氮化硅陶瓷的摩擦磨损特性

采用无压烧结和反应烧结两种方法制备氮化硅陶瓷，利用拴盘式摩擦实验机考察了氮化硅与ＧＣｒ１５球对磨的摩擦损特性，结果表明，虽然氮化硅具有较高的摩擦系数，但磨损率较低，特别是在水和油等介质存在的条件下，氮化硅具有低摩擦和磨损的特性。     

Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-<Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> reaction

Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm⁻³ and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m⁻². The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s⁻¹. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10⁻⁶ cm³·J⁻¹. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems.     

F50C复合材料的磨损性能

以一定质量比的聚全氟乙丙烯与聚四氟乙烯作为基体，填充一定的石墨经过干粉共混、模压，制备F50C复合材料，研究其耐磨损性能．对F50C及其有关的复合材料分别进行径向、端面磨损试验对比，考察不同转速、不同载荷对不同材料磨损性能的影响，结果表明具有良好的耐磨性能．初步分析F50C耐磨是由于粘附效应形成稳定的润滑膜所致．F50C已作为滑动轴承材料在高速磁力泵上考核和实际使用，其良好的耐磨性能得到了验证．     

Enhancement of tribological properties in siliconized graphite via hierarchically hybrid SiC/C composite

This study aims to investigate tribological properties in a siliconized graphite(СГ-П-0.5) and hierarchically hybrid Si C/C composites at the load ranging from 10-40 N under dry air/water lubrication conditions. A feasible liquid silicon infiltration(LSI) was used to fabricate the Si C/C composites. Morphology and phase identification of two materials were characterized and analyzed by scanning electron microscope(SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS). An image feature extraction was used to post-process the data of wear test, further to gain the wear properties of the samples. The results demonstrated that a lower coefficient of friction(COF) and wear rate can be achieved in the LSI Si C composites than that in the sample of СГ-П-0.5. Both COF decreased under waterlubricated conditions, compared with that under the dry air lubrication. The excellent tribological properties in two materials can be due mainly to the microstructure of the СГ-П-0.5 sample, showing much more graphite and Si dispersed on the matrix. The СГ-П-0.5 sample indicated the typical oxidative wear mechanism, whereas, the sample of LSI Si C demonstrated the combined oxidative and fatigue wear. This finding can provide a promising new siliconized graphite materials for ceramic rolling bearings.     

Influence of applied load on wear behavior of C/C-Cu composites under electric current

Using carbon fiber needled fabrics with Cu-mesh and graphite powder as the preform, Cu mesh modified carbon/carbon(C/C-Cu) composites were prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) with C3H6 and impregnation-carbonization (I/C) with furan resin. C/C composites, as a comparison, were also prepared. Their microstructures and wear morphologies were observed by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. Wear behavior of C/C and C/C-Cu composites under different applied loads were investigated on a pin-on-disc wear tester. The results show that Cu meshes are well dispersed and pyrolytic carbon is in rough laminar structure. Both C/C and C/C-Cu composites had good wear properties. The current-carrying capacity of C/C-Cu composites increases and the arc discharge is hindered as the applied load increases from 40 N to 80 N. Both C/C and C/C-Cu composites had good wear properties. The mass wear rate of C/C-Cu composites under 80 N was only 4.2% of that under 60 N. In addition, C/C-Cu composites represent different wear behaviors because wear mechanisms of arc erosion, abrasive wear, adhesive wear, and oxidative wear are changing under different applied loads.     

水润滑条件对UHMWPE复合材料的摩擦行为影响研究

为研究不同水润滑条件对超高分子量聚乙烯/橡胶复合材料摩擦过程的影响,通过高温混炼和热压成型制备不同橡胶填充不同UHMWPE复合材料.利用Mrh-3型环块摩擦实验机,通过控制变量法定量研究不同组分复合材料的摩擦磨损性能,从而优选出最终UHMWPE复合材料.针对选定材料研究3种水润滑工况对摩擦过程的影响,同时利用SEM分析磨损表面,从微观层面探究摩擦机理.实验结果表明,水润滑条件对UHMWPE复合材料摩擦磨损性能指标影响显著,对应的磨损机理迥异,润滑条件的改善可使磨合期变短,稳定磨损期变长.从微观和定量方面综合评估了舰艇水润滑轴承材料在不同水润滑条件下的磨损状况,可为工况规划与实际应用提供理论指导.     

