片状岩石全应力应变压缩过程及力学机制试验研究

为了解片状岩石的全应力应变压缩过程及力学机制,利用RMT-150C岩石力学刚性伺服试验系统,对绿泥石片岩和云母石英片岩进行压缩力学试验.基于试验结果,得到岩石全应力应变压缩过程,提出峰前压密、线弹性、微裂隙稳态扩展和微裂隙不稳态扩展4个变形阶段以及峰后应变软化、残余应力稳定两个变形阶段,分析岩石在各阶段的强度变形特性以及体应变、横向应变和轴向应变之间的关系;详细探讨压缩条件下水对试样物理力学性质的影响规律,重点对比峰值强度、弹性(变形)模量等指标的敏感程度和围压效应;并揭示片状岩石在压缩状态下的破裂模式,将整个破坏过程分为单一剪切破裂、鼓状破裂、Y字形破裂及平行劈裂4种形式.     

辉绿岩单轴及常规三轴压缩下力学特性试验研究

为了分析坚硬脆性岩石在单轴及常规三轴压缩条件下的强度和变形特性,通过在TAW-2000微机控制电液伺服试验机上对辉绿岩进行单轴及常规三轴压缩试验,主要分析辉绿岩在围压为1、3、5、10 MPa时基本物理力学参数的离散程度,其弹性模量的离散程度指标值较小,在0.27%～3.49%波动,能较好地表征辉绿岩的变形特性。试验结果表明:随着围压的增大,岩石峰值应变和残余应变均表现出显著的线性增长关系,可采用一次函数形式拟合,弹性模量、变形模量和泊松比均表现出较明显的非线性增长关系,可采用幂函数形式进行拟合,但并不会随着围压的增大而无限增大,而是趋于一个稳定值,这一规律为实际工程中不同地应力条件下准确选取弹性模量、泊松比等参数提供理论基础;随着围压的增大,岩石的峰值强度和残余强度均呈现出较显著的线性增长关系,可采用一次函数形式拟合,并计算出黏聚力和内摩擦角,为岩石工程设计时强度参数的选择提供参考依据。     

围压对大理岩力学特性影响的试验研究

在MTS815岩石力学试验系统对大理岩进行不同围压三轴压缩试验的基础上,分析研究在不同围压下大理岩的变形特性和强度特性．研究表明,大理岩在三向应力条件下具有明显塑性变形特征,随围压的升高,变形特性表现为塑性特征增强,弹性模量和泊松比增大,峰前扩容明显增大;强度特性表现为峰值强度和残余强度均随围压的增大而线性增大,残余强度对围压的敏感性高于峰值强度,残余内聚力大大低于峰值,残余内摩擦角与峰值非常接近．     

围压效应对钙泥质胶结砂岩强度和变形的影响

针对西部地区侏罗系砂岩成岩年代新、胶结程度较差,以及煤矿高强度开采的特点,开展恒定围压下三轴压缩实验,不同速率卸围压,以及单块多级加载实验,研究围压路径变化效应对钙泥质胶结砂岩强度和变形特征的影响.实验表明:西部中粒砂岩峰值强度、残余强度、峰值应变、弹性模量、泊松比等力学参数均对围压依赖性较强,且由于其钙泥质胶结的细观特性使其黏聚力、内摩擦角相比其他地区、其他年代的砂岩较低.随着围压的增大,试件由简单平整破裂面向复杂非平整多破裂面破裂模式转化.变围压加载过程中,围压的变化对砂岩的承载能力和变性特征影响显著,围压主要通过束缚试件横向变形和裂纹扩展,以及增大内部摩擦的方式影响岩体的力学特征,围压卸载和加载对岩体力学参数的影响规律可为采场推进速度优化和围岩支护分析提供一定的参考.     

温度-应力耦合作用下砂岩破坏特性试验研究

为探究一般工程温度条件下砂岩变形破坏过程及力学特征,以三峡库区白水河滑坡库岸段砂岩为研究对象,采用TOP INDUSTRIE岩石三轴试验仪,分别在不同温度(0°、20°、40°、60°)、不同围压(5MPa、10MPa、15MPa、20MPa)耦合作用下进行常规三轴压缩试验研究.结果表明:砂岩试样在不同温压作用下应力-应变关系曲线形态和趋势极为相似,变形破坏形式没有明显变化,均在达到峰值强度后快速破坏,并且以剪切破坏为主,在常温下的破坏面形态单一,随温度的升高破坏过程会更复杂;砂岩试样的弹性模量和峰值应变均伴随着围压的增大而增大,随着温度的升高而降低;粘聚力及内摩擦角随温度的升高均呈下降趋势,粘聚力的下降幅度远大于内摩擦角的降幅;温度、应力作用下的砂岩耦合效应对岩体变形破坏有重大影响,考虑砂岩温度-应力耦合作用的稳定性评价对工程设计具有重要指导意义.     

