大气悬浮颗粒物对钢铁材料环境腐蚀性影响程度的数学分析

采用Kelvin探针测量技术连续监测钢铁材料在雾霾环境的SKP电位,监测结果表明大气悬浮颗粒物沉积在试样表面会促进试样表面的大气腐蚀;采用数学方差分析方法研究相对湿度、悬浮颗粒物等因素对促进钢铁腐蚀的贡献率,分析结果表明在湿度影响相同的情况下,钢铁材料在含有悬浮颗粒物的大气环境中发生腐蚀的倾向性至少提高33.62%,只要这些悬浮颗粒物一直沉积在钢铁表面,其加速材料腐蚀的风险始终存在.     

燃烧过程中超细颗粒物的研究现状与发展趋势

本文对燃烧过程中超细颗粒的物国内外研究现状进行了综述，介绍了国内外近期开展的有关超细颗粒的研究课题，研究方向，简述了常用的超细颗粒物的采样和分析方法，并对超细颗粒物研究的发展趋势进行了预测，由此提出了目前我们应该开展研究的重点方向。     

高能P^＋注入硅和N—Zn双注入GaAsP热退火过程中的分形生长

研究了高能Ｐ＾＋Ｐ注入硅和Ｚｎ＋Ｎ双注入ＧａＡｓＰ热退火过程中分形生长过程与退火温度和注入杂质电激活率的关系。分析了２种注入条件下分形生长各自的特点，讨论了分形生长和生长的机理。     

炭／炭复合材料微观孔隙结构演化的分形特征

提出了一种用分形理论研究炭／炭（C／C）复合材料制备过程中孔隙演化特征的新方法．基于压汞测试数据,根据海绵分形模型及热力学关系模型导出的多孔介质分形维数计算公式,计算了致密化各阶段C／C复合材料孔隙的分形维数,并研究了分形维数随孔隙演化过程的变化规律．结果表明C／C复合材料属于多孔分形介质,孔隙分形维数随孔隙率的减小而增大,但同时受到热解炭织构形态的影响,从各向同性到高织构热解炭,分形维数减小．分形维数综合反映了C／C复合材料内部孔隙的复杂程度和热解炭的形貌特征,是监控C／C复合材料致密化过程中孔隙演化的一个有效参数．     

孔隙和裂缝分形油藏的瞬态压力分析

研究了孔隙与裂缝分形油藏中流体的流动．通过引进流动路径长度的微分关系式和单位横截面面积得出分形渗透率、孔隙度和渗流速度三个基本公式．阐明了分形孔隙介质与分形裂缝介质中渗透率和孔隙度表达式的区别．建立起分形油藏中单相流体渗流的压力扩散方程,给出相关方程的解,绘制了用于瞬态压力分析的典型曲线．讨论了孔隙分形油藏和裂缝分形油藏试井解释的方法和步骤．对于多维各向异性分形介质,在直角坐标和圆柱坐标系中也给出了相应的渗流压力扩散方程．对分形油气藏勘探和开发具有重要意义．     

分形粗糙面双站散射的有限元数值模拟

用Monte Carlo方法和有限元数值计算研究了分形粗糙面和Gauss粗糙面的双站散射,比较了两类粗糙面散射的区别及其与各特征参数的关系.模拟计算结果表明：分形粗糙面双站散射具有明显的角度性起伏,即使在表面趋于平坦时,Gauss表面散射表现为镜面反射,而分形粗糙面仍有角度性漫射.分形粗糙面双站散射的角度性起伏与分维数有近似的线形关系.当分形粗糙面上有电大尺寸目标时,由双站散射反演的分维数将会降低.当表面变得十分粗糙时,分形粗糙面与Gauss粗糙面双站散射特征趋近.     

南极大气科学考察与研究

我国的南极实地考察始于1980年，近20余年来有较大的进展。南极大气科学考察与研究是南极科学研究的重要组成部分，本文从大气科学角度阐述了南极大气科学考察与研究的意义，回顾了国内外南极气象及大气科学考察历史与现状，介绍了国外南极大气科学研究概况及近年来我国南极大气科学在全球变化研究方面的新进展，展望了南极大气科学研究的发展方向。     

海杂波频谱的多重分形特性分析

本文主要研究海杂波频谱的多重分形特性并分析其影响因素．首先介绍了将多重分形理论引入到海杂波频谱分析中的理论基础,然后,采用X波段与S波段相参雷达实测数据验证海杂波频谱的多重分形特性,并采用多重分形去趋势起伏分析（MF-DFA）法对海杂波频谱进行多重分形特性分析、分析结果表明海杂波频谱是一种受长程相关性和概率分布共同影响的多重分形序列,并且频域多重分形参数广义Hurst指数对海杂波单元与目标单元具有一定的区分能力．此外．通过分析广义Hurst指数的影响因素还发现FFT时所采用的时间序列长度对广义Hurst指数影响相对较大,而FFT点数对其影响相对较小．     

