北京平原区第四系含水层中水-岩作用的锶同位素示踪

通过采集北京平原区第四系含水层中地下水.并对水样中的Ca2+、Sr2+和87Sr/86Sr比值等进行分析,结果表明,地下水中的Ca2+和Sr2+主要来源于水-岩相互作用,而与地下水补给源的携带关系不大,两者在地下水中经历了相似的水文地球化学过程,可以用于示踪水-岩相互作用过程;地下水样按Sr2+浓度大小可明显分为两组,其中低浓度组对应于相对较高的87Sr/86Sr比值,高浓度组对应于相对较低的87Sr/86Sr比值;87Sr/86Sr比值较大程度上受控于水-岩相互作用,而与海水和当地大气降水中的值有较大不同;地下水中的Sr2+以碳酸盐岩风化来源为主,显示出明显的年代累积效应.永定河流域地下水中的Sr2+浓度总体高于潮白河流域:87Sr/86Sr比值沿地下水流向总体上呈增大趋势.     

2.5 Ma以来黄土高原灵台剖面黄土-古土壤87Sr/86Sr比值的变化

研究提出了2．5MaB．P．以来黄土高原灵台剖面黄土-古土壤序列的酸不溶物^87Sr/^86Sr、Rb/Sr、Zr/Rb、平均粒径和磁化率的变化曲线．黄土和古土壤酸不溶物^87Sr/^86Sr、Rb/Sr、Zr/Rb和磁化率的变化具有类似的阶段性．研究证明，黄土和古土壤酸不溶物^87Sr/^86Sr比值是化学风化强度的替代指标。Zr/Rb是物理风化强度的替代指标．自2．5MaB．P．以来大陆化学风化强度在总体上呈下降趋势,而物理风化强度呈上升趋势．     

锶同位素研究在古季风演化研究中的应用研究

自从Rb-Sr同位素体系被应用于地质年龄以来,随着Rb-Sr同位素地球化学理论和测试分析技术的逐步发展和完善,其应用越来越广泛。主要介绍了锶同位素的基本地球化学特征,分析了锶同位素研究进行全球对比的可能性,探讨了锶同位素研究在我国黄土季风演化研究中的应用。众多研究显示Rb/Sr和87Sr/86Sr的比值变化受控于风化成壤作用的强弱,与降雨量、磁化率变化有很好的线性相关关系。通过曲线的分析、对比发现Rb/Sr和87Sr/86Sr曲线所蕴含的气候信息比磁化率曲线更为丰富和详细,与SPECMAP     

碳酸盐地层中Sr同位素实验关键问题的讨论

减少或消除放射性成因Sr的影响是碳酸盐地层Sr同位素研究技术之关键.碳酸盐地层的Sr同位素研究,是建立在样品不合放射性成因Sr的基础上.离子交换柱不具有消除放射性成因87Sr影响的功能,只能减少或除去Ca2+、Ba2+等阳离子,以便在质谱分析中提高Sr同位素的电离概率,获取更高的灵敏度,同时消除87Rb(同质异位素)对87Sr测定值的干扰.在质谱分析时,一旦发现样品中含Rb,就必然存在放射性成因87Sr的影响,导致测定值偏高.鉴于一些碳酸盐地层内含有富Rb的硅酸盐和其他矿物组分,盲目使用氢氟酸、硝酸、高氯酸等强酸溶解样品,有可能严重地影响到Sr同位素(87Sr/86 Sr)的测定值.实验证明,采用选择性溶解技术,用醋酸或浓度较低的稀盐酸萃取碳酸盐,可以减少或排除硅酸盐及其他富含放射性成因Sr的矿物的影响.     

