对中美科技创新资源配置模式的比较与认识——基于美国智库主要观点的辨析

近期，美国智库通过横向比较中美科技进展，认为美国科技创新总体呈现弱化态势，并提出了相应建议。本文研究发现，与过去主要针对我国科技具体领域或个别政策跟踪的做法不同，美国智库近年越来越注重比较中美的科技创新资源配置方式，以制定针对中国优势的机制化策略。从美方实际政策动向以及智库的主要观点看，以“模式”应对“模式”正在成为中美科技创新博弈的重要动向。通过客观分析美国智库的主要观点以及中国在科技创新资源总体配置方面的进展与差距，建议强化国家战略科技力量，优化我国科技创新机制；调整研发投入与政策，培育世界顶尖级科技企业；优化国有创投基金运作机制；深化创新链合作治理，共建安全有序的国际数字空间共同体。     

国际防灾减灾智库发展现状与我国新型减灾智库建设

防灾减灾工作面临着不断增强应对自然灾害能力的重要任务,防灾减灾智库建设在此过程中发挥着重要作用。本文首先对国外一些典型减灾智库的发展现状进行介绍,分析它们的特点和优势。然后对我国防灾减灾智库体系进行分析,并采用对比分析的方法,指出我国现有防灾减灾智库建设面临的一些问题和挑战,以及建设中国特色新型防灾减灾智库的必要性。最后对中国特色新型防灾减灾智库未来的建设与发展提出几点建议:推进综合性防灾减灾智库的建设研究;建立我国防灾减灾智库联盟;进一步加强与国际防灾减灾智库间的合作与交流;在大地震遗址建立防灾减灾机构设施;建立防灾减灾智库网络平台;充分发挥已退休的减灾方面专业技术人员"民间智库"的作用。     

项目管理软件的发展状况及其应用分析

本文从项目管理的基础理论研究出发，结合计算机软件发展趋势，明确指出了我国项目管理及其管理思想的载体——项目管理软件在实际应用中的瓶颈，多角度分析了现有问题的症结所在，并联系项目管理发展趋势从宏观角度提供了解决问题的方法和途径。     

城市垃圾处理厂市场化运营模式分析

城市垃圾处理是当今的一大难题，在具体实践中已积累了丰富的经验并形成了不同的市场化模式。本文从融资、运营效率及效果、政府职能几个方面对几种垃圾处理模式进行对比分析，并针对我国的具体国情提出对策和建议。     

美国科技发展模式特征及对中国的启示

科技发展模式是对国家科技发展的高度概括与总结，选择合理的科技发展模式是实现国家整体发展战略的重要组成部分。本文深入剖析了美国科技发展模式的基本特点及形成条件，为我国制定21世纪的中长期科技发展战略提供了一些的意见与建议。     

美国休斯基金人才资助模式特征与启示

通过梳理美国霍华德·休斯医学研究所的几种主要人才资助模式，分析其特征，并提出在资助创新研究、培养创新人才、促进科技发展中值得借鉴的发展思路，得到四点启示与建议：要打破项目制的人才培养模式；在评价标准上突出人才的成长潜力；注重对有潜力人才的长周期培养；建立以科研为主的制度约束和保障。     

从WIPO系列报告看中国加强知识产权赋能创新发展态势

以世界知识产权组织(WIPO)近年来发布的《全球创新指数报告》《世界知识产权指标》《世界知识产权报告》为基础,进一步解读国际技术创新发展趋势与特点;基于对WIPO报告的系统分析结果,对比近20年来中国与美国、英国、德国、法国、日本五大科技强国在知识产权与技术创新方面的变化趋势,揭示我国的知识产权发展与创新的进步与差距。最后,针对我国知识产权促进技术创新发展的不足与短板,提出进一步加强知识产权赋能创新驱动发展的方向性建议与展望:营造促进创新高效转化的政策制度环境,激励高质量、原创性知识产权创造供给;提高知识产权全球化治理能力,完善中国特色知识产权治理体系,促进知识产权与国家经济社会全面融合发展;充分发挥知识产权智库支撑作用,重视和强化知识产权与区域创新政策的战略研究。     

