Iron corrosion by novel anaerobic microorganisms

Corrosion of iron presents a serious economic problem. Whereas aerobic corrosion is a chemical process, anaerobic corrosion is frequently linked to the activity of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB). SRB are supposed to act upon iron primarily by produced hydrogen sulphide as a corrosive agent and by consumption of 'cathodic hydrogen' formed on iron in contact with water. Among SRB, Desulfovibrio species--with their capacity to consume hydrogen effectively--are conventionally regarded as the main culprits of anaerobic corrosion; however, the underlying mechanisms are complex and insufficiently understood. Here we describe novel marine, corrosive types of SRB obtained via an isolation approach with metallic iron as the only electron donor. In particular, a Desulfobacterium-like isolate reduced sulphate with metallic iron much faster than conventional hydrogen-scavenging Desulfovibrio species, suggesting that the novel surface-attached cell type obtained electrons from metallic iron in a more direct manner than via free hydrogen. Similarly, a newly isolated Methanobacterium-like archaeon produced methane with iron faster than do known hydrogen-using methanogens, again suggesting a more direct access to electrons from iron than via hydrogen consumption.     

硬模板法制备微孔-介孔复合SAPO-11分子筛及其长链烷烃异构化反应

以常规SAPO-11分子筛水热合成方法为基础,在分子筛晶化过程中加入一定量的炭黑颗粒作为硬模板构造介孔结构,得到具有微孔-介孔复合结构的SAPO-11分子筛。考察不同碳模板含量对所得分子筛中介孔容量和表面酸性质的影响,并利用N2吸脱附测试、X-射线衍射(XRD)和透射电镜(TEM)和吡啶吸附红外光谱(Py-FTIR)对所得分子筛的晶体结构、孔结构和酸类型进行分析。以正十二烷作为模型化合物,对负载0.5%Pt的SAPO-11分子筛的异构化反应催化性能进行评价。结果表明:随着碳模板加入量的增加,分子筛介孔容量先增加后降低,在10%时达到最大;适量碳模板的加入并没有影响分子筛的晶体结构;分子筛中有明显介孔结构产生;异构化反应结果显示催化剂活性与分子筛介孔容量以及表面酸类型相关:一方面,介孔孔容增大可以降低传质阻力,暴露更多孔口活性位,从而提高异构化催化活性;另一方面,提高分子筛孔道内B酸和L酸比值,有利于提高异构化反应的异构化选择性;随着反应温度升高转化率升高,但选择性明显下降。     

微乳中甲烷水合物的生成反应

以辛烷、十二烷或十六烷为油相,非离子表面活性剂Tween80和Span80按1:1质量比复配的复合型表面活性剂为乳化剂,PEG-400为助乳化剂制备高分散的油包水型(W/O)微乳,并在其静态体系中生成甲烷水合物,把它和纯水体系以及表面活性剂体系(含等量的乳化剂)进行了对比.结果表明:在微乳中甲烷水合物的诱导时间缩短,生成速率和耗气量明显增加,生成的水合物成粒状,含水率低.另外,选择油相时应选取不生成水合物,在水中溶解度小而且对甲烷溶解度尽量大的有机溶剂,并对微乳液中甲烷水合物的生成机理进行了探讨.     

五氯苯酚对厌氧颗粒污泥微生物的毒性作用

通过间歇培养方式研究了五氯苯酚对上流式厌氧污泥床和厌氧膨胀颗粒床反应器厌氧颗粒污泥微生物的毒性作用.结果表明五氯苯酚对厌氧颗粒污泥中微生物有较强的毒性;低浓度PCP对厌氧颗粒污泥中微生物辅酶F420含量、磷酸酯酶活性以及胞外多聚物的分泌都有抑制作用,高浓度PCP则直接杀死菌体;PCP对厌氧颗粒污泥中不同微生物活性有不同的抑制作用,对利用乙酸的甲烷菌和利用丙酸和丁酸的产氢产乙酸菌都有强烈的抑制作用;EGSB反应器厌氧颗粒污泥对PCP的抑制有更强的耐受能力.     

用激光从甲烷中富集氘

在脉冲红外激光辐照下,甲烷中CH_2D_2的溴化反应得到振动强化,在溴化物中富集了氘。在总气压93.3kPa,甲烷中氘的丰度为0.4%的情况下,获得富集因子为81.6。     

Cellulose-hydrogen production from corn stalk biomass by anaerobic fermentation

Cellulose-hydrogen production from corn stalk by lesser panda manure was carried out in batch tests and a 5 L scale-up continuously stirred anaerobic bioreactor(CSABR),respectively.The bio-pretreatment of corn stalk was found most effective at 25℃ using microbe additive of 7.5 g/kg,in which the yields of soluble saccharides(SS) and lactic acid were 212 mg/g-TS and 21 mg/g-TS,respectively.The maximum cumulative H2 yield(176 ml/g-TS) and H2 production rate(14.5 ml/g-TS h-1) were obtained at pH 5.5,36℃ by trea...     

