强震孕育过程中地震类型的动态变化及实验研究

 讨论了1965年以来云南地区强震孕育过程中地震类型的动态变化,发现:云南地区发生6.7级以上强震前数月至数年,云南省内均有2次以上5级双震或群震型地震发生;部分强震前数月至数年,至少有3次以上前主震型地震密集发生.强震发生在这些前主震、双震、群震型地震150 km以外地区.典型地区地震类型的追踪研究也表明:宁蒗地区发生5级双震、前主震型地震以及腾冲地区发生6级群震型地震,云南地区均发生6.5级和7级以上强震,但地点远在宁蒗、腾冲200 km以外地区.实验中,随着载荷的增大,岩样的破裂类型经历了主余破、孤立破→群破→前主破→破裂类型多元化的过程.震例和实验研究结果的对照显示:地震的类型不仅与发震地区地质构造有关,也与地壳介质所处的应力状态有关.     

滇西南一次超级单体持续降雹过程分析

利用多普勒天气雷达3830/CC和分辨率为1°×1°的NCEP再分析资料,对一次南支槽影响滇西南超级单体雹暴过程进行分析.结果表明：2 h以上深厚持久中气旋、低层辐合高层辐散和和风速随高度增加等中尺度径向风场结构利于低层暖湿空气辐合进入云体和倾斜旋转上升,形成低层弱回波区(Weak Echo Region,WER)、钩状回波和中高层回波悬垂,北侧冷平流入侵形成“V”型槽口,保障超级单体雹暴持续4 h以上,冰雹粒子强烈散射作用形成旁瓣回波.径向风辐合增强并扩展至8 km高度,回波强度、顶高、50 dBz回波高度、-20℃层回波强度、垂直累积液态水含量(Vertically Integrated Liquid, VIL)等参量波动增大,尤其中气旋非常利于超级单体发展和冰雹粒子生长,在中气旋到达强盛阶段(旋转速度≥10 m·s^-1)26 min内5个特征参量先后出现最大值.南支槽前中层西南气流的汇合提供水汽条件,中低层强垂直风切变提供抬升动力条件,近地层中尺度辐合线创造对流触发条件,低层温湿度锋区提供对流不稳定,而上冷下暖及低层湿度适中、中层高湿、高层干的垂直结构加剧对...     

半刚接柱脚低层规则钢框架损伤分布机理分析

针对低层规则钢框架损伤分布机理不明确,以钢框架的强柱系数、首层剪重比为主要研究参量,建立8个半刚接柱脚三层规则钢框架模型;通过弹塑性分析,研究半刚接柱脚低层规则钢框架损伤分布机理。结果如下：柱、梁均刚接的模型首层变形集中,为防止首层破坏,强柱系数要求在1.9以上;有轴力柱的模型各层层间位移分布较均匀,然而刚接梁端部和半刚接柱脚地震需求性能较大;随着强柱系数的增大,梁的延性比和累积塑性延性比均增大。     

Partial oxidation of methane to syngas in a mixed-conducting oxygen permeable membrane reactor

Mixed-conducting oxygen permeable membranes represent a class of novel ceramic membranes, which exhibit mixed oxygen ionic and electronic conductivities. At high temperatures, oxygen can permeate through the membrane from the high to low oxygen pressure side under an oxygen concentration gradient. Theoretically, the permselectivity of oxygen is 100%. Recently, a novel mixed-conducting membrane—Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Co_0.8Fe_0.2O_3−δ has been developed, which shows extremely high oxygen permeability and promising stability. Furthermore, the reactor made with such membranes was successfully applied to the partial oxidation of methane to syngas reaction using air as the oxygen source, which realized the coupling of the separation of oxygen from air and the partial oxidation of membrane reaction in one process. At 850°C, methane conversion > 88%, CO selectivity > 97% and oxygen permeation rate of about 7.8 mL/(cm² · min) were obtained.     

云南春夏连旱气候变化趋势及致灾成因分析

通过构建能同时考虑全省受旱范围(面积)和不同等级干旱强度的区域干旱指数,用异常指数划分出云南中、重和特旱年份,利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,采用morlet小波研究了云南春夏连旱强度指数的变化趋势,并对比分析了云南春夏连旱重灾年与多年平均200hPa与500hPa环流场的差异.结果表明:云南春夏连续致灾干旱的平均出现频率是:特旱20a一遇,重旱以上10a一遇,中旱以上5a一遇;目前云南可能处于这样的历史位置,要么是不出现春夏连旱,如果出现,则将是特旱灾害;500hPa高纬度为纬向环流控制,青藏高压明显偏弱,孟加拉湾低槽没有出现或明显偏弱,20°N以南地区为正距平区控制,无冷暖气流在云南交汇,200hPa青藏高原上为-50gpm的强负距平区,中南半岛北部处于-5gpm距平区,形不成中心在中南半岛北部的高层辐散、低层辐合上升的垂直环流,使云南不能出现解除干旱的有效降水天气过程,东西风季节转换较常年偏晚16d左右,导致了云南春夏连续致灾干旱的发生.     

