从宋代“客星”到中国“天眼”中的脉冲星——“李约瑟难题”试答

 研究和分析了中国古代天文学的辉煌成就与当今中国“天眼”--500 m口径球面射电望远镜（FAST）科学目标--脉冲星的关系。针对宋朝天文学家记录的客星与FAST正在进行的脉冲星观测，详述了宋代客星记录在世界科技史上的贡献；介绍了脉冲星发现历史与基本天体物理特征，以及脉冲星作为FAST科学目标的意义。以客星到脉冲星的千年追寻为线索，探索和尝试回答“李约瑟难题”，认为现代科学是人类文明共同体的长期探索结晶，中国在科学早期的发育过程中播撒了创新火种，而西方在文艺复兴运动中不断完善了科学体系，其中东西方科技的交流与传播得益于蒙古帝国在丝绸之路的远征与开拓。     

中国射电天文观测和研究展望

综述了中国射电天文观测和研究状况,展望射电天文观测和研究的前景.介绍了中国射电天文观测的主要设备,为培养射电天文观测和研究人材提供相关信息.     

Nanosecond radio bursts from strong plasma turbulence in the Crab pulsar

The Crab pulsar was discovered by the occasional exceptionally bright radio pulses it emits, subsequently dubbed 'giant' pulses. Only two other pulsars are known to emit giant pulses. There is no satisfactory explanation for the occurrence of giant pulses, nor is there a complete theory of the pulsar emission mechanism in general. Competing models for the radio emission mechanism can be distinguished by the temporal structure of their coherent emission. Here we report the discovery of isolated, highly polarized, two-nanosecond subpulses within the giant radio pulses from the Crab pulsar. The plasma structures responsible for these emissions must be smaller than one metre in size, making them by far the smallest objects ever detected and resolved outside the Solar System, and the brightest transient radio sources in the sky. Only one of the current models--the collapse of plasma-turbulent wave packets in the pulsar magnetosphere--can account for the nanopulses we observe.     

脉冲星发现55年：中国天眼展望

 脉冲星的发现是人类认识宇宙的重要里程碑之一。介绍了脉冲星自发现至今55年来的研究进展，包括引力波与广义相对论的验证、毫秒脉冲星、脉冲星周期跃变、脉冲星射电辐射效率、快速射电暴与河外脉冲星等方面。展望了中国天眼（FAST）未来发现新的特殊类型脉冲星的潜力，如黑洞脉冲星系统/亚毫秒脉冲星/新型双脉冲星系统，依此实施更高精度验证引力波实验；利用FAST的高灵敏度、高精度研究脉冲星辐射的精细结构，深入了解其物理机制。     

脉冲星发现50年

 脉冲星自1967年发现以来,50年的观测和理论研究取得巨大进展,期间曾2次获颁诺贝尔物理学奖。脉冲星以其高度致密和强引力场堪称宇宙天然实验室,可用来验证爱因斯坦广义相对论及进行引力波探测,推动了天文学与物理学研究的发展。本文简介了脉冲星的发现及其性质,并综述了脉冲星导航以及最近建成的500 m口径球面射电望远镜（FAST）的脉冲星探测研究进展。     

一个脉冲星模式变化的观测和研究

用我国自行研制的脉冲星观测系统在新疆乌鲁木齐天文站２５ｍ天线上成功地观测了８颗脉冲星,并观测到ＰＳＲ１１３３＋１６的模式变化现象,就脉冲星模式变化总题进行一些探讨。     

脉冲星磁层中共振逆康普顿散射对次级粒子分布函数的影响

共振逆康普顿散射(RICS)已被证明在典型的脉冲星表面温度和磁场条件下,是次级粒子(洛仑兹因子低于104)主要的能量损失机制.次级粒子的分布函数也会因为共振逆康普顿而改变.文章重新计算了次级粒子最后稳定分布函数,并修正了Lyubarskii和Petrova(2000)一文中分布函数结果不满足次级粒子数目守恒的假设.就此结果在解释脉冲星射电谱拐折现象中的应用进行了讨论.     

A test of general relativity from the three-dimensional orbital geometry of a binary pulsar.

Binary pulsars provide an excellent system for testing general relativity because of their intrinsic rotational stability and the precision with which radio observations can be used to determine their orbital dynamics. Measurements of the rate of orbital decay of two pulsars have been shown to be consistent with the emission of gravitational waves as predicted by general relativity, but independent verification was not possible. Such verification can in principle be obtained by determining the orbital inclination in a binary pulsar system using only classical geometrical constraints. This would permit a measurement of the expected retardation of the pulse signal arising from the general relativistic curvature of space-time in the vicinity of the companion object (the 'Shapiro delay'). Here we report high-precision radio observations of the binary millisecond pulsar PSR J0437-4715, which establish the three-dimensional structure of its orbit. We see the Shapiro delay predicted by general relativity, and we determine the mass of the neutron star and its white dwarf companion. The determination of such masses is necessary in order to understand the origin and evolution of neutron stars.     

