气候变化对重庆地区降温耗能的影响 (三峡地区资源环境生态研究)

利用1971—2010年的气象观测数据,采用空调度日数作为评估暖季降温耗能的指标,分析了重庆地区1971—2010年间空调度日数、制冷日数的分布和长期变化特征,并评估了气温变化对重庆地区降温耗能的影响。结果表明,重庆各地空调度日数、制冷日数空间差异明显,沿江及河谷一带空调度日数、制冷日数相对高、多,东南部及城口等高海拔地区空调度日数、制冷日数相对低、少;1971—2010年重庆各分区的空调度日数、制冷日数的时间演变与全区平均比较一致,主要经历了先降后升的过程,在20世纪80年代中期转折;气温与降温耗能具有很好的同步性,温度对降温耗能的影响程度随气温的升高而增加;气温若升高1℃,整个暖季(5～9月)、夏季(6～8月)中重庆全区平均的降温耗能将增加56%、46%;在暖季或夏季,气温若升高1℃时降温耗能增加效应量重庆各个分区由大到小依次为:东南部、西部、西南部、中部、主城、东北部;暖季气温若升高1℃时,全区平均制冷日数将增加16 d,主城将增加14 d,其他地区将增加15 d;最后利用平均气温与降温耗能变率建立了一组降温耗能的一元线性回归方程评估模型。文章认为该组评估模型可以用于重庆地区降温耗能变化的定量评估和预估。     

天津滨海新区塘沽2013年供暖期前后大气污染物特征分析

为了解天津滨海新区塘沽供暖期前后大气污染物浓度水平的变化特征,利用2013年10月1日~12月29日NO2、SO2、PM2.5、PM10的连续在线监测数据,以供暖前10月1日~11月14日及供暖期11月15日~12月29日2个时间段来分析各污染物的变化特征。结果表明,滨海新区塘沽供暖期比供暖前PM10、PM2.5、NO2及SO2的日均浓度分别上升了46.7%、8.9%、60.5%和117.9%;4种大气污染物的日均浓度最高值均出现在供暖期;供暖期PM10、PM2.5、NO2及SO2的日均超标平均倍数较供暖前均有所上升;供暖期PM10、NO2及SO2的超标率均比供暖前上升,而PM2.5的超标率则下降。     

天津滨海新区塘沽2013年供暖期前后大气污染物特征分析

为了解天津滨海新区塘沽供暖期前后大气污染物浓度水平的变化特征,利用2013年10月1日~12月29日NO2、SO2、PM2.5、PM10的连续在线监测数据,以供暖前10月1日~11月14日及供暖期11月15日~12月29日2个时间段来分析各污染物的变化特征。结果表明,滨海新区塘沽供暖期比供暖前PM10、PM2.5、NO2及SO2的日均浓度分别上升了46.7%、8.9%、60.5%和117.9%;4种大气污染物的日均浓度最高值均出现在供暖期;供暖期PM10、PM2.5、NO2及SO2的日均超标平均倍数较供暖前均有所上升;供暖期PM10、NO2及SO2的超标率均比供暖前上升,而PM2.5的超标率则下降。     

嫩江流域降水特征时空分布分析

基于嫩江流域17个气象站点1959—2010年逐日降水数据,选取降水量、降水日数和降水强度作为代表性指标,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法和线性回归法系统研究了嫩江流域降水的时空变化特征。结果显示:近51年来,①嫩江流域平均年降水量、夏季和秋季降水量分别以6mm/(10a)、4mm/(10a)和5 mm/(10a)的速率呈下降趋势,而春、冬两季降水量分别以2mm/(10a)和1mm/(10a)的速率增加;空间上,年降水量和季节降水量在流域上游多于下游。②嫩江流域平均年、夏季和秋季降水日数分别以1.5d/(10a)、1.1d/(10a)和1.2d/(10a)的速率下降,且上游下降较明显;春、冬两季降水日数则以0.1d/(10a)、0.7d/(10a)的速率呈增加趋势,且中游增加趋势明显;流域降水日数在年和季节尺度上均表现出上游多于下游的空间特征。③嫩江流域平均年降水强度、夏季和秋季降水强度分别以-0.018mm/(d·10a),-0.007mm/(d·10a)和-0.105mm/(d·10a)下降,而春、冬两季降水强度分别以0.051mm/(d·10a)和0.047mm/(d·10a)上升;空间上,年和春、夏、冬3个季节降水强度表现为流域上游弱于下游,而秋季降水强度在嫩江中游干流附近较大,其他地区降水强度较小。结果表明,在全球气候变化下,嫩江流域年和季节的降水特征在1959—2010年间均有不同程度改变,并呈现出明显的空间分布特征。     