平顶山市及邻区地震活动异常在河南省及邻区中强地震预测中的应用

通过对选定研究区和河南省及邻区地震资料的处理分析,发现河南省及邻区中强地震前研究区内出现小震活动增强的特征.分析认为：研究区的地震活动增强至其平均强度的2倍以上时,则在异常结束后的1.5a内,豫北及邻区发生4.8级以上地震的概率为0.8,其预测效能R值评分为0.38.研究区内小震活动增强可作为预测豫北及邻区中强地震的一种中短期预测方法.     

Hydrogen production by reforming methane in a corona inducing dielectric barrier discharge and catalyst hybrid reactor

A novel corona inducing dielectric barrier discharge(CIDBD) and catalyst hybrid reactor was developed for reforming methane. This corona inducing technique allows dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) to occur uniformly in a large gap at relatively low applied voltage.Hydrogen production by reforming methane with steam and air was investigated with the hybrid reactor under atmospheric pressure and temperatures below 600°C.The effects of input power,O2/C molar ratio and preheat temperature on methane conversion and hydrogen selectivity were investigated experimentally.It was found that higher methane conversions were obtained at higher discharge power,and methane conversion increased significantly with input power less than 50 W;the optimized molar ratio of O2/C was 0.6 to obtain the highest hydrogen selectivity(112%);under the synergy of dielectric barrier discharge and catalyst,methane conversion was close to the thermodynamic equilibrium conversion rate.     

临震卫星热红外异常的机理分析

围绕卫星红外异常预测地震方法的理论基础——临震红外异常的成因机制问题,简介前人基于实验的各种假说;结合红外遥感和地面观测实际进行验证和评述;从红外遥感理论依据——斯忒藩-玻耳兹曼定律出发加以分析,针对临震热红外异常出现时间的短暂性、范围的区域性、增幅的显著性等特点加以具体运用,从理论和实践的结合上,对红外异常的机理和红外遥感地震的方法,进行评述和展望。     

The evolution of the atmosphere in the Archaean and early Proterozoic

Key steps in atmospheric evolution occurred in the Archaean. The Hadean atmosphere was created by the inorganic processes of volatile accretion from space and degassing from the interior, and then modified by chemical and photochemical processes. The air was probably initially anoxic, though there may have been a supply of oxidation power as a consequence of hydrodynamic escape to space of hydrogen from water. Early subduction may have removed CO₂ and the Hadean planet may have been icy. In the Archaean, as anoxygenic and then oxygenic photosynthesis evolved, biological activity remade the atmosphere. Sedimentological evidence implies there were liquid oceans despite the faint young Sun. These oceans may have been sustained by the greenhouse warming effect of biologically-made methane. Oxygenesis in the late Archaean would have released free O₂ into the water. This would have created oxic surface waters, challenging the methane greenhouse. After the Great Oxidation Event around 2.3 to 2.4 billion years ago, the atmosphere itself became oxic, perhaps triggering a glacial crisis by cutting methane-caused greenhouse warming. By the early Proterozoic, all the key biochemical processes that maintain the modern atmosphere were probably present in the microbial community.     

中国沿海和内陆强震前地表潜热通量异常特征

地表潜热通量(SLHF)是反映地表蒸发能量大小的大气参数。国外学者分析近年若干沿海地区的强震时发现,沿海强震震中附近在震前出现了潜热通量异常,而远离海域的内陆地震并未出现潜热通量异常。本文以近10年发生在中国的1次沿海强震和3次内陆强震为例,进行了震前SLHF异常的时空特征分析,发现震前3～10d,震中附近均出现了SLHF异常。该异常主要分布在震中及其周围地区,且与区域内的主要活动构造带走向一致。因此,SLHF异常可以成为一种有价值的大地构造活动性遥感监测指标,并为中国沿海和内陆地区强震提供有用的临震前兆信息。     

巷道风流中瓦斯逆流现象的数值模拟

根据计算流体动力学理论,研究巷道在不同风速、不同倾角下的瓦斯逆流现象;分析巷道风流中瓦斯逆流区的长度、浓度分布以及瓦斯层厚度的变化;得出倾斜巷道中瓦斯逆流的一般规律.结果表明:在下行通风风速较小的情况下,当瓦斯从顶板涌出时,巷道中将出现明显的瓦斯逆流现象;在发生瓦斯逆流时,风速越高,瓦斯逆流的区域越小,瓦斯层的厚度越薄、长度越短;下行通风有利于空气和瓦斯的混合,且倾角越大,瓦斯与空气混合的能力越强,顶板逆流瓦斯层的范围越小.     