A two-solar-mass neutron star measured using Shapiro delay

Neutron stars are composed of the densest form of matter known to exist in our Universe, the composition and properties of which are still theoretically uncertain. Measurements of the masses or radii of these objects can strongly constrain the neutron star matter equation of state and rule out theoretical models of their composition. The observed range of neutron star masses, however, has hitherto been too narrow to rule out many predictions of 'exotic' non-nucleonic components. The Shapiro delay is a general-relativistic increase in light travel time through the curved space-time near a massive body. For highly inclined (nearly edge-on) binary millisecond radio pulsar systems, this effect allows us to infer the masses of both the neutron star and its binary companion to high precision. Here we present radio timing observations of the binary millisecond pulsar J1614-2230 that show a strong Shapiro delay signature. We calculate the pulsar mass to be (1.97?±?0.04)M(⊙), which rules out almost all currently proposed hyperon or boson condensate equations of state (M(⊙), solar mass). Quark matter can support a star this massive only if the quarks are strongly interacting and are therefore not 'free' quarks.     

Pulsar NP 0532: properties and systematic polarization of individual strong pulses at 430 MHz

This paper reports further detailed measurements of strong radio pulses from the pulsar NP 0532 in the Crab nebula, recorded at Arecibo.     

FAST——脉冲星观测研究的利器

 2016年9月25日落成的中国自行设计建造的500 m口径球面射电望远镜（FAST）是目前全世界最大口径的射电望远镜。在调试期间已成功发现了脉冲星,实现了国内设备发现脉冲星的零突破。脉冲星是宇宙中的一类奇妙天体,是验证强引力场、强磁场和高密度等极端物理环境下物理规律的"天然实验室"。作为脉冲星研究的利器,预计FAST大规模巡天能够大幅提高已知的脉冲星数目。FAST还将在低频引力波探测、脉冲星物理、星际和星系际介质探测、脉冲星时间尺度建立及脉冲星导航等领域取得突破性进展。在上述研究中,国内天文设备取长补短、相互补充,有望实现中国脉冲星观测研究跨越式发展。     

脉冲星旋转磁偶极场的线偏振位置角曲线

1967年发现第一颗脉冲星以来,在用于解释线偏振位置角随脉冲相位变化曲线的旋转矢量模型中,脉冲星磁场通常被近似为静态磁偶极场.但静态磁偶极场假设过于简化,未考虑推迟势效应.文章采用从推迟势导出的旋转真空磁偶极场,研究了在脉冲星磁场为旋转磁偶极场位形下的线偏振位置角曲线.在计算辐射的相位、余纬角和偏振位置角过程中考虑了光行差效应和延迟效应.相比旋转矢量模型的结果,旋转磁偶极场偏振位置角曲线在大磁倾角、碰撞角,或靠近磁轴的内层磁力线上有显著的变形.其与磁力线层等参数的依赖关系避免了传统旋转矢量模型的简并问题--在给定磁倾角和碰撞角情况下所有层磁力线的偏振位置角曲线都一样,这为通过拟合射电偏振观测数据来分辨不同层的辐射,从而限定脉冲星辐射区部位提供了一条有用的途径.     

Pulsar spins from an instability in the accretion shock of supernovae

Rotation-powered radio pulsars are born with inferred initial rotation periods of order 300 ms (some as short as 20 ms) in core-collapse supernovae. In the traditional picture, this fast rotation is the result of conservation of angular momentum during the collapse of a rotating stellar core. This leads to the inevitable conclusion that pulsar spin is directly correlated with the rotation of the progenitor star. So far, however, stellar theory has not been able to explain the distribution of pulsar spins, suggesting that the birth rotation is either too slow or too fast. Here we report a robust instability of the stalled accretion shock in core-collapse supernovae that is able to generate a strong rotational flow in the vicinity of the accreting proto-neutron star. Sufficient angular momentum is deposited on the proto-neutron star to generate a final spin period consistent with observations, even beginning with spherically symmetrical initial conditions. This provides a new mechanism for the generation of neutron star spin and weakens, if not breaks, the assumed correlation between the rotational periods of supernova progenitor cores and pulsar spin.     