金融租赁在商业地产中的应用探究

为了解决我国宏观调控下商业地产项目的融资难问‘题,总结了金融租赁的特点和运作模式,多角度论证了金融租赁在商业地产项目中应用的适用性。借鉴金融租赁在房地产和其他行业的成功运用经验,结合商业地产项目的自身特点,对金融租赁应用于商业地产的操作方法进行创新设计,提出了金融租赁在商业地产项目中运用的具体操作模式。并结合我国政策和金融制度,针对应用中存在的问题和困难提出了相应的对策建议,以期拓宽商业地产项目的融资渠道,促进商业地产的良性发展。     

试论企业的超前研究开发

企业开展超前研究开发是竞争的需要，也是提高企业创新能力的需要，本文探讨了超前研发的有关理论与概念，对企业超前研发进行了制度分析，并提出了搞好超前研发的对策建议。     

关于跨学科科学研究的国际经验及启示

营造跨学科研究的学术氛围有利于产出重大突破、解决重大理论和现实问题、揭示新规律开辟新领域。本文从科学管理学视角对欧美日国家在推进跨学科研究、创新国家实验室/研究所和研究型大学体制机制的方式方法进行剖析。结果表明：通过科研组织模式创新打破学科壁垒、创建联合聘任制度、革新聘任评价方式和提供专项基金是其重要举措。最后，针对我国跨学科研究建设提出如下建议：探索跨学科的组织形式，创设跨学科人员紧密交流的平台及氛围，建立客观的评价机制和适当的奖励措施，以及提供启动基金并长期资助有前景高风险研究等。     

英国国家科技创新政策的战略规划

在世界新科技革命迅猛发展,经济全球化趋势日益增强的背景下,一个国家的科技政策愈来愈明显地表达出国家竞争战略的意志,可以说科技实力的竞争已演变成为国际竞争的焦点。时代主题的变换与新科技的冲击同样为英国的发展提供了机遇与挑战。英国科技创新战略应运而生,并在实践中取得显著效果,为英国构建国家创新体系奠定了坚实的基础。本文试图通过解读英国科技创新政策的战略规划,为我国制定科技政策提供借鉴与参考。     

Genetic epistemology,equilibration and the rationality of scientific change

Genetic epistemology is concerned not only with the development of knowledge in the individual person, but also with the epistemological development of scientific thought. If so, problems and solutions in the one area should be roughly isomorphic to problems and solutions in the other area. To illustrate this, I consider Piaget's theory of equilibration and show how this theory has implications for issues concerning scientific progress, change and rationality. Piaget's views about these issues have much in common with claims of contemporary philosophers of science (such as Popper and Lakatos) concerning the rational growth of science, but in addition purport to be grounded in empirical psychology. This suggests thatt it may be fruitful to investigate the possibility of integrating cognitive psychology and philosophy of science in a new way.     

String theory and general methodology: A mutual evaluation

String theory has been the dominating research field in theoretical physics during the last decades. Despite the considerable time elapse, no new testable predictions have been derived by string theorists and it is understandable that doubts have been voiced. Some people have argued that it is time to give up since testability is wanting. But the majority has not been convinced and they continue to believe that string theory is the right way to go. This situation is interesting for philosophy of science since it highlights several of our central issues. In this paper we will discuss string theory from a number of different perspectives in general methodology. We will also relate the realism/antirealism debate to the current status of string theory. Our goal is two-fold; both to take a look at string theory from philosophical perspectives and to use string theory as a test case for some philosophical issues.     

The abundant world: Paul Feyerabend's metaphysics of science

The goal of this paper is to provide an interpretation of Feyerabend's metaphysics of science as found in late works like Conquest of Abundance and Tyranny of Science. Feyerabend's late metaphysics consists of an attempt to criticize and provide a systematic alternative to traditional scientific realism, a package of views he sometimes referred to as “scientific materialism.” Scientific materialism is objectionable not only on metaphysical grounds, nor because it provides a poor ground for understanding science, but because it implies problematic claims about the epistemic and cultural authority of science, claims incompatible with situating science properly in democratic societies. I show how Feyerabend's metaphysical view, which I call “the abundant world” or “abundant realism,” constitute a sophisticated and challenging form of ontological pluralism that makes interesting connections with contemporary philosophy of science and issues of the political and policy role of science in a democratic society.     