三维编织碳/环氧复合材料的摩擦学特性

为研究三维编织复合材料的摩擦学行为，采用RTM工艺制备了三维编织碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料，讨论了纤维体积比、纤维表面处理和润滑条件等因素对复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明，随着纤维含量的增加，复合材料的摩擦系数先降后升，在35％时有最小值；磨损率则一直下降。纤维表面处理使复合材料的磨损率降低，耐磨性提高，水润滑条件下复合材料的摩擦磨损性能远优于干摩擦条件下的性能。干摩擦条件下复合材料的磨损机制主要为黏着磨损，水润滑条件下则以磨粒磨损为主。     

Fe_xSi_y改性C/C-SiC制动材料的制备及其性能

以针刺整体炭毡为预制体,采用化学气相渗透法(CVI)增密制备C/C多孔体,采用反应熔体浸渗法(RMI),将Fe与Si同时熔渗进C/C坯体中制备FexSiy改性C/C-SiC复合材料。研究FexSiy改性C/C-SiC复合材料的组织结构、力学性能和摩擦磨损性能。研究结果表明:硅铁化合物被SiC基体包围填充于C/C坯体孔隙中;FexSiy改性C/C-SiC复合材料的弯曲强度为189.65 MPa,垂直和平行摩擦面的压缩性能分别为296.93 MPa和201.32 MPa;分别采用30Cr钢和自身材料作对偶时,FexSiy改性C/C-SiC复合材料的平均摩擦因数均为0.24左右,线磨损均小于3.5μm.面-1.次-1,但与铬钢对摩静系数明显增大,而与自身对摩制动曲线出现明显翘尾现象,其摩擦磨损过程是由磨粒磨损、黏着磨损和氧化磨损相互作用的结果。     

不同制动速度下针刺毡炭/炭复合材料的摩擦磨损行为

用模拟刹车制动的摩擦试验机,研究了1种针刺毡结构炭/炭复合材料在不同制动速度下的摩擦磨损性能,并在光学显微镜下直接对摩擦表面进行了观察和分析．研究结果表明在制动速度为5m/s或静态条件下,针刺毡炭/炭复合材料的摩擦因数很低,但在制动速度为10m/s、能量较小时摩擦因数出现了峰值;在制动速度升高到20m/s后,摩擦因数较高且随刹车速度变化趋于稳定,显示出优良的高能高温制动性能;只要制动速度不是极高(如28m/s),这种材料均具有很好的抗磨损性能,其中磨损量在制动速度为15m/s时达到最大值,该制动速度对应于飞机进出场滑行制动速度;摩擦表面微观结构及氧化状况取决于制动条件的影响,炭磨屑和基体炭在制动过程中会优先氧化．     

碳纤维对轴瓦合金减摩耐磨性能的影响

在干摩擦和有油润滑状态下,对不同纤维含量的短碳纤维/铜铅复合轴瓦材料的减摩耐磨性能进行了试验研究。试验结果表明,碳纤维加入铜铅合金中明显提高了合金的耐磨性能,而碳纤维对合金减摩性能的影响则同润滑状态密切相关。作者还结合对磨面的扫描电镜观察,探讨了碳纤维的加入对铜铅合金减摩耐磨特性的影响机制。     

Si3N4／铸铁在空气和水润滑下的摩擦学特性

在Ｍ－２００环－块磨损试验机上研究了空气、蒸馏水润滑条件下Ｓｉ３Ｎ４／灰铸铁、Ｓｉ３Ｎ４／低铬铸铁（ＤＴ）摩擦副的摩擦磨损，同时与Ｓｉ３Ｎ４／Ｔ８钢摩擦副进行对比，讨论了铸铁中石墨和碳化物对摩擦磨损的影响，结果表明：蒸溜水润滑下，Ｓｉ３Ｎ４／ＨＴ的摩擦系统非常小，Ｓｉ３Ｎ４与ＨＴ的磨损体积也最小，这是由摩擦时Ｓｉ３Ｎ４水解与形成石墨膜共同作用的；而空气润滑下，Ｓｉ３Ｎ４／ＨＴ的摩擦靡损就不具有这种     

