Utopian preference mapping and the utopian preference method for group multiobjective optimization

The individual utopian preference and the group utopian preference on a set of alternatives, and the concept of the utopian preference mapping from the individual utopian preferences, to the group utopian preference, based on the utopian points of the corresponding multiobjective optimization models proposed by decision makers are introduced. Through studying the various fundamental properties of the utopian preference mapping, a method for solving group multiobjective optimization problems with multiple multiobjective optimization models is constructed.     

Prandtl边界层方程推导中的尺度化分析

针对Navier-Stokes方程中的各项微商，通过选择内禀参考尺度，并根据连续函数的若干性质，在结合实验观察结果的基础上，确定其数量级的大小，再进一步对方程中的各项进行尺度化分析，使得方程中各项的数量级无量纲化，并评估方程中各项微商的数量级大小，略去数量级小于1的项，从而成功推导出了Prandtl边界层微分方程．该方法在一定程度上揭示了边界层微分方程的数学物理实质．     

基于决策偏好距离的多阶段群决策快速集结方法

针对具有互反判断矩阵偏好信息的多阶段群决策问题,文章提出了一种基于决策偏好距离的快速集结方法。首先对决策偏好距离相关概念进行定义,阐述了基于决策偏好距离的多阶段群决策集结过程;其次,利用决策偏好距离算法对单一专家的阶段内权重和阶段间权重进行测度,得出最优的专家权重;然后,通过加权几何平均算子拟合出最优的专家判断矩阵和最优的群体决策偏好;最后,给出算例,分析结果表明该方法具有合理性。     

Social evolution: kin preference in a social microbe

Kin recognition helps cooperation to evolve in many animals, but it is uncertain whether microorganisms can also use it to focus altruistic behaviour on relatives. Here we show that the social amoeba Dictyostelium purpureum prefers to form groups with its own kin in situations where some individuals die to assist others. By directing altruism towards kin, D. purpureum should generally avoid the costs of chimaerism experienced by the related D. discoideum.     

The immunodominant site of a synthetic immunogen has a conformational preference in water for a type-II reverse turn

Many short synthetic peptides have now been shown to induce antibodies reactive with their cognate sequences in the intact folded protein. Aside from the usefulness of such antibodies as site-specific reagents, the frequency with which this recognition occurs has raised several theoretical issues, the central one being that of how an antibody to a short synthetic peptide, which represents one of the most disordered states of a site in a protein, can react with the more ordered version of the same sequence in the folded protein. This apparent paradox can be resolved if the target site on the protein approaches disorder or if the peptide in solution or on a carrier adopts, with significant frequency, a conformation compatible with that of the cognate site in the protein. Various studies already suggest that antigenic sites in proteins correspond to regions of high atomic mobility. We now show, using high-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, that a nonapeptide selected by several monoclonal antibodies as the immunodominant site of a 36-amino-acid immunogen (residues 75-110 of influenza virus haemagglutinin) adopts a highly populated type-II reverse-turn conformation in water. This suggests that in this case the antibodies have selected a sequence possessing a conformational preference. Apart from helping us to understand immunological recognition, anti-peptide antibodies may provide reagents of sufficient precision for an immunological approach to the problem of protein folding.     

草莓花药培养诱导再生植株研究

通过草莓花药培养诱导单倍体再生植株,是单倍体育种的关键,本研究以栽培广泛、适应性强的丹东鸡冠为试材,用单核期花药进行接种,经愈伤组织、不定芽、无根苗、生根等各阶段,已诱导出单倍体植株。我们在同类研究的基础上筛选出了表面灭菌的最佳方法,在诱导愈伤组织不定芽和生根过程中,筛选出了生长素、细胞分裂素适宜比值和最佳培养基配方,从而为草莓单倍体育种奠定了良好的基础。     

'Infotaxis' as a strategy for searching without gradients

Chemotactic bacteria rely on local concentration gradients to guide them towards the source of a nutrient. Such local cues pointing towards the location of the source are not always available at macroscopic scales because mixing in a flowing medium breaks up regions of high concentration into random and disconnected patches. Thus, animals sensing odours in air or water detect them only intermittently as patches sweep by on the wind or currents. A macroscopic searcher must devise a strategy of movement based on sporadic cues and partial information. Here we propose a search algorithm, which we call 'infotaxis', designed to work under such conditions. Any search process can be thought of as acquisition of information on source location; for infotaxis, information plays a role similar to concentration in chemotaxis. The infotaxis strategy locally maximizes the expected rate of information gain. We demonstrate its efficiency using a computational model of odour plume propagation and experimental data on mixing flows. Infotactic trajectories feature 'zigzagging' and 'casting' paths similar to those observed in the flight of moths. The proposed search algorithm is relevant to the design of olfactory robots, but the general idea of infotaxis can be applied more broadly in the context of searching with sparse information.     

植物细胞多倍体实验材料培养方法的改进

用4种浓度（0．01％，0．03％，0．05％,0．10％）的秋水仙紊，分四个不同的处理时间（1d，2d，3d，4d），对3种材料（洋葱，蚕豆，大蒜，带皮和去皮）进行染色体加倍处理．结果表明：在25℃的培养箱中，用0．05％秋水仙素处理3d的去皮大蒜，诱导多倍体率最高，为445％，足以满足学生实验需要．     

草莓花药培养再生植株诱导研究

通过草莓花药培养诱导单倍体植株，是单倍体育种的关键，本研究以因都卡和丹东大鸡冠为材料，用单核期花药进行接种，经愈伤组织、不定芽、无根苗、生根等阶段诱导出再生植株。本研究课题已摸索出一整套草莓花药诱导再生植株的方法，为草莓单倍体育种奠定了良好的基础。     

Paternal inheritance of a female moth's mating preference

Females of the arctiid moth Utetheisa ornatrix mate preferentially with larger males, receiving both direct phenotypic and indirect genetic benefits. Here we demonstrate that the female's mating preference is inherited through the father rather than the mother, indicating that the preference gene or genes lie mostly or exclusively on the Z sex chromosome, which is strictly paternally inherited by daughters. Furthermore, we show that the preferred male trait and the female preference for that trait are correlated, as females with larger fathers have a stronger preference for larger males. These findings are predicted by the protected invasion theory, which asserts that male homogametic sex chromosome systems (ZZ/ZW) found in lepidopterans and birds promote the evolution of exaggerated male traits through sexual selection. Specifically, the theory predicts that, because female preference alleles arising on the Z chromosome are transmitted to all sons that have the father's attractive trait rather than to only a fraction of the sons, such alleles will experience stronger positive selection and be less vulnerable to chance loss than would autosomal alleles.     

增量决策树算法及复杂度分析

介绍了增量决策树算法的基本原理,并从实例费用和信息熵费用两个角度出发,对增量决策树算法的复杂度进行分析.通过实例说明,增量决策树算法能够构造出与ID3算法形态基本相同的决策树.