees C(-1), offsetting 90% of the increased carbon dioxide uptake during spring. If future autumn warming occurs at a faster rate than in spring, the ability of northern ecosystems to sequester carbon may be diminished earlier than previously suggested.     

松嫩草地碳和水通量对全球变化的响应

全球变暖和氮格局的改变对生态系统碳通量的变化具有深远的影响,长期的模拟增温和氮沉降实验对预测21世纪全球气候变化下草地生态系统生产力和碳匮缺的响应有着至关重要的意义.在中国东北松嫩草地开展4年的增温和施氯实验,通过测定羊草草地光合特性,试图揭示全球变化对羊草草地的碳、水通量产生的影响.试验采用一个封闭的光合测定系统(LI-6400)测定草地的碳、水通量变化,通过计算CO2的变化量确定净生态系统CO2交换量.结果表明,增温降低了净生态系统CO2交换量(NEE),净生态系统生产力(GEP)和生态系统蒸腾作用(ET),升高了生态系统呼吸(ER)和水分利用效率(WUE);施氮处理刺激了NEE、ER、GEP和WUE;增温加施氮处理,氮素的添加缓解了因增温对生态系统产生的负效应.碳、水通量对全球变化的响应是通过改变生物群落中优势物种羊草的数量实现的,全球变化能在短期内迅速改变松嫩草地的碳通量.这些结果都有助于理解未来生态系统碳循环对全球气候变化的反馈.     

Scaling metabolism from organisms to ecosystems

Understanding energy and material fluxes through ecosystems is central to many questions in global change biology and ecology. Ecosystem respiration is a critical component of the carbon cycle and might be important in regulating biosphere response to global climate change. Here we derive a general model of ecosystem respiration based on the kinetics of metabolic reactions and the scaling of resource use by individual organisms. The model predicts that fluxes of CO2 and energy are invariant of ecosystem biomass, but are strongly influenced by temperature, variation in cellular metabolism and rates of supply of limiting resources (water and/or nutrients). Variation in ecosystem respiration within sites, as calculated from a network of CO2 flux towers, provides robust support for the model's predictions. However, data indicate that variation in annual flux between sites is not strongly dependent on average site temperature or latitude. This presents an interesting paradox with regard to the expected temperature dependence. Nevertheless, our model provides a basis for quantitatively understanding energy and material flux between the atmosphere and biosphere.     

低光强时丹参叶片的光合速率与光强的关系

本文用一个新的植物叶片的光响应模型详细讨论了植物在低光强时光合速率与光强之间的关系。并用新的植物叶片的光响应模型重新拟合了丹参的光合响应数据。拟合结果显示新模型拟合的结果与实验测量值符合得很好。认为在自然条件下，在低光强时植物丹参的光合速率对光强的响应不是线性。