地源热泵系统逆向建模度日数G函数法

提出了1种地源热泵系统逆向建模方法———度日数G函数法,利用地埋管换热器的温度响应与负荷的线性叠加关系,结合度日数法估算负荷,采用约束非线性单纯形法拟合模型参数.分别应用数值试验和2年的现场实测,通过与传统的管道蓄热系统（DST）模型调试法对比,对新模型进行了验证.与基于实测负荷的DST调试法相比,基于气温的度日数G函数法拟合误差的标准差约大30%,主要是由度日法预测负荷的误差引起.但当拟合计算中地埋管换热器参数的估值与实际值差距较大时,DST调试法的误差大于度日数G函数法.度日数G函数法只需要最少量的实测参数,适用于对住宅建筑的地源热泵空调系统的逆向分析.     

基于气象数据的贵阳市建筑热环境分析探讨

介绍了贵阳市典型气象年建筑热环境分析用气象数据,并对这些数据进行了总结分析.在此基础上,根据气象数据及采暖度日数和空调度日数两个指标,对贵阳市建筑气候分区区属进行了探讨.最后,讨论了贵阳市主要暖通空调技术的适用性.     

近50年深圳气候变化研究

利用对深圳站1953—2004年气象资料分析深圳50多年的气候变化特点。主要表现为气温呈明显上升趋势,增温速率达0.34 ℃/10a,其中夏、秋季增温较大;夜间温度上升较明显;日较差呈下降趋势,秋冬季节下降幅度较大;极端低温上升趋势明显,高温日数也显著增加;年降水天数、日照时数和相对湿度都明显下降。各气象要素在进入20世纪80年代后都有比较明显的变化趋势,这与深圳的城市高速发展时期十分吻合。这说明对深圳气候变化的进一步研究中需要分析城市化的重要影响。     

近50年深圳气候变化研究

利用对深圳站1953—2004年气象资料分析深圳50多年的气候变化特点。主要表现为气温呈明显上升趋势,增温速率达0.34℃/10a,其中夏、秋季增温较大;夜间温度上升较明显;日较差呈下降趋势,秋冬季节下降幅度较大;极端低温上升趋势明显,高温日数也显著增加;年降水天数、日照时数和相对湿度都明显下降。各气象要素在进入20世纪80年代后都有比较明显的变化趋势,这与深圳的城市高速发展时期十分吻合。这说明对深圳气候变化的进一步研究中需要分析城市化的重要影响。     

多地铁站冰浆集中供冷系统在不同气候区的适用性

根据冰浆在暖通空调领域的最新研究成果,分析了不同气候区多地铁站冰浆及冰蓄冷集中供冷二次管网的年度费用值,拟合了二次管网单位长度年度费用值与供冷负荷的关系式,基于二次管网的年度费用值分析了冰浆集中供冷系统在各主要气候区的适用性,结果显示广州地区采用多地铁站冰浆集中供冷系统能有效降低二次管网的投资且冰浆集中供冷系统的优势随供冷期的增加、集中供冷服务负荷的增大及二次管网长度的增加而增加。     

天津市武清区近60年汛期气候变化特征分析

利用天津市武清区国家一般气象站1961—2020年汛期的观测数据对武清区近60年的气温、降水量和日照时数等气候要素进行分析,结果显示：武清区汛期平均气温、平均最高气温和平均最低气温均呈上升趋势,平均气温每10年约上升0.26℃,20世纪90年代后进入偏暖时期,各年中7月气温最高且升温速率最快;降水量和降水日数总体呈下降趋势,分别表现为每10年约下降18.62 mm和0.62 d,20世纪70年代后进入降水偏少时期,主汛期对降水量的贡献率高达72.3%;日照时数年际差异大且呈显著下降趋势,每10年约下降51.15 h,20世纪90年代后进入日照偏少时期,主汛期的日照时数最少且7月的下降速率较快。     

