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1.
Differential display technology: a general guide 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
The 10 years since the invention of differential display technology (DD) has produced a massive amount of literature detailing
problems and improvements to the technique, successful gene expression studies and studies done using genes found through
the use of DD. In this review we summarise the results of 10 years of research that has focussed on improving DD and discuss
how some of the problems associated with DD can be resolved or minimised. In addition to discussing DD, we address issues
related to other differential gene expression analysis techniques and try to illustrate how these techniques can be used to
complement one's use of DD. This review also serves as an introduction to the taxa-specific DD review articles that are found
in this issue. 相似文献
2.
Sp?tzle, a dimeric ligand, binds to the Drosophila Toll receptor and activates the signal pathway functioning in both embryonic patterning and innate immunity. Here, we used
the evolutionary trace approach based on phylogenetic information to predict the evolutionary epitope of Sp?tzle and found
that it mainly clusters in several adjacent loops of Sp?tzle far from the cystine-knot structural domain. We designed six
mutants of Sp?tzle based on the evolutionary epitope and transfected them into a stable cell line expressing the luciferase
reporter gene under the control of the drosomycin promoter. Luciferase assays showed that these mutants cannot significantly activate the drosomycin promoter, suggesting the involvement of these sites in binding of Sp?tzle to the Toll receptor. These data highlight the
importance of the Trp-loop of the mushroom-shaped Sp?tzle dimer in Toll receptor activation and demonstrate that evolution-guided
site-specific mutagenesis represents a useful and promising strategy for understanding the ligand-receptor interaction.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Received 14 January 2009; received after revision 14 February 2009; accepted 09 March 2009 相似文献
3.
Differential display analysis of gene expression in yeast 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
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Endomannosidase is a Golgi-localized endoglycosidase, which provides an alternate glucosidase-independent pathway of glucose trimming. Using a protease protection assay we demonstrated that Golgi-endomannosidase is a type II membrane protein. The first 25 amino acids of this protein, containing the cytoplasmic tail and the transmembrane domain, were sufficient for Golgi retention of fused reporter proteins alpha1-antitrypsin or green fluorescent protein. However, shortening or deletion of the transmembrane domain prevented Golgi localization, while lengthening it partially reduced Golgi retention of the enzyme. Substitution of the highly conserved positively charged amino acids within the cytoplasmic tail had neither an effect on type II topology nor on the inherent Golgi localization of the enzyme. In contrast, cytoplasmic tail-deleted rat endomannosidase possessed an inverted topology resulting in endoplasmic reticulum mislocalization. Thus, proper topology rather than the presence of positively charged amino acids in the cytoplasmic tail is critical for Golgi localization of rat endomannosidase. 相似文献
6.
Ca2+ influx evoked across the plasma membrane upon internal store depletion is essential for a myriad of cellular functions including
gene expression, cell proliferation, differentiation and even apoptosis. Darier’s disease (DD), an autosomal dominant inherited
disorder of the skin, arising due to mutations in the isoform 2 of the sarco (endo) plasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA2), exemplifies an anomaly of Ca2+ signaling disturbances. Owing to loss of function mutations in SERCA2, keratinocytes in DD patients have a reduced pool of
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+. Importantly, the status of ER Ca2+ is critical for the activation of a class of plasma membrane Ca2+ channels referred to as store operated Ca2+ channels (SOCs). The widely expressed transient receptor potential (TRP) family of channels is proposed to be SOCs. In this
review we discuss DD from the viewpoint of Ca2+ signaling and present a potential role for TRPC1 in the disease pathogenesis.
Received 30 August 2007; received after revision 17 October 2007; accepted 6 November 2007 相似文献
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A discoidin domain receptor 1 knock-out mouse as a novel model for osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Boris Schminke Hayat Muhammad Christa Bode Boguslawa Sadowski Regina Gerter Nikolaus Gersdorff Ralf Bürgers Efrat Monsonego-Ornan Vicki Rosen Nicolai Miosge 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2014,71(6):1081-1096
Discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR-1)-deficient mice exhibited a high incidence of osteoarthritis (OA) in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) as early as 9 weeks of age. They showed typical histological signs of OA, including surface fissures, loss of proteoglycans, chondrocyte cluster formation, collagen type I upregulation, and atypical collagen fibril arrangements. Chondrocytes isolated from the TMJs of DDR-1-deficient mice maintained their osteoarthritic characteristics when placed in culture. They expressed high levels of runx-2 and collagen type I, as well as low levels of sox-9 and aggrecan. The expression of DDR-2, a key factor in OA, was increased. DDR-1-deficient chondrocytes from the TMJ were positively influenced towards chondrogenesis by a three-dimensional matrix combined with a runx-2 knockdown or stimulation with extracellular matrix components, such as nidogen-2. Therefore, the DDR-1 knock-out mouse can serve as a novel model for temporomandibular disorders, such as OA of the TMJ, and will help to develop new treatment options, particularly those involving tissue regeneration. 相似文献
9.