Coalbed methane reservoir boundaries and sealing mechanism

It is important to investigate the coalbed methane reservoir boundaries for the classification, exploration, and development of the coalbed methane reservoir. Based on the investigation of the typical coalbed methane reservoirs in the world, the boundaries can be divided into four types: hydrodynamic boundary, air altered boundary, permeability boundary, and fault boundary. Hydrodynamic and air altered boundaries are ubiquitous boundaries for every coalbed methane reservoir. The four types of the fault sealing mechanism in the petroleum geological investigation (diagen- esis, clay smear, juxtaposition and cataclasis) are applied to the fault boundary of the coalbed methane reservoir. The sealing mechanism of the open fault boundary is the same with that of the hydrodynamic sealing boundary. The sealing mechanism of the permeability boundary is firstly classified into capillary pressure sealing and hydrocarbon concentration sealing. There are different controlling boundaries in coalbed methane reservoirs that are in different geological backgrounds. Therefore, the coalbed methane reservoir is diversiform.     

草原退化过程中植物功能群数量特征的变化

本研究以内蒙古高原东部克鲁伦河流域的放牧退化草原作为研究对象，在植物功能群划分的基础上，比较不同类别功能群在放牧梯度上的垂直分异和地上生物量的空间分布。结果显示：在中度放牧条件下，水分生态型功能群和种子传播类型功能群的植物生长较好；在轻牧区，生活型功能群的物种高度最大；生育型功能群中，匍匐型植物随着放牧强度的增加而减少。地上生物量的分布而言，植物水分生态型功能群中，旱生植物在中度和轻度放牧区占有绝对优势地位，强旱生植物在强度放牧区优势明显；植物生活型功能群中，多年生草本植物在不同放牧强度下都占有明显优势；生育型功能群中，丛生型植物在中度和轻度放牧区分布较广，重度放牧区中鳞茎植物占优势；从种子传播类型功能群来看，重力传播方式的植物在重度放牧区占绝对优势主。在中度放牧条件下草原群落的物种多样性最高。     

基于分形理论的土壤氡浓度矿化异常的分析方法:以湖南郴州金狮岭地区为例

土壤氡浓度分布具有双分形特征,其分维值分别为D1=0.079 4和D2=1.4654,分形临界值为2 167.7 Bq/m~3.低于临界值的分形其分维值D1很小,代表了区域背景分布,其背景值为1 088.16 Bq/m~3.高于临界值的分形其分维值D2显著增大,反映该区发生了较强的成矿作用的叠加.分形临界值可以作为异常下限值.金狮岭地区土壤氡浓度异常区分布范围较大,表明具有较好的成矿远景.     

亚洲地区1918—1970年7级以上强震重新定位与震源机制测量及结果的不确定性分析

通过光学字符识别(OCR)软件, 整理世界地震台网1918—1970年的世界台站震相报告, 对该时期发生在亚洲及周边地区7级以上强震的震源位置及部分强震的震源机制(断层面解)进行测量。使用1918—1970年《国际地震资料汇编》(ISS)和EHB Bulletin的震相到时和到时差, 对该时段338个7级以上地震事件进行重新定位, 得到其中316个地震事件的可靠定位。使用1933—1970年ISS和EHB Bulletin的P波初动数据, 对该时段244个地震事件求解震源机制解, 得到其中209个地震事件的震源机制解。研究结果丰富了亚洲地区基于全球地震台网观测的1918—1970年仪器记录早期近现代强震目录震源机制资料, 并提供一种研究近现代地震的可行方法, 对开展其他地区或其他震级范围的仪器记录早期近现代地震研究具有启发作用。     

2009年青海海西地震序列的潜热通量异常时空特征

 采用美国国家环境预报中心（NCEP）的地表潜热通量资料,对2009年8月28日青海海西6.4级地震及其余震前的潜热变化过程进行分析发现,① 主震前6d,震中附近开始出现潜热异常,然后异常幅度增强、面积扩大,并向震中迁移;② 余震前也出现了明显的潜热异常,但其时空演化过程不同于主震前的潜热异常;③ 潜热异常位置与震中具有良好的空间对应关系,其中都兰余震前的潜热异常位置与震中位置重合。本案例分析表明,震前地表潜热异常应是地震孕育尤其是临震过程的一种典型的岩石圈-盖层-大气耦合（LCA）效应,进一步的研究有望揭示特定地震区震前及余震序列的潜热通量异常规律,有益于地震监测预报研究与防灾减灾。     