商场冷凝水耦合光伏/光热系统在不同气候区的适宜性研究

光伏光热技术是太阳能的主要利用方式之一,太阳能光伏光热一体化（Solar photovoltaic-thermal, PV/T）系统可实现系统产电和热量的双重效益。基于不同气候区的气候特征,以商场冷凝水耦合光伏/光热系统为研究对象。本文在确定制冷季冷凝水量的基础上,计算分析了系统一次能源节约率及环境效益,研究了该系统在不同气候区的适宜性。结果表明,在寒冷地区、夏热冬冷地区和夏热冬暖地区,PV/T系统比光伏（Photovoltaic,PV）系统更加高效节能。在整个制冷季中,PV/T系统的发电量均高于PV系统,海口的发电效率提升了0.53 %,拉萨的发电效率提升了0.11 %;PV/T系统在海口地区一次能源节约率最高,达到59.62 %;青岛CO2减排量最高,总减排量达到5.5 t。     

Selection of Heat Recovery Ventilators in Different Climate Zones of China

Considering four different climate zones in China, an investigation on the choice of heat recovery ventilator for the buildings with little moisture emissions is carried out. The annual composition of energy consumption of air intake for per unitary air ventilation flow rate is evaluated by employing the testing data of climatic parameters in eight selected cities. The analysis shows that the total heat recovery is suitable in a controlled ventilation system with air humidity controlled during heating period of all the climates. For the building without air humidity controlled in winter, the sensible heat recovery ventilators can be used in severe cold and cold regions, and total heat recovery systems are more suitable for energy saving in hot summer and cold winter and hot summer and warm winter regions.     

不同气候区遮阳控制策略的节能与舒适度优化

遮阳设计是影响建筑能耗及室内光热舒适度的重要原因之一,开启遮阳系统可以减少太阳辐射,降低夏季制冷能耗,减少眩光问题,但同时会导致更高的照明能耗及冬季的供暖能耗.为研究中国寒冷地区和夏热冬暖地区酒店建筑典型遮阳控制策略的节能潜力和环境舒适度,采用Comfen软件模拟量化不同气候区下3种遮阳形式及10种控制策略对能耗及舒适度的影响规律,通过制冷、供热、照明能耗和总能耗、光、热舒适度以及综合优化指数来评估其性能.模拟结果表明:遮阳控制策略会影响建筑能耗和室内舒适度,根据不同优化目标给出其对应的最优控制策略,两气候区对遮阳策略与设计的选择也有所不同,通过分析其差异,为遮阳系统设计提供参考建议.     

Antarctic climate cooling and terrestrial ecosystem response.

The average air temperature at the Earth's surface has increased by 0.06 degrees C per decade during the 20th century, and by 0.19 degrees C per decade from 1979 to 1998. Climate models generally predict amplified warming in polar regions, as observed in Antarctica's peninsula region over the second half of the 20th century. Although previous reports suggest slight recent continental warming, our spatial analysis of Antarctic meteorological data demonstrates a net cooling on the Antarctic continent between 1966 and 2000, particularly during summer and autumn. The McMurdo Dry Valleys have cooled by 0.7 degrees C per decade between 1986 and 2000, with similar pronounced seasonal trends. Summer cooling is particularly important to Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems that are poised at the interface of ice and water. Here we present data from the dry valleys representing evidence of rapid terrestrial ecosystem response to climate cooling in Antarctica, including decreased primary productivity of lakes (6-9% per year) and declining numbers of soil invertebrates (more than 10% per year). Continental Antarctic cooling, especially the seasonality of cooling, poses challenges to models of climate and ecosystem change.     

Land-atmosphere coupling and climate change in Europe

Increasing greenhouse gas concentrations are expected to enhance the interannual variability of summer climate in Europe and other mid-latitude regions, potentially causing more frequent heatwaves. Climate models consistently predict an increase in the variability of summer temperatures in these areas, but the underlying mechanisms responsible for this increase remain uncertain. Here we explore these mechanisms using regional simulations of recent and future climatic conditions with and without land-atmosphere interactions. Our results indicate that the increase in summer temperature variability predicted in central and eastern Europe is mainly due to feedbacks between the land surface and the atmosphere. Furthermore, they suggest that land-atmosphere interactions increase climate variability in this region because climatic regimes in Europe shift northwards in response to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations, creating a new transitional climate zone with strong land-atmosphere coupling in central and eastern Europe. These findings emphasize the importance of soil-moisture-temperature feedbacks (in addition to soil-moisture-precipitation feedbacks) in influencing summer climate variability and the potential migration of climate zones with strong land-atmosphere coupling as a consequence of global warming. This highlights the crucial role of land-atmosphere interactions in future climate change.     

