拱弧齿圆柱齿轮

圆柱齿轮传动是齿轮机构中应用最广的一种。目前 ,它有直齿圆柱齿轮 ,斜齿圆柱齿轮和人字齿圆柱齿轮三种形式。由于结构上的原因 ,上述圆柱齿轮都各自存在一定的缺点。直齿圆柱齿轮啮合传动时 ,两轮齿廊曲面的瞬时接触线是与轴平行的直线 ,所以在啮合传动过程中 ,一对轮齿沿着整个齿宽同时进入啮合和退出啮合 ,因而轮齿上所受的载荷是突然地加上和卸掉的 ,这使得直齿圆柱齿轮传动平稳性较差 ,容易产生冲击、振动和噪音 ,并对制造误差敏感性较大 ,此外 ,由于直齿圆柱齿轮传动的重迭系数较小 ,所能传递的载荷也受到影响。斜齿圆柱齿轮的主要缺…     

圆柱直齿轮三维本体温度场问题的边界元法

本文首次采用三维边界元法来计算圆柱直齿轮啮合时的三维本体温度场问题.大量的数值计算结果表明,采用边界元法来计算回柱在齿轮啮合时的三维本体温度场,具有数据准备量小、数值稳定性好、计算时间少等特点.     

航空发动机齿轮接触分析与修形研究

基于齿轮啮合原理,在有限元分析软件ANSYS中采用APDL语言建立了齿轮传动三维参数化有限元模型.依据传热学和摩擦学理论,建立了单个轮齿的本体温度有限元分析模型,利用ANSYS软件求解出单个轮齿的本体温度场.将温度分布作为轮齿的温度载荷,计算轮齿的热变形,求出基于热变形的齿廓最大修形量.此外,依据经验公式,根据轮齿的受载情况计算齿廓的最大修形量.结合修形理论,得出了热弹耦合修正的渐开线齿廓修形曲线方程.通过ANSYS接触分析验证修形效果,得到修正后的修形曲线方程.     

齿廓修形机理及其对温度场的影响

通过解析法和有限元法计算了轮齿刚度,基于刚度研究了齿廓修形机理及加工误差对载荷分配系数、传动误差和温度场的影响.结果表明:长修形在减小啮合冲击上优于短修形,当长修形指数为122时传动误差波动最小,传动最平稳.轮齿修形可以改善轮齿本体温度和闪温分布,使本体温度和闪温的高温区域从齿根、齿顶移动到齿廓中部,降低齿顶和齿根的最高温度,提高了轮齿胶合承载能力.加工误差会减弱轮齿修形效果,引起动载荷和瞬时高温,因此确定修形量时应考虑加工误差、跑合磨损以及热弹变形.     

齿轮稳态温度场及热变形研究

根据摩擦学、传热学以及齿轮啮合原理等知识,确定了轮齿各表面的对流换热系数的计算方法,及啮合面摩擦热流密度的计算方法.利用APDL语言建立了单齿热力耦合分析的有限元参数化模型.引进了混合介质特性参数的比例因子及修正系数,使得有限元模型更加接近实际工况.得到了齿轮单齿稳态温度场及热变形的有限元分析结果.并通过数据处理得到了啮合面热变形量沿啮合线法线方向的变形曲面.研究结果表明:齿轮的稳态温度场存在明显的温度梯度,啮合面温度最高,最高温度出现在啮出端双齿啮合区中部.齿轮的热变形存在明显的变形梯度,齿顶变形量最大,齿根最小.热变形沿啮合线法线方向的变形量,在齿顶中部最大,在齿宽方向成上凸分布,且在齿顶位置上凸最明显;在量级上与齿廓修形的修形量处于同一量级,因此将对齿廓修形的效果产生很大影响.本文的研究可为考虑热变形的齿廓修形设计等提供理论依据.     

弧齿锥齿轮本体温度场及其敏感性分析

分析了弧齿锥齿轮啮合过程中轮齿的相对滑动速度和齿面摩擦因素以及摩擦热流的计算方法,建立了轮齿稳态本体温度场的有限元模型．通过具体实例,计算了弧齿锥齿轮稳态本体温度场分布,分析了本体温度场对转速、载荷和润滑油温度的敏感性．研究结果对改善弧齿锥齿轮的传动性能和润滑状况有一定的指导意义．     

蜗轮稳态温度场的模拟及影响因素分析

为了获得蜗轮齿面本体温度的分布特征,结合传热学、摩擦学及啮合原理,对啮合过程中轮齿的对流换热系数和齿面摩擦热流密度进行了数值模拟,建立了轮齿温度场的有限元分析模型,并对不同载荷和转速条件下,轮齿接触面本体温度的变化趋势进行了研究.结果表明:齿面本体温度沿齿宽方向的分布是不对称的,蜗轮齿面的啮入端、中间区、啮出端按低温、高温、中温分布;最大本体温度产生于轮齿齿面的节线附近;蜗轮副传递的转矩越大,齿面最大本体温度随转速增加的变化趋势越明显.     

齿轮本体温度场和热变形修形计算

本文运用有限元法，分析了在稳定负荷下运转并处于热平衡状态的直齿齿轮本体温度的计算，编制了齿轮轮齿本体温度场的计算程序和轮齿热变形的计算程序，同时对施热系数和输入摩擦热等问题的计算进行了分析，讨论了它们对轮齿本体温度的影响和对齿面输入摩擦热分布的影响，最后通过分析计算确定轮齿热变形进行轮齿修形，并在ＣＬ－１００型齿轮试验机上验证了轮齿修形效果。     

渐开线少齿差传动的轮齿载荷研究

与一般齿轮传动不同,在渐开线少齿差传动中存在多齿同时接触现象,因而其载荷分配系数要小得多.本文在对几何关系、轮齿变形和制造误差进行分析的基础上,建立了描述多齿啮合状态的数学模型.计算表明,同时啮合齿对的数目一般不大于5对,载荷分配系数随齿数和载荷集度的增加而减少.本文给出了不同载荷集度、不同传动参数下载荷分配系数的均值和标准差,可用以确定轮齿载荷的分布特征.本文的结论得到光弹性实验的验证.     

齿间动态载荷分配下的齿轮磨损分析

为了寻求与实际更为符合的直齿圆柱齿轮磨损量计算方法,基于单双齿交替啮合和磨损后轮廓形状改变对齿间载荷的影响,推导了相邻2对轮齿在共同承担载荷时的动态载荷分配公式,得到了啮合轮齿的齿间动态载荷;基于Winkler弹性模型和轮齿啮合原理,获得了磨损量计算所需要的压力分布及啮合速度;基于Archard磨损模型,推导了齿轮的磨损量计算模型。算例显示:随着磨损次数的增加,磨损量逐渐增大;齿根处磨损最为剧烈,单双齿转换处的磨损有缓慢微幅波动;磨损与载荷耦合增加;在考虑载荷分配后,最大磨损量大幅减小。研究表明,计算齿轮磨损需考虑齿轮间动态载荷的分配问题。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-