不同卸荷速率下变质石英砂岩力学性质试验分析

为研究不同卸荷速率下岩石力学特性,以锦屏一级大奔流沟料场特高边坡变质石英细砂岩为例,开展不同卸荷速率和不同围压下的卸荷试验,得到了应力-应变曲线,重点分析了卸荷速率对应力-应变关系、破坏特征、破坏应力差、强度参数的影响规律.结果表明:卸荷作用对岩石脆性破坏特征明显;常规加载试验为压剪破坏,卸荷试验为张剪破坏;随着围压的降低,弹性模量不断降低,卸荷速率越快,非线性关系越明显;卸荷速率越快,泊松比增加越慢;卸荷条件下岩石的黏聚力减小,内摩擦角增大.     

加、卸荷条件下岩石变形及三轴强度研究

基于实际岩石工程开挖过程中存在的卸荷现象,通过大理岩、花岗岩、砂岩等常规三轴加载与固定轴向位移的三轴卸围压实验（包括加地破坏后的卸围压实验）,对常规三轴与三轴卸卸围压条件下的变形模量及强度参数（弹性模量、峰值程度、残余强度等）进行了对比分析,试验表明卸载过程变形模量及强度指标明显小于加载过程的变形与强度指标,而三轴加载到峰值破坏后的卸围压试验表明其抗剪强度内摩擦角远大于加载破坏时的内摩擦角,内聚力一般比加载条件下加载峰值内聚力及峰后残余内聚力小。     

云雾山隧道围岩力学性质研究

对宜万铁路云雾山隧道灰岩进行室内三轴压缩试验研究,分析与比较了自然状态和饱和状态试样在不同围压下应力-应变关系曲线,结果表明,含水状态和围压对岩石的峰值强度、轴向应变及弹性模量均具有一定影响.在主应力空间内,利用线性莫尔-库伦强度准则拟合试验数据得到岩石的强度参数C,φ值,为该隧道工程的计算分析提供参考.对岩样的破坏特征进行分析后得出:在较低围压下,试样基本上为宏观单一断面的剪切破坏,随着围压的增大,试样有向两个相交的剪切面发展的趋势.     

深部砂岩动态冲击破坏的力学特性研究

为了研究深部砂岩在热-水-力耦合作用下的动力学特性,利用自主研发的热-水-力耦合三轴岩土体动态冲击力学试验系统,分析了动态冲击下深部砂岩的力学参数并从能量的角度描述其破坏形态。研究结果表明:在具有主动围压、轴压、渗透水压及温度的耦合作用下,冲击气压增大时,深部砂岩的应力-应变曲线的峰值应力随之增大;深部砂岩的峰值应力与应变率变化表现出明显的正相关性,具体表现为随着应变率的增大,峰值应力不断增大;随着冲击气压的增大,破碎程度不断加大,深部砂岩的破坏形态向压剪破坏过渡和发展,岩石试件的破坏形态呈脆性向延性转变的趋势。试验结果可以为深部砂岩在实际爆破工程中提供参数支撑。     

含陡倾角软弱结构面的花岗岩力学特性及声发射特征

利用MTS 815.03岩石试验机对试件进行三轴压缩试验,采用DISP声发射测试系统进行声发射数据收集,并对含陡倾角软弱结构面的岩体试件和岩石试件进行试验对比.两种试件随围压的增加强度逐渐增加,破坏由脆性向延性转变;岩体试件总是沿结构面滑移破坏,岩石试件为剪切破坏.随着围压的增加,两种试件的弹性模量、变形模量、峰值应变和峰值强度增加;岩体试件弹性模量、变形模量值和峰值强度低于岩石试件,而峰值应变高于岩石试件.岩体试件内摩擦角小于岩石试件,而黏聚力大于岩石试件.随围压的增加,两种试件在峰值应力阶段声发射事件远高于其他阶段,而岩体试件声发射事件集聚量远远高于岩石试件.研究结果表明软弱结构面的存在降低了岩体的力学性质,因此在高放废物地质处置库选址时结构面发育特征是需要考虑的关键因素.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.