族事例中高能簇射的特征

研究了甘巴拉山厚铅乳胶室族事例中高能簇射的特征．给出了族中观测能量Ｅｒ（Ｅｈ）≥１０ＴｅＶ的高能ｒ簇射、强子簇射及退级联后的单个簇射与簇射团的能谱和能量加权横向扩展的分布．将实验结果同ＨＤＳＱＩ模型模拟的结果进行比较，结果表明，ＨＤＳＱＩ模型基本上能说明族中高能簇射的能谱及横向特征．     

族事例中高能簇射的特征

研究了甘巴拉山厚铅胶室族事例中高能簇射的特征，给出了族中观测能量Ｅｒ（Ｅ＾ｒｈ）≥１０ＴｅＶ的高能γ簇射、强子簇射及退级联后的单个簇射与簇射团的能谱和能量加权横向扩展的分布。 将实验结果同ＨＤＳＱＩ模型模拟的结果进行比较，结果表明，ＨＤＳＱＩ模型基本上能说明族中高能簇射的能谱及横向特征。     

宇宙线高能γ族中强子的特性

本文给出了宇宙线高能γ族中强子成份的特征。事例的选择标准为:族的总观测能量为∑(E, E_h~(r))≥30Tev,族中的γ线数N_r≥4,强子数N_h≥1,族中成员的最小能量为E_(min)=2Tev;给出了族中γ线和强子成份的平均特征,相互关联,以及积分能谱,并与同类工作的实验结果进行了比较。     

观测能量∑Eγ≥100TeVγ族事例衰减特征的研究

分析了观测能量∑Eγ≥100TeVγ的7族的衰减特征。用蒙特卡洛模拟计算得到得到的垂向流强。3个不同大气深度的γ族能谱，7族在大气中的衰减长度以及其他可测量在实验误差范围内均与相应的实验值相符。因此，模拟中所用的M－D－ND和M－SD－SH能大致正确地描述γ族事例的衰减特征。     

利用铁乳胶室研究含有高能中心簇射集团的γ-强子族

给出了一种对含有高能中心簇射集团的 γ强子族的研究方法,对甘巴拉山铁乳胶室观测到的族事例与 Ｃ Ｏ Ｓ Ｍ Ｏ Ｓ 程序产生的模拟族事例进行了分析与比较,并对其中含有高能中心簇射集团的γ强子族的产生特征进行了较为细致的研究,所得到的结果与 Ｃｈａｃａｌｔａｙａ Ｐａ ｍｉｒ 合作组的结果基本一致．     

观测能量∑E_γ=16～100TeV的γ族事例分析

分析了由甘巴拉山乳胶室实验得到的∑Eγ=16～100TeVγ族事例的统计行为。给出了族的垂向流强、横向扩展及其他观测量。针对其初能平均地只比SppS能区高一个量级的特点,采用外推SppS实验结果建立的超高能核作用模型作了模拟计算。用计算结果解释了大多数统计特征并建议一种10~(14)～10~(16)eV能区根据刚度切割模型自然外推的初级宇宙线成分。对影响γ族横向扩展的因素作了讨论。     

利用铁乳胶室研究含有高能中心簇射集团的γ—强子族

给出了一种对含有高能中心簇射集团的γ－强子族的研究方法,对甘巴拉山铁乳胶室观测到的族事例与ＣＯＳＭＯＳ程序产生的模拟事例进行了分析与比较,并对其中含有高能中心簇射集团的γ－强子族的产生特征进行了较为细致的研究,所得到的结果与Ｃｈａｃａｌｔａｙａ－Ｐａｍｉｒ合作组的结果基本一致。     

KA223超高能γ族事例

本文报导了KA223超高能(∑E_γ～1150TeV)族事例的测量分析结果。给出了γ线的积分能谱及各种横向分布。并同其它实验结果比较。讨论分析了事例的产生特征。     

海拔5500米高度处超高能宇宙线的一些性质

分析了从中日合作的西藏甘巴拉山乳胶室的二十二个单元中获得的观测能量E≥2Tev的624个强子事例和913个γ光子(或电子)事例。由此给出了天顶角分布、大气中衰减长度、积分能谱和垂向流强等,为研究宇宙线超高能相互作用提供了信息。     

由Kl乳胶室得到的甘巴拉山宇宙线谱

用中、日合作设置在甘巴拉山的K1乳胶室中的一部分(3.8m~2)获得的数据,讨论了甘巴拉山(海拔5500m)宇宙线谱。给出了高能γ线与强子的流强、能谱、角分布及其在大气中的衰减长度。所得到的结果为:γ线的垂直流强,J_γ(E_γ≥3TeV)=(6.52±0.26)×10~(-10)cm~(-1)·sec~(-1)·sr~(-1);强子的垂直流强:J_h(E_h~r≥3TeV)=(1.31±0.08)×10~(-9)cm~(-2)·sec~(-1)·sr~(-1);γ线的积分能谱指数β_γ=1.95±0.08;强子的积分能谱指数β_h=1.93±0.12;γ线在大气中的衰减长度λ_γ=(104±4)gcm~(-2);强子在大气中的衰减长度λ_h=(102±6)gcm~(-2)。并将上述结果与同类工作相比较,进行了讨论。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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Brief Introduction to “Journal of Jilin University( Science Edition) ”

<正>"Journal of Jilin University(Science Edition)"is a comprehensive academic journal in the fields of science sponsored by Jilin University and administrated by the Ministry of Education of the Peoples Republic of China.The journal started publication in 1955.The original name at starting publication was"Journal of Natural Science of Northeast People University",which was changed into"Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Jilinensis"in 1958 owing to the name change of the university.The present journal name has