土壤分形与土壤粘附

土壤对外表面的粘附性是土壤的动力学性质之一。土壤的诸多性能呈现分形特征。本文综合了介绍土壤颗粒尺寸分布分形和土壤颗表面分形特征及其对土壤粘附的影响。分析表明土壤与固体表面的粘附力随着土壤颗粒尺寸分布分形维数和土壤颗粒表面分形维数增大而增大,土壤的这两种分形维数一定程度上反映了土壤的粘附性。     

柴油高压喷雾燃烧火焰碳烟颗粒形貌及其纳观结构分析

柴油机是热效率最高、单位体积和比功率密度最大、应用最广泛的动力装置之一.但柴油机喷雾混合扩散燃烧的本质会导致颗粒物的大量产生.为了深入了解柴油机缸内温度和压力条件下喷雾火焰中碳烟颗粒的生成及其演化的详细机制,本研究利用热泳探针采样及高分辨透射电子显微镜成像(HRTEM)的方法对定容燃烧弹(CVCC)中柴油喷雾火焰中生成的颗粒进行了采集并结合成像分析研究了其表观形貌、纳观结构的特性,并进一步提取了其形貌结构的参数.本文还详细考察了不同负荷(喷油量)对基元颗粒和团聚体的形态特征及分形几何参数的影响.结果表明,随着喷油量的升高,团聚体分形维数增加,团聚体颗粒结构越来越紧凑.不同喷油量下的基元粒径呈正态分布,粒径随喷油量的增加而增加.颗粒的微晶长度随喷油量增加而增加,但微晶曲率和微晶碳层间距随喷油量增加而减少,由此表明随着喷油量的增加,颗粒样品的石墨化程度提高,氧化活性下降.我们在此基础之上还进一步分析了回转半径、颗粒投影面积、圆度和球度、基元粒子数等相关参数的结果.     

基于变形时间效应的高速铁路地基压缩层厚度计算方法

路堤荷载作用下地基变形是高速铁路路基沉降的主要来源,地基有时间效应的变形是引起高速铁路长期服役性能劣化的核心因素,掌握具有变形时间效应的地基土层区域是合理计算地基工后沉降、优化地基加固方案的技术关键.基于分形的无标度特性,确立塑性变形速率随时间的分形关系,揭示了地基土变形随荷载水平呈现快速稳定、长期稳定、长期破坏和快速破坏的四种演化状态类别,提出了表征变形速率变化快慢的土体变形状态"分维数判别法";开展了单元结构填土模型和三轴流变试验,获得了中低压缩性粉质黏土的变形状态荷载阈值及其与抗剪强度或极限承载力的比值;基于摩尔-库伦准则,采用强度折减方法,获得了地基土变形状态强度参数,结合地基土中应力,得到了由库伦强度理论表达的变形状态控制方程,明确了地基沿深度具有时间效应变形区域的深度即为基于变形时间效应的地基压缩层厚度.提出的"时间效应法"确定压缩层厚度为进一步完善高速铁路的地基沉降计算提供了理论依据和实验支撑.     

A fractal forecasting model for financial time series

Financial market time series exhibit high degrees of non‐linear variability, and frequently have fractal properties. When the fractal dimension of a time series is non‐integer, this is associated with two features: (1) inhomogeneity—extreme fluctuations at irregular intervals, and (2) scaling symmetries—proportionality relationships between fluctuations over different separation distances. In multivariate systems such as financial markets, fractality is stochastic rather than deterministic, and generally originates as a result of multiplicative interactions. Volatility diffusion models with multiple stochastic factors can generate fractal structures. In some cases, such as exchange rates, the underlying structural equation also gives rise to fractality. Fractal principles can be used to develop forecasting algorithms. The forecasting method that yields the best results here is the state transition‐fitted residual scale ratio (ST‐FRSR) model. A state transition model is used to predict the conditional probability of extreme events. Ratios of rates of change at proximate separation distances are used to parameterize the scaling symmetries. Forecasting experiments are run using intraday exchange rate futures contracts measured at 15‐minute intervals. The overall forecast error is reduced on average by up to 7% and in one instance by nearly a quarter. However, the forecast error during the outlying events is reduced by 39% to 57%. The ST‐FRSR reduces the predictive error primarily by capturing extreme fluctuations more accurately. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Interaction between the soluble and particulate neuraminidases of chick liver.