The deep-sea clams Calyptogena nautilei and C. tsubasa, which live in the cold-seep area at a depth of 3570 m in the Nankai Trough, Japan, have abundant hemoglobins (Hbs) in erythrocytes, similar to other Calyptogena species. We determined the cDNA-derived amino acid sequences of Hbs from two Calyptogena species. C. tsubasa was found to contain two dimeric Hbs, Hb I consisting of 145 amino acid residues and Hb II with 137 residues, similar to known Hbs from C. soyoae and C. kaikoi. Sequence identity was over 90% among the orthologous chains of Calyptogena Hbs. On the other hand, surprisingly, C. nautilei contained two monomeric Hbs, Hb III containing 141 residues and Hb IV with 134 residues. In addition, Hbs III and IV showed only 33–42% sequence identity with Hbs I and II from other Calyptogena species. The distal (E7) histidine, one of the functionally important residues of the heme protein, is replaced by glutamine in all Hb chains of Calyptogena species. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that C. nautilei Hb III is closer to Hb I from other Calyptogena species. We suppose that a Hb gene was duplicated at least three times in an immediate ancestor of Calyptogena and, presumably depending on physiological conditions different Hb sets are being expressed: dimeric Hbs I and II in C. soyoae, C. kaikoi and C. tsubasa, and monomeric Hbs III and IV in C. nautilei.
Received 13 May 2003; received after revision 5 June 2003; accepted 12 June 2003 相似文献
10.
Hochrainer K Kroismayr R Baranyi U Binder BR Lipp J 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2008,65(13):2105-2117
Small HERC proteins are defined by the presence of one RCC1-like domain and a HECT domain. Having evolved out of one common ancestor, the four members of the family exhibit a high degree of homology in genomic organization and amino acid sequence, thus it seems possible that they might accomplish similar functions. Here we show that small HERC proteins interact with each other and localize to the same cellular structures, which we identify as late endosomes and lysosomes. We demonstrate interaction of HERC3 with the ubiquitin-like proteins hPLIC-1 and hPLIC-2 and we establish interaction of HERC5 with the metastasis suppressor Nm23B. While hPLIC proteins are not ubiquitinated by HERC3, HERC5 plays an important role in ubiquitination of Nm23B. In summary, although small HERC proteins are highly homologous showing the same subcellular distribution, they undergo different molecular interactions. 相似文献
11.
Llorca O 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2008,65(9):1302-1310
In mammals, the mannose receptor family consists of four members, Endo180, DEC-205, phospholipase A2 receptor and the mannose receptor. The extracellular domains of all these receptors contain a similar arrangement of domains
in which an Nterminal cysteine-rich domain is followed by a single fibronectin type II domain and eight or ten C-type lectin-like
domains. This review focuses on the threedimensional structure of the receptors in the mannose receptor family and its functional
implication. Recent research has revealed that several members of this family can exist in at least two configurations: an
extended conformation with the N-terminal cysteinerich domain pointing outwards from the cell membrane and a bent conformation
where the N-terminal domains fold back to interact with C-type lectin-like domains at the middle of the structure. Conformational
transitions between these two states seem to regulate the interaction of these receptors with ligands and their oligomerization.
Received 25 October 2007; received after revision 23 November 2007; accepted 7 December 2007 相似文献
12.
D. E. Dye S. Karlen B. Rohrbach O. Staub L. R. Braathen K. A. Eidne D. R. Coombe 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2009,66(4):681-696
hShroom1 (hShrm1) is a member of the Apx/Shroom (Shrm) protein family and was identified from a yeast two-hybrid screen as
a protein that interacts with the cytoplasmic domain of melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM). The characteristic signature
of the Shrm family is the presence of a unique domain, ASD2 (Apx/Shroom domain 2). mRNA analysis suggests that hShrm1 is expressed
in brain, heart, skeletal muscle, colon, small intestine, kidney, placenta and lung tissue, as well a variety of melanoma
and other cell lines. Co-immunoprecipitation and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) experiments indicate that
hShrm1 and MCAM interact in vivo and by immunofluorescence microscopy some co-localization of these proteins is observed. hShrm1 partly co-localises with
β-actin and is found in the Triton X-100 insoluble fraction of melanoma cell extracts. We propose that hShrm1 is involved
in linking MCAM to the cytoskeleton.
D. E. Dye, S. Karlen: These authors contributed equally to this work.
Received 09 October 2008; received after revision 23 November 2008; accepted 09 December 2008 相似文献
13.