一种高性能C/C-SiC复合材料摩擦偶件优化选择研究

采用超声波渗硅技术,经化学气相沉积、硅化处理、浸渍/炭化增密和石墨化处理制备C/C-SiC复合材料.用偏光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜观测其微观组织结构,用X射线衍射仪进行物相分析,用MM一1000性摩擦磨损试验机检测C/C-SiC复合材料分别与C/C复合材料、30 CrSiMoVA钢和铁基粉末冶金材料组成摩擦副的摩擦性能.结果表明:C/C-SiC复合材料中只有C相和13-SIC相,C相的组成为炭纤维、沉积炭和树脂炭同时存在;C/C-SiC复合材料与铁基粉末冶金材料组成的摩擦副的摩擦性能优异,其摩擦因数为0.42,摩擦稳定性为85%,磨损值为3.9 μm/(次·面).     

不同刹车压力下C/C复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

研究了粗糙层和光滑层2种不同热解炭与树脂炭混合基体炭/炭复合材料在不同制动压力下的摩擦磨损性能,且对摩擦表面与磨屑进行了SEM观察和分析,并采用X射线衍射与激光喇曼光谱测定了在不同刹车压力下摩擦表面的石墨化度.研究结果表明:C/C复合材料的摩擦因数由摩擦表面所形成的摩擦膜所决定,随着刹车压力的增大,摩擦膜更完整平滑,摩擦因数呈降低趋势,磨损则随刹车压力的增大而呈增大趋势;粗糙层结构C/C复合材料即使在高制动压力下,仍能具有较高的摩擦因数,显示出优良的高压摩擦性能;高压下摩擦表面会发生应力石墨化作用,这是高压下摩擦因数下降的原因之一.     

不同载荷下C/C复合材料往返式滑动摩擦行为

以GCr钢球为对偶,在UMT-3微摩擦试验机上测试2种具有不同基体炭结构的C/C复合材料长时间往返式滑动摩擦磨损行为。研究结果表明:在相同载荷下,具有粗糙层热解炭基体的材料A的平均摩擦因数高于具有光滑层/树脂炭基体的材料B平均摩擦因数;在60N时,材料A的平均摩擦因数出现最大值,为0.193;而材料B的平均摩擦因数出现最低值,为0.120;随着载荷的增加,2种材料的平均摩擦因数均出现较大的波动,其中:材料A的平均摩擦因数变化趋势为先升后降,材料B的平均摩擦因数先降后升,但二者的差值随载荷增加先增后减;随着时间的延长,所有试样的摩擦因数均逐渐趋于稳定;材料A的摩擦表面膜较完整、致密,但存在大块摩擦膜剥落或交替堆叠;材料B的摩擦表面较粗糙,形成纤维与基体炭分开堆积成膜形貌。     

不同载荷和对偶下C/C-Cu复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

以炭纤维针刺整体毡为预制体,用化学气相渗透（CVI）、浸渍/炭化（I/C）的方法制备密度和基体炭不同的C/C多孔坯体,采用真空熔渗将铜合金液渗入C/C坯体中制备C/C-Cu复合材料,研究试验条件对复合材料摩擦磨损性能影响。研究结果表明：随着时间的延长,C/C-Cu复合材料摩擦因数趋于稳定;随着载荷的增加,摩擦因数和体积磨损先增后减,当载荷为80 N时达到最大值;试样摩擦因数和体积磨损与对偶件有关,当采用硬度较高的40Cr钢为对偶件时,试样摩擦因数随着时间的延长而增加并趋于稳定,且磨损量最大;当采用硬度低的黄铜和紫铜为对偶件时,试样摩擦因数随着时间变化不大,与紫铜对偶时的磨损量最小;C/C-Cu复合材料的磨损机制主要为磨料磨损、粘着磨损,采用40Cr钢作对偶时氧化磨损加大。     