The sum of the neuraminidase activities found in the isolated soluble and particulate fractions of chick liver was considerably higher than that observed in the cytoplasmic extract from which these fractions were obtained. Addition of increasing amounts of particulate neuraminidase to a constant amount of the soluble preparation resulted in a progressive loss of enzyme activity.     

Localization of acid phosphatases in the cell fractions of chick liver

Summary 3 molecular forms (P1, P2 and P3) of acid phosphatase (E.C.3.1.3.2) have been detected in chicken liver homogenate. The different intracellular localization of these molecules has been demonstrated by cellular fractionation and electrophoretic analysis. P1 and P2 phosphatases are both present in the particulate fraction. P3 is present in a pure form in the soluble fraction. The difference between the enzyme molecules present in the particulate fraction and that in the soluble one is confirmed by the different activation-inhibition effect of various ions and substances on the enzymatic activity of subcellular fractions.     

硫酸盐溶液中锌-铜共沉积物的形貌研究

在二维情况下对硫酸铜和硫酸锌的混合溶液进行不同实验条件的电沉积,通过金相显微镜等手段观测了不同电压和浓度下混合溶液中金属生长和共沉积的过程,并通过对比单组分溶液与二元混合溶液的沉积物生长形貌和分形状况,研究了混合溶液在不同电压和浓度条件下所生成的沉积物的形貌规律。实验结果表明:由于金属各向异性,导致混合溶液中的沉积物形貌较单组分溶液更为复杂;而随着电压和浓度的改变,沉积物的形貌由枝晶状向DLA分形和致密结果转变。     

Interaction between the soluble and particulate neuraminidases of chick liver

Summary The sum of the neuraminidase activities found in the isolated soluble and particulate fractions of chick liver was considerably higher than that observed in the cytoplasmic extract from which these fractions were obtained. Addition of increasing amounts of particulate neuraminidase to a constant amount of the soluble preparation resulted in a progressive loss of enzyme activity.This investigation was supported in part by U. S. Public Health Service Grant NS09176 from the National Institutes of Health.     

Fractal symmetry of protein interior: what have we learned?

The application of fractal dimension-based constructs to probe the protein interior dates back to the development of the concept of fractal dimension itself. Numerous approaches have been tried and tested over a course of (almost) 30 years with the aim of elucidating the various facets of symmetry of self-similarity prevalent in the protein interior. In the last 5 years especially, there has been a startling upsurge of research that innovatively stretches the limits of fractal-based studies to present an array of unexpected results on the biophysical properties of protein interior. In this article, we introduce readers to the fundamentals of fractals, reviewing the commonality (and the lack of it) between these approaches before exploring the patterns in the results that they produced. Clustering the approaches in major schools of protein self-similarity studies, we describe the evolution of fractal dimension-based methodologies. The genealogy of approaches (and results) presented here portrays a clear picture of the contemporary state of fractal-based studies in the context of the protein interior. To underline the utility of fractal dimension-based measures further, we have performed a correlation dimension analysis on all of the available non-redundant protein structures, both at the level of an individual protein and at the level of structural domains. In this investigation, we were able to separately quantify the self-similar symmetries in spatial correlation patterns amongst peptide–dipole units, charged amino acids, residues with the π-electron cloud and hydrophobic amino acids. The results revealed that electrostatic environments in the interiors of proteins belonging to ‘α/α toroid’ (all-α class) and ‘PLP-dependent transferase-like’ domains (α/β class) are highly conducive. In contrast, the interiors of ‘zinc finger design’ (‘designed proteins’) and ‘knottins’ (‘small proteins’) were identified as folds with the least conducive electrostatic environments. The fold ‘conotoxins’ (peptides) could be unambiguously identified as one type with the least stability. The same analyses revealed that peptide–dipoles in the α/β class of proteins, in general, are more correlated to each other than are the peptide–dipoles in proteins belonging to the all-α class. Highly favorable electrostatic milieu in the interiors of TIM-barrel, α/β-hydrolase structures could explain their remarkably conserved (evolutionary) stability from a new light. Finally, we point out certain inherent limitations of fractal constructs before attempting to identify the areas and problems where the implementation of fractal dimension-based constructs can be of paramount help to unearth latent information on protein structural properties.     

Non-monotonic probability theory for n-state quantum systems

In previous work, a non-standard theory of probability was formulated and used to systematize interference effects involving the simplest type of quantum systems. The main result here is a self-contained, non-trivial generalization of that theory to capture interference effects involving a much broader range of quantum systems. The discussion also focuses on interpretive matters having to do with the actual/virtual distinction, non-locality, and conditional probabilities.     

Bronchial asymmetry and Fibonacci scaling

Summary The irregular branching pattern of the bronchial tree in multiple mammalian species is consistent with a process of morphogenetic self-similarity described by Fibonacci scaling.