Transient pulsed radio emission from a magnetar

Anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXPs) are slowly rotating neutron stars with very bright and highly variable X-ray emission that are believed to be powered by ultra-strong magnetic fields of >10(14) G, according to the 'magnetar' model. The radio pulsations that have been observed from more than 1,700 neutron stars with weaker magnetic fields have never been detected from any of the dozen known magnetars. The X-ray pulsar XTE J1810-197 was revealed (in 2003) as the first AXP with transient emission when its luminosity increased 100-fold from the quiescent level; a coincident radio source of unknown origin was detected one year later. Here we show that XTE J1810-197 emits bright, narrow, highly linearly polarized radio pulses, observed at every rotation, thereby establishing that magnetars can be radio pulsars. There is no evidence of radio emission before the 2003 X-ray outburst (unlike ordinary pulsars, which emit radio pulses all the time), and the flux varies from day to day. The flux at all radio frequencies is approximately equal--and at >20 GHz XTE J1810-197 is currently the brightest neutron star known. These observations link magnetars to ordinary radio pulsars, rule out alternative accretion models for AXPs, and provide a new window into the coronae of magnetars.     

Evidence for free precession in a pulsar

Pulsars are rotating neutron stars that produce lighthouse-like beams of radio emission from their magnetic poles. The observed pulse of emission enables their rotation rates to be measured with great precision. For some young pulsars, this provides a means of studying the interior structure of neutron stars. Most pulsars have stable pulse shapes, and slow down steadily (for example, see ref. 20). Here we report the discovery of long-term, highly periodic and correlated variations in both the pulse shape and the rate of slow-down of the pulsar PSR B1828-11. The variations are best described as harmonically related sinusoids, with periods of approximately 1,000, 500 and 250 days, probably resulting from precession of the spin axis caused by an asymmetry in the shape of the pulsar. This is difficult to understand theoretically, because torque-free precession of a solitary pulsar should be damped out by the vortices in its superfluid interior.     

"中子星"研究的挑战

脉冲星(PSRs)被发现之后,很快地就被证认为中子星(NSs),关于它们的研究极大地丰富了人们对于自然的认识.由于第一颗射电脉冲星的发现以及对强引力场下广义相对论的检验,脉冲星研究者已经两次获得了诺贝尔物理学奖.最近,"中子星"家族中的一些新种类被发现了,它们是:所谓的软伽马射线重复爆(SGRs),反常X射线脉冲星(AXPs),超新星遗迹(SNRs)中的致密中心天体(CCOs)和暗弱热中子星(DTNs).这对理论家们提出了如下的挑战:是否部分或者全部的所谓"中子星"的本质实际上是"奇异星(SSs)"?是否存在所谓的"磁星"(一种具有超强磁场的中子星)?本文论述了"中子星"的观测特性,为理解它们本质所作的理论努力以及不同模型间的争论(尤其是关于SGRs和AXPs).     

基于压缩感知的脉冲星轮廓构建算法

利用有限的观测时间获得高精度的累积脉冲轮廓,对于X射线脉冲星导航具有重要意义.提出一种基于压缩感知的脉冲星累积脉冲轮廓重构算法.首先,研究脉冲轮廓,获取先验知识,在此基础上构建波形匹配冗余词典,得到脉冲轮廓的稀疏表示;然后,设计观测矩阵,利用原始观测数据得到具有较少点数的非自适应随机测量值;最后,采用匹配追踪方法从随机测量值中恢复脉冲轮廓.利用罗希X射线探测器的实测脉冲星数据进行实验,结果表明：利用相同时段的观测数据,该算法得到的累积脉冲轮廓的信噪比远高于周期叠加方法得到的累积脉冲轮廓.     

热疗的发展历程与展望

 热疗是一种历史悠久的疾病治疗方法,在中国和世界各地都有用热疗治愈疾病的历史记载.本文主要从技术、产品和临床3 个方面综合回顾了现代热疗的发展历程,分析了微波、射频、超声等热疗技术的进步和磁感应热疗等新型热疗技术的出现.分析表明,目前热疗已经发展到了一个新的高度,可以实现更高的治疗温度,温度控制更精确,副作用更小,疗效更好;在肿瘤治疗领域,热疗甚至有可能成为一种新的主流治疗手段,在一些常见的良性疾病治疗方面也将得到更广泛的应用.     

我国少数民族传统体育的价值与西部大开发研究

我国少数民族传统体育内容丰富、形式多样,具有独特的民族特征和存在方式,因而与现代体育相比具有独到的价值。这种传统体育不仅在我国少数民族的历史发展中发挥过重要作用,而且在推进西部大开发的历史进程中,其价值和功能大多依然存在,还将成为推动我国少数民族地区广泛开展农村体育的最为有效的手段,成为促进少数民族地区学校体育教育有效开展,促进西部地区旅游业发展,从而为实现西部大开发战略做出重要贡献的宝贵资源。     

软件无线电的兴起、特点及其关键技术

回溯了软件无线电的起源动因和发展过程 ,讨论了软件无线电的主要特点和应用领域 ,重点介绍了软件无线电实现的关键技术与器件 ,认为世界第三次电子技术革命将是软件无线电技术