水葫芦厌氧发酵产气规律

对水葫芦厌氧发酵产气规律进行了研究，对比了不同的温度、接种率、破碎程度对水葫芦厌氧发酵产气的影响。35℃与55℃相同接种比例条件下，55℃条件下产气量更大，产气速度明显加快，但系统酸化阶段没有明显缩短；接种率为1：1左右有利于反应的进行；另外，样品破碎程度对发酵速率也有影响。     

Abiogenic formation of alkanes in the Earth's crust as a minor source for global hydrocarbon reservoirs

Natural hydrocarbons are largely formed by the thermal decomposition of organic matter (thermogenesis) or by microbial processes (bacteriogenesis). But the discovery of methane at an East Pacific Rise hydrothermal vent and in other crustal fluids supports the occurrence of an abiogenic source of hydrocarbons. These abiogenic hydrocarbons are generally formed by the reduction of carbon dioxide, a process which is thought to occur during magma cooling and-more commonly-in hydrothermal systems during water-rock interactions, for example involving Fischer-Tropsch reactions and the serpentinization of ultramafic rocks. Suggestions that abiogenic hydrocarbons make a significant contribution to economic hydrocarbon reservoirs have been difficult to resolve, in part owing to uncertainty in the carbon isotopic signatures for abiogenic versus thermogenic hydrocarbons. Here, using carbon and hydrogen isotope analyses of abiogenic methane and higher hydrocarbons in crystalline rocks of the Canadian shield, we show a clear distinction between abiogenic and thermogenic hydrocarbons. The progressive isotopic trends for the series of C1-C4 alkanes indicate that hydrocarbon formation occurs by way of polymerization of methane precursors. Given that these trends are not observed in the isotopic signatures of economic gas reservoirs, we can now rule out the presence of a globally significant abiogenic source of hydrocarbons.     

碱预处理促进椰衣纤维厌氧消化产气研究

针对当前存在的椰衣纤维量大且难处理的问题,研究了NaOH、KOH、Ca （OH）₂和碱性H₂O₂（AHP）预处理对其厌氧消化性能的影响。结果表明,碱预处理可以缩短椰衣纤维厌氧消化反应的迟滞期,提高累积沼气产量。采用7% NaOH和7% AHP预处理可显著去除木质素,累积产气量（基于挥发性固体含量,VS）可达218.3 mL/g和217.8 mL/g,较未预处理的椰衣纤维（累积产气量为101.1 mL/g）提升了115.9%和115.4%。     

灵武煤中烷烃的萃取分离和GC/MS分析

采用等体积的CS2/N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)混合溶剂在超声辐射下反复萃取灵武煤,用旋转蒸发器蒸除萃取液中的绝大部分CS2,得到灵武煤浓缩萃取液.用正己烷萃取灵武煤浓缩萃取液,并用气相色谱/质谱联用仪(GC/MS)对灵武煤各级萃取物进行分析.结果表明,灵武煤萃取物的主要成分是烷烃,包括正构烷烃、支链烷烃和环烷烃,其含量超过95%,其中正构烷烃的含量超过80%;萃取物中还检测出少量的烯烃和含杂原子的有机化合物以及微量的芳烃.     

Methane emissions from terrestrial plants under aerobic conditions

Methane is an important greenhouse gas and its atmospheric concentration has almost tripled since pre-industrial times. It plays a central role in atmospheric oxidation chemistry and affects stratospheric ozone and water vapour levels. Most of the methane from natural sources in Earth's atmosphere is thought to originate from biological processes in anoxic environments. Here we demonstrate using stable carbon isotopes that methane is readily formed in situ in terrestrial plants under oxic conditions by a hitherto unrecognized process. Significant methane emissions from both intact plants and detached leaves were observed during incubation experiments in the laboratory and in the field. If our measurements are typical for short-lived biomass and scaled on a global basis, we estimate a methane source strength of 62-236 Tg yr(-1) for living plants and 1-7 Tg yr(-1) for plant litter (1 Tg = 10(12) g). We suggest that this newly identified source may have important implications for the global methane budget and may call for a reconsideration of the role of natural methane sources in past climate change.     

网状本煤层钻孔瓦斯预抽放技术在屯兰矿的应用

通过分析屯兰矿井下瓦斯赋存的实际情况,在南四盘区12403工作面采用本煤层网状抽放钻孔布置,进行瓦斯预抽放,解决开采层瓦斯涌出．经实际应用,抽放效果较好,对治理采掘工作面瓦斯涌出具有推广价值．     

鹤岗风化煤的微生物降解研究

利用青霉菌等４种微生物降解鹤岗风化煤及稀盐酸处理样，得到了降解效果。酸处理风化煤的降解远好于示处理的风化煤。对产物的分析结果表明，微生物的降解作用使煤样发生了变化；降解过程中伴随着Ｏ，Ｈ，Ｎ含量的增加，酸性官能团含量及ＦＴ－ＩＲ谱上吸收带的变化。     

海洋微生物生物活性代谢物研究进展及技术问题

近年来,海洋微生物代谢物研究进展迅速。海洋微生物的代谢物种类主要有五大类,即:胺及酰胺类、吲哚生物碱类、乙酰配基类、环肽类及聚丙酸酯类。其生物活性包括:抗菌、抗肿瘤、抗微生物、抗病毒、酶及酶的抑制活性等,其中以抗肿瘤活性最为重要。在培养及鉴定海洋微生物等方面还面临许多问题。     

微生物次生代谢物的提取及其性能

海洋微生物是海洋药物的重要资源,资源微生物次生代谢物的提取及性能研究是开发海洋药物的第一步.从渤海近海域16种动植物体内提取微生物,分离得到261株微生物,其中,霉菌28株、细菌196株、放线菌12株、真菌25株.对单菌落进行发酵,获得次生代谢产物,并对海洋微生物次生代谢产物的抗肿瘤理化性能进行了研究.结果表明,63#菌株发酵液对Hela细胞有较强的抑制作用,黄泥NRG、海苔CHA、海带G1、陈海水NRG、陈海泥NRG、黑泥CHA发酵液对Hela细胞有轻微的抑制作用.     

煤壁瓦斯流动的电算模拟

本文以菲克定律为基础,考虑到受采动应力影响的煤层变渗透性,建立了煤层瓦斯流动的数学模型,探讨其数值解,并通过实测结果说明该数学模型是可行的。