湿式C/C制动材料的摩擦特性及其数值模拟

利用多元耦合场CVI工艺将炭毡增密至1.58 g/cm3,再进行树脂浸渍/炭化增密至1.85 g/cm3制备C/C复合材料。测试由其制成的摩擦实验环的湿式摩擦磨损性能,并利用软件建立的有限元模型对2 500 r/min及1.5 MPa时摩擦实验环的温度场分布进行模拟。结果表明:该湿式摩擦材料的摩擦因数在0.07~0.13间波动,当初始转速恒定时,摩擦因数随刹车压力的增大而减小;当刹车压力恒定时,摩擦因数先增大后减小。建立了C/C复合材料湿式制动过程模型,通过模拟获得了制动盘的各个部位温度场在本模拟研究中呈岛形分布,最高温度出现在0.875 s,这为制动材料的设计提供了参考。     

碳纤维─铜复合材料磨损性能研究

本文研究了碳纤维－铜复合材料在干摩擦状态下的磨损特性。着重研究了纤维取向、纤维含量、外加载荷的变化对复合材料磨损性能的影响、通过对磨痕扫描电镜的观察，探讨了复合材料的磨损机理。     

碳纤维/石墨-铜基自润滑耐磨复合涂层的摩擦学性能

为提高45~#钢的摩擦学性能,采用热压烧结技术,在45~#钢表面制备了以Ni为中间连接层的铜基自润滑耐磨复合涂层。采用扫描电镜和能谱仪对涂层表面及截面的微结构进行了分析;采用球-盘式摩擦磨损试验机与GCr15球配副,在不同载荷和速度下,研究了铜基自润滑耐磨复合涂层和基体的干摩擦学性能,并分析了磨损机理。结果表明:在所有试验条件下,含4wt%碳纤维和2wt%石墨样品的摩擦系数和磨损率均比45~#钢低,且在15 N载荷、500 r/min转速下显示出最优的摩擦学性能。     

Tribological behaviors of some polymeric materials in sea water

Ocean tribology, a new research field of tribology, is being established and developing. The investigation on the tribology in sea water has important significance to ocean exploitation. In this paper, the tribological behaviors of UHMWPE, PTFE as well as Ekonol/PTFE, graphite/PTFE and CF/PTFE sliding against GCr15 steel and Ni-Cr-WC alloy in sea water were investigated, and compared with those in pure water. Results show that the main factors that affect the tribological behaviors of five polymeric materials in sea water are the corrosive effect and lubricating effect of sea water. When polymeric materials sliding against GCr15 in sea water, owing to serious corrosion of counterface by sea water, the surface roughness of the counterface increases largely. As a result, the lubricating effect of medium decreases sharply and the plowing effect of counterface increases greatly. So the friction coefficients and wear rates of five materials sliding against GCr15 in sea water are much larger than those under other conditions. Such wear model, depending on the corrosion of counterface by medium, can be called indirect corrosive wear. Under other three conditions, owing to the more superior lubricating effect of sea water than pure water and the better wettability of Ni-Cr-WC than GCr15, the friction coefficients and wear rates of five materials increase in the following order： sliding against Ni-Cr-WC in sea water 〈 sliding against Ni-Cr-WC in pure water 〈 sliding against GCr15 in pure water. Moreover, compared with other materials, CF/PTFE is the one with more superior plowing and wear resistance in pure and sea water, which is a potential frictional material well suitable for pure and sea water lubrication.     

超高分子量聚乙烯聚合材料的磨擦磨损性能

用MPV－200型磨擦磨损试验机和腐蚀磨损试验机,对MoS2、PTFE、石墨、玻璃纤维、碳纤维填充的超高分子量聚乙烯（UHMW－PE）塑料复合材料的磨擦磨损性能进行了较为系统的研究,结果表明：填充MoS2、PTFE、石墨可降低UHMW－PE的磨擦系数;而添加玻璃纤维则增大了UHMW－PE的磨擦系数;添加碳纤维对UHMW－PE的磨擦系数几乎无影响。同时,添加填料可使用UHMW－PE的耐磨性显著提高,其中石墨的减磨降磨效果最佳。重点研究了载荷、滑动速度对高分子量聚乙烯基体＋20％石墨复合材料的磨擦磨损性能的影响。