Into the ‘regions of physical and metaphysical chaos’: Maxwell’s scientific metaphysics and natural philosophy of action (agency,determinacy and necessity from theology,moral philosophy and history to mathematics,theory and experiment)

Maxwell’s writings exhibit an enduring preoccupation with the role of metaphysics in the advancement of science, especially the progress of physics. I examine the question of the distinction and the proper relation between physics and metaphysics and the way in which the question relies on key notions that bring together much of Maxwell’s natural philosophy, theoretical and experimental. Previous discussions of his attention to metaphysics have been confined to specific issues and polemics such as conceptions of matter and the problem of free will. I suggest a unifying pattern based on a generalized philosophical perspective and varying expressions, although never a systematic or articulated philosophical doctrine, but at least a theme of action and active powers, natural and human, intellectual and material, with sources and grounds in theology, moral philosophy and historical argument. While science was developing in the direction of professional specialization and alongside the rise of materialism, Maxwell held on to conservative intellectual outlook, but one that included a rich scientific life and held science as part of a rich intellectual, cultural and material life. His philosophical outlook integrated his science with and captured the new Victorian culture of construction and work, political, economic, artistic and engineering.     

国外工程院情况研究

自从1919年10月世界上最早的工程院——瑞典皇家工程科学院成立以来，已有大约40多个国家和地区相继成立了工程院或类似的组织，它们各具特色，开展了各种各样的活动，推动了工程科学技术的进步、促进了经济的繁荣并造福人类。本文对国外工程院各方面的情况进行了综合的分析。     

Thomas Reid’s Newtonian Theism: his differences with the classical arguments of Richard Bentley and William Whiston

Reid was a Newtonian and a Theist, but did he found his Theism on Newton’s physics? In opposition to commonplace assumptions about the role of Theism in Reid’s philosophy, my answer is no. Reid prefers to found his Theism on a priori reasons, rather than on physics. Reid’s understanding of physics as an empirical science stops it from contributing in any clear and efficient way to issues of natural theology. In addition, Reid is highly sceptical of our ability to discover the efficient and final causes of natural phenomena, knowledge of which is essential for natural theology. To bring out Reid’s differences with classical Newtonian Theists Richard Bentley and William Whiston, I examine their use of the law and force of general gravitation, and reconstruct what would be Reidian objections.     

Colligation in modelling practices: From Whewell’s tides to the San Francisco Bay Model

“Colligation”, a term first introduced in philosophy of science by William Whewell (1840), today sparks a renewed interest beyond Whewell scholarship. In this paper, we argue that adopting the notion of colligation in current debates in philosophy of science can contribute to our understanding of scientific models. Specifically, studying colligation allows us to have a better grasp of how integrating diverse model components (empirical data, theory, useful idealization, visual and other representational resources) in a creative way may produce novel generalizations about the phenomenon investigated. Our argument is built both on the theoretical appraisal of Whewell’s philosophy of science and the historical rehabilitation of his scientific work on tides. Adopting a philosophy of science in practice perspective, we show how colligation emerged from Whewell’s empirical work on tides. The production of idealized maps (“cotidal maps”) illustrates the unifying and creative power of the activity of colligating in scientific practice. We show the importance of colligation in modelling practices more generally by looking at its epistemic role in the construction of the San Francisco Bay Model.     

Philosophy of science for globalized privatization: Uncovering some limitations of critical contextual empiricism

The purpose of this paper is to uncover some of the limitations that critical contextual empiricism, and in particular Longino's contextualism, faces when trying to provide a normative account of scientific knowledge that is relevant to current scientific research. After presenting the four norms of effective criticism, I show how the norms have limited scope when dealing with cases of current scientific practices. I then present some historical evidence for the claim that the organization of science has changed in recent decades, and I argue that the uncovered limitations emerge from this larger phenomenon. Finally, I conclude by suggesting two ways to overcome the previously uncovered limitations.