P. Schläfli E. Borter P. Spielmann R. H. Wenger 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2009,66(5):876-883
The PAS domain kinase PASKIN, also termed PAS kinase or PASK, is an evolutionarily conserved potential sensor kinase related
to the heme-based oxygen sensors of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. In yeast, the two PASKIN homologs link energy flux and protein
synthesis following specific stress conditions. In mammals, PASKIN may regulate glycogen synthesis and protein translation.
Paskin knock-out mice do not show any phenotype under standard animal husbandry conditions. Interestingly, these mice seem to be
protected from the symptoms of the metabolic syndrome when fed a high-fat diet. Energy turnover might be increased in specific
PASKIN-deficient cell types under distinct environmental conditions. According to the current model, binding of a putative
ligand to the PAS domain disinhibits the kinase domain and activates PASKIN auto- and target phosphorylation. Future research
needs to be conducted to elucidate the nature of the putative ligand and the molecular mechanisms of downstream signalling
by PASKIN.
Received 2 November 2008; received after revision 10 December 2008; accepted 5 January 2009 相似文献
14.
Large conductance, Ca2+-activated potassium (BK) channels are widely expressed throughout the animal kingdom and play important roles in many physiological
processes, such as muscle contraction, neural transmission and hearing. These physiological roles derive from the ability
of BK channels to be synergistically activated by membrane voltage, intracellular Ca2+ and other ligands. Similar to voltage-gated K+ channels, BK channels possess a pore-gate domain (S5–S6 transmembrane segments) and a voltage-sensor domain (S1–S4). In addition,
BK channels contain a large cytoplasmic C-terminal domain that serves as the primary ligand sensor. The voltage sensor and
the ligand sensor allosterically control K+ flux through the pore-gate domain in response to various stimuli, thereby linking cellular metabolism and membrane excitability.
This review summarizes the current understanding of these structural domains and their mutual interactions in voltage-, Ca2+ - and Mg2+ -dependent activation of the channel.
Received 25 September 2008; received after revision 23 October 2008; accepted 24 October 2008 相似文献
15.
Summary An unusual myoglobin was isolated from the buccal mass of the ear-shellSulculus diversicolor aquatilis. The myoglobin consists of a 39 kDa polypeptide chain which is about double the size of the usual myoglobin subunit, contains one heme per molecule, and has an unusual spectral property in the oxy-form. On the basis of these properties and partial amino acid sequencing, we propose thatSulculus myoglobin has a didomain structure, and that one of the two domains does not function as an oxygen-binding domain. So far, a myoglobin of this type has not been described in mollusos. 相似文献
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Caltabiano G Campillo M De Leener A Smits G Vassart G Costagliola S Pardo L 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2008,65(16):2484-2492
The glycoprotein hormone receptor family is peculiar because, in contrast to other G protein-coupled receptors, a large N-terminal extracellular ectodomain is responsible for hormone recognition. Hormone-receptor pairs have evolved in such a manner that a limited number of positions both at the 'seat-belt' domain of the hormone and the leucine-rich repeats of the receptor, play attractive and repulsive interactions for binding and specificity, respectively. Surprisingly, the constitutive activity of the receptor, mostly modulated by highly conserved amino acids within the heptahelical domain of the receptor (i.e., outside the hormone binding region), also regulates effectiveness of hormone recognition by the extracellular part. In this review we analyze, at the molecular level, these important discriminating determinants for selective binding of glycoprotein hormones to their receptors, as well as natural mutations, observed in patients with gestational hyperthyroidism or ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, that modify the selectivity of binding. 相似文献
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p63 in epithelial development 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Candi E Cipollone R Rivetti di Val Cervo P Gonfloni S Melino G Knight R 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2008,65(20):3126-3133
20.
Brooks L Heimsath EG Loring GL Brenner C 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2008,65(21):3458-3466
Despite the common occurrence of forkhead associated (FHA) phosphopeptide-binding domains and really interesting new gene
(RING) E3 ubiquitin ligase domains, gene products containing both an N-terminal FHA domain and C-terminal RING domain constitute
a highly distinctive intersection. Characterized FHA-RING ligases include the two vertebrate proteins, Checkpoint with FHA
and RING (Chfr) and RING finger 8 (Rnf8), as well as three fungal proteins, Defective in mitosis (Dma1), Chf1 and Chf2. These
FHA-RING ligases play roles in negative regulation of the cell division cycle, apparently by coupling protein phosphorylation
events to specific ubiquitylation of target proteins. Here, the available data on upstream and downstream regulation of and
by FHA-RING ligases are reviewed.
Received 24 April 2008; received after revision 18 June 2008; accepted 20 June 2008 相似文献