Anaerobic oxidation of methane: Geochemical evidence from pore-water in coastal sediments of Qi’ao Island (Pearl River Estuary), southern China

The concentrations of CH4 and SO4^2- in pore-water and the carbon isotope compositions of total dissolved inorganic （TCO2） and OH4 were determined for three coastal sedimentary cores collected from Qi＇ao Island （Pearl River Estuary）, southern China. Results show that methane concentration changes dramatically at the base of the sulfate-reducing zone and sulfate concentration gradients are linear for all stations. In addition, the carbon isotope of methane becomes heavier at the sulfate-methane transition （SMT）, which causes ∑CO2-δ^13C to become the minimum. The geochemical profiles of pore-water render indirect evidence for anaerobic oxidation of methane （AOM）. Based on numerical modeling of AOM and sulfate-reducing rates, the portion of total sulfate reduction occurring via AOM is 9.0%, 84% and 45.5%, respectively, and the percentage of TCO2 added to the pore-water is 4.7%, 72.4% and 29.45% correspondingly for three sites. Furthermore, it is found that the methane concentration, methane diffusive flux and the depth of SMT are controlled by the quantity and quality of sedimentary organic matter incorporated into the sediments. The great amount of organic material is favorable for rapid depletion of sulfate via sedimentary organic matter degradation, and on the other hand, causes the increase of the methane flux in the SMT, which results in a portion of sulfate reduction supported by AOM. Accordingly, the SMT was shifted towards the sediment surface.     

N2对甲烷-空气预混气体爆炸火焰传播稳定性的影响

为了探究N2惰化作用对甲烷-空气预混气体火焰稳定性的影响,利用自主搭建的1m3球形爆炸实验系统,实验研究了球形火焰稳定性及其影响因素。通过研究结果表明,仅改变甲烷浓度：贫燃条件下,热-质扩散不稳定性与流体力学不稳定性的共同作用是火焰前期失稳的主要因素,在甲烷浓度在化学计量比附近时,火焰稳定性最弱;继续增大甲烷浓度,热扩散因素开始制约D-L不稳定性对火焰表面扰动的影响,因此甲烷浓度为13%的火焰稳定性仅略大于10%的甲烷浓度。随着甲烷浓度向爆炸极限靠近时,可以明显观察到火焰上浮,浮力不稳定性成为主导因素。改变氮气添加比：相较于热-质扩散不稳定性,流体力学不稳定性对氮气添加比的变化更为敏感,添加比大于8%时,在流体力学不稳定性影响下,火焰稳定性迅速增强。     

煤层气扩散燃烧性能影响因素分析

基于计算流体力学的涡耗散模型,采用有限容积法建立组分燃烧与扩散数学模型。针对长为2.9m,直径为0.5m的喷口型燃烧器进行数值模拟。研究表明：随着煤层气中甲烷浓度的增加,氧气浓度的峰值逐渐右移,非预混系统的最高温度与平均温度都有所增加;随着速度比的逐渐增加,煤层气中甲烷燃烧较快;随着过量空气系数的增加,非预混系统燃烧温度最大值逐渐右移。该结果可为生产实际提供一定的理论指导。     

Spatial and temporal variability of PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> concentration in China

PM_2.5 has become an increasing public concern recently because of its visibility reduction and severe health risks. For the whole year of 2013, hourly PM_2.5 data of 496 monitoring sites scattered in 74 cities of China are collected to analyze temporal and spatial variability of PM_2.5 concentration. Different temporal scales (seasonal variation, monthly variation and daily variation) and spatial scales (urban versus rural, typical areas and national scale) are discussed. Results show that PM_2.5 concentration changes significantly in both long-term and short-term scales. An apparent bimodal pattern exists in daily variation of PM_2.5 concentration and the daytime peak appears around 10:00 am while the lowest concentration appears around 16:00 pm. Spatial autocorrelation analysis and Ordinary Kriging are used to characterize spatial variability. Moran’s I of PM_2.5 concentration in three typical regions, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta region and the Pearl River Delta region, is 0.906, 0.693, 0.746, respectively, which indicates that PM_2.5 is strong spatial correlated. Spatial distribution of annual PM_2.5 concentration simulated by Ordinary Kriging shows that 7.94 million km² (83%) areas fail in meeting the requirement of China’s National Ambient Air Quality Standards Level-2 (35 µg/m³) and there are at least three concentrated highly polluted areas across the country.