液相氧化法制取芴酮的研究

以工业芴为原料,吡啶为溶剂,KON为催化剂,采用液相氧化法制取芴酮,通过考察溶剂用量、催化剂用量和反应时间等影响因素对芴酮产率和芴转化率的影响,找到最佳的反应条件使芴酮的产率＞98%,芴的转化率＞99%.     

芴空气液相催化氧化合成9-芴酮及其与菲的分离

为了使芴高效转化为9-芴酮并实现9-芴酮与菲的分离,实验考察了溶剂、催化剂,以及菲存在下季铵盐相转移剂种类和用量对芴氧化为9-芴酮的影响,以短链醇和烷烃为溶剂对菲和9-芴酮进行分离和精制。结果表明:以二甲苯为溶剂,质量分数45%KOH水溶液为催化剂,四丁基溴化铵为相转移剂,芴在3 h内完全转化为9-芴酮,菲不参与反应。使用甲醇、乙醇和正丁醇为菲和9-芴酮的分离溶剂,环己烷和正庚烷为9-芴酮的精制溶剂,一次洗涤得到的菲和9-芴酮质量分数均在96%以上。以蒽渣为原料,其他组分蒽和咔唑不反应,最终得到菲与9-芴酮质量分数分别为97.39%和93.66%,收率分别为72.04%和50.85%.     

固体酸H_2SO_4-SiO_2催化制备9,9-双(4-羟苯基)芴的应用研究

以9-芴酮和苯酚为原料,首次采用固体酸H_2SO_4-SiO_2(简称:固体酸)为催化剂合成9,9-双(4-羟苯基)芴(简称:双酚芴).用熔点、IR和1H-NMR对双酚芴的结构进行了表征.对反应温度、原料摩尔比、催化剂用量进行了优化.结果显示当温度45℃,反应时间3.5 h,原料摩尔比n(9-芴酮)∶n(苯酚)=1∶6,固体酸催化剂的量占原料总质量8%,助催化剂β-巯基丙酸的量占原料总质量0.5%时,双酚芴的产率为96.05%,纯度为99.7%,苯酚的回收率为90%.     

2-溴-9-芴酮的合成研究

采用9-芴酮为原料,在相转移催化剂、溴化铵和溴酸钾的共同作用下合成了2-溴-9-芴酮;其结构经熔点和1H NMR确证,并通过单因素变量法研究了各因素的影响.结果表明,取9-芴酮10 mmol时,溴化铵用量为40 mmol,溴酸钾用量为11.5 mmol,相转移催化剂用量为5.3 g,反应时间为1.5 h,反应温度为95℃,产率最高达98%.     

2,7-二溴芴酮的合成研究

研究了以芴酮为原料，水作为溶剂在碘催化下直接溴代制备2，7-二溴芴酮的方法，考察了不同的溶剂、催化剂、反应时间、反应温度对产率的影响．该制备方法选择水为溶剂、碘作为催化剂，在100℃下反应4h产率为60．3％．并对所合成化合物的结构进行了红外、核磁波谱表征．     

碱催化猪油制备生物柴油的研究

以猪油为原料,选用KOH为碱性催化剂制备生物柴油。经单因素实验及正交实验研究了油醇比、反应温度、反应时间和催化剂用量对生物柴油产率的影响。结果表明:在实验条件下各因素对生物柴油产率影响的大小依次为:油醇体积比>催化剂用量>反应温度>反应时间。最佳反应条件为:油醇体积比4∶1,反应温度60℃,KOH用量为1.1%(油重),反应时间为45 min,产率为91.94%,脂肪酸甲酯含量为96.3%,精制后总甘油含量0.23%。     

2-乙酰基芴的合成新工艺

以工业芴和乙酰氯为原料、经Friedel—Crafts反应高效率地得到了2-乙酰基芴,具有操作简便、条件温和、产率高、选择性好等优点,为合成2-乙酰基芴提供了一种有效的方法;讨论了溶剂、催化剂、温度等对反应的影响,并对产品进行了FT—IR,^1H NMR验证．     

芴气相氧化制芴酮催化剂制作条件的研究

研究了用工业芴气相氧化制取芴酮的催化剂制作条件,考察了浸渍时间、煅烧温度、煅烧时间和煅烧空气量对催化剂制作的影响.     

磷钨酸改性UiO-66催化对二甲苯的乙酰氧基化和硝化同步反应

采用溶剂热法一步合成不同磷钨酸含量的UiO-66催化剂,对催化剂进行XRD、FT-IR及氮吸附表征,探索改性催化剂的结构,研究催化剂对二甲苯的乙酰氧基化和硝化反应的催化性能;考察催化剂种类、用量和反应温度对反应的影响,推测反应机理。结果表明:40℃下,采用0.2 g磷钨酸改性UiO-66,NO^-₃和对二甲苯的物质的量比1:1;催化剂的用量为80%时,催化效果最优。在该条件下,对二甲苯的催化反应的总产率为91.02%,乙酰氧基化产物的产率为38.16%,硝化产物的产率为52.86%。     

固体超强酸SO_4~(2-)/Fe_2O_3催化N,N-二乙氨基乙醇与含芳香环的羧酸的酯化反应

用固体超强酸SO2-4/Fe2O3催化N,N 二乙氨基乙醇与9个含芳香环羧酸的酯化反应,合成了9个相应的酯,产率在75%～95.6%之间.讨论了不同的固体超强酸及催化剂用量,溶剂和反应温度,反应时间等因素对酯化产率的影响.实验结果表明:当催化剂用量占反应物总量的3.4%～3.8%,溶剂为二甲苯,反应温度140℃,反应时间6h的条件下,酯化产率最高.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the