Climatic changes in the Twenty-four Solar Terms during 1960–2008

The temperature thresholds and timings of the 24 climatic Solar Terms in China are determined from a homogenized dataset of the surface air temperature recorded at 549 meteorological stations for the period 1960?C2008 employing the ensemble empirical mode decomposition method. Changes in the mean temperature and timing of the climatic solar terms are illustrated. The results show that in terms of the mean situation over China, the number of cold days such as those of Slight Cold and Great Cold has decreased, especially by 56.8% for Great Cold in the last 10 years (1998?C2007) compared with in the 1960s. The number of hot days like those of Great Heat has increased by 81.4% in the last 10 years compared with in the 1960s. The timings of the climatic Solar Terms during the warming period (around spring) in the seasonal cycle have advanced significantly by more than 6 d, especially by 15 d for Rain Water, while those during the cooling period (around autumn) have delayed significantly by 5?C6 d. These characteristics are mainly due to a warming shift of the whole seasonal cycle under global warming. However, the warming shift affects the different Solar Terms to various extents, more prominently in the spring than in the autumn. The warming tendencies for Rain Water, the Beginning of Spring, and the Waking of Insects are the largest, 2.43°C, 2.37°C, and 2.21°C, respectively, for the period 1961?C2007 in China as a whole. Four particular phenology-related climatic Solar Terms, namely the Waking of Insects, Pure Brightness, Grain Full, and Grain in Ear, are found to have advanced almost everywhere. In semi-arid zones in northern China, advances of the timings of these four climatic Solar Terms are significant, 12?C16, 4?C8, 4?C8, and 8?C12 d, respectively, for the period 1961?C2007. These quantitative results provide a scientific base for climate change adaptation, especially in terms of agricultural planning and energy-saving management throughout a year.     

Urbanization and heterogeneous surface warming in eastern China

With the homogeneity-adjusted surface air temperature (SAT) data at 312 stations in eastern China for 1979-2008 and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) nighttime light data, the spatial heterogeneities of the SAT trends on different scales are detected with a spatial filtering (i.e. moving spatial anomaly) method, and the impact of urbanization in eastern China on surface warming is analyzed. Results show that the urbanization can induce a remarkable summer warming in Yangtze River Delta (YRD) city cluster region and a winter warming in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) city cluster region. The YRD warming in summer primarily results from the significant increasing of maximum temperature, with an estimated urban warming rate at 0.132-0.250℃ per decade, accounting for 36%-68% of the total regional warming. The BTH warming in winter is primarily due to the remarkable increasing of minimum temperature, with an estimated urban warming rate at 0.102-0.214℃ per decade, accounting for 12%-24% of the total regional warming. The temporal-spatial differences of urban warming effect may be attributed to the variation of regional climatic background and the change of anthropogenic heat release.     

低辐射中空玻璃对办公建筑能耗的影响

透明围护结构对建筑能耗有重要影响,其中窗墙比和玻璃类型是重要影响因素。针对不同气候区条件下典型城市的办公建筑,采用不同镀膜位置的低辐射中空玻璃,应用EnergyPlus能耗模拟软件,分别考虑外窗方位和窗墙比变化情况下,计算房间的制冷能耗、供暖能耗和综合能耗。结果表明：随着窗墙比增大,制冷能耗均增大,窗在南侧房间供暖能耗均减小;哈尔滨外窗在南向时采用A型玻璃更佳,其他方位采用C型玻璃更佳,广州、南京和北京外窗均采用B型玻璃更佳;广州、南京、北京窗在西侧采用B型玻璃且窗墙比为0.7时综合节能率最大,值分别为20.0%、19.2%、15.4%,哈尔滨窗在东侧采用C型玻璃且窗墙比为0.7时综合节能率最大,值为9.6%。     

Climate instability in the Yili region, Xinjiang during the last glaciation

The climate is influenced by westerlies year in year out and the aeolian loess is widespread in the Yili region, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Through the study of the loess section with a thickness of 21.5 m, much useful information about climatic change in this region during the last glaciation was gotten. Grain size analysis of loess samples in the section showed that the climatic change in the Yili region was of instability during the last glaciation and similar to those of the North Atlantic Ocean and Greenland. In correspondence with the Heinrich events, the percentage of the size fraction of loess with grain size less than 10 μm decreased in cold stadials in the Yili region. This result suggests that the westerly wind be strengthened during the cold periods. Compared with the stadials, the content of the loess with grain size less than 10 μm was increased in interstadials, which indicated that the strength of the westerly wind was weakened. It is obvious that the climate was instable not only in the North Atlantic Ocean and polar regions, but also in other areas of Northern Hemisphere during the last glaciation.