蛭石在低浓度盐酸和硫酸中的溶出性比较研究

蛭石作为三八面体层状硅酸盐矿物,由于其独特的层状结构被广泛应用于各领域．酸处理蛭石能提高蛭石的比表面积,改变层电荷数,达到增加表面活性官能团的目的．以新疆尉犁蛭石为原料,在低浓度盐酸和硫酸界面进行溶出性比较研究,对原料及酸浸后样品的物相、结构、微观形貌以及浸出液中各离子浓度进行表征分析．结果表明：在酸浓度较低时盐酸和硫酸对蛭石的酸蚀程度相当,在酸浓度稍微增加时硫酸对蛭石的酸蚀速度快于盐酸．两种酸的蛭石结构中各金属离子浸出的难易顺序一致,均为：层间物>八面体片>四面体片．Ca²⁺作为层间阳离子在酸浸前4h的溶出速率远大于八面体阳离子Mg²⁺和四面体阳离子Al³⁺,且层间物中Ca²⁺相比于K⁺更容易浸出．适当的酸处理可以提高蛭石的阳离子交换容量．本文对于蛭石的利用开发具有一定意义．     

南京汤泉地下热水化学特征及其指示意义

为确定南京汤泉地区地下热水补给来源,本次对比分析了区内20组不同水样的水化学、氘氧同位素及锶同位素比值的特征。结果表明,汤泉地下热水水化学类型为SO4- Ca型,热储温度为63℃～75℃;δD、δ¹⁸O值分别为 -42.89～-53.21‰、-7.11～-8.40‰,均位于当地大气降水线附近,指示其补给来源为雨水,补给高程为321 m～539 m;⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr同位素比值为0.708876～0.709299,表现为碳酸盐岩溶滤水特性。研究认为,地下热水的来源为碳酸盐岩岩溶出露区的大气降水补给,并主要流经碳酸盐岩地层,与浅层冷水和地表水水力联系微弱。     

石家庄市冬季降雪化学成分及其不溶物颗粒形态特征

选择大气环境污染严重的石家庄市冬季降雪样品,进行可溶性离子组成测试和不溶性颗粒物形态分析.结果表明,石家庄市大气降雪中离子总浓度很高,降水水质受到严重污染.降雪阴离子中以SO42-为主,NO3-较少,反映大气环境主要受燃烧排放的污染,酸性沉降的前体物较多.阳离子中以NH4 和Ca2 为主,主要来自石家庄市的土壤风沙扬尘作用.石家庄市大气降雪的(ρ(NH4 ) ρ(Ca2 ))/(ρ(SO42-) ρ(NO3-))比值高达1.93,具有对酸的强中和能力,致使其酸性降水实际发生率较低.电镜观察显示降雪中不溶物的颗粒形态特征主要有5类,其中以团聚体形态颗粒物最多,次为较规则体和球体颗粒,生物质颗粒和未知颗粒稀少,反映石家庄市冬季大气环境中悬浮颗粒物来自燃料燃烧和裸地起尘.     

云南老厂雨旺区块煤层气井产出水化学特征

基于云南老厂矿区雨旺区块煤层气地质条件和6 口煤层气先导试验井产出水样品的常规离子测试,分析了区内煤层气井产出水化学特征、离子变化规律及其与产能的关系.结果表明:研究区煤系含水层自老厂背斜核部接受大气降水补给,整体称单斜向东南径流,并受次级褶皱和断层影响;煤层气井产出水阳离子以Na++K+为主,Ca2+、Mg2+含量较低,阴离子以HCO3-和Cl-为主,矿化度介于1 465～5 625 mg/L,水型主要为Na-HCO3·Cl和Na-Cl·HCO3,与压裂液水型相似.溶滤作用在研究区内普遍存在,脱硫酸作用强度较大,阳离子交替吸附作用强度较小,脱碳酸作用较弱综合分析煤层气井产出水化学特征和研究区产能特征可知:当前煤层气井主要产出压裂液,煤层本身产水较低,导致压降漏斗扩展范围较小,降压效果较差,煤层气解吸量较少,产能较低.     

石漠化地区洞穴滴水地球化学特征——以贵州省石将军洞为例

为探讨石漠化条件下岩溶洞穴滴水水化学特征及其对地表环境的指示意义,选取贵州省安顺市具有强烈石漠化特征的石将军洞进行为期1年的动态监测,并对该洞穴8个滴水点滴速及元素质量浓度进行分析,根据各滴水点滴速季节变化稳定性将滴水点分为2种类型:1快速型,岩层薄,滴速不稳定.2平缓型,岩层厚,滴率季节变化平缓,受到降水影响小;各月滴水记录的元素质量浓度呈现一致的空间变化规律,季节变化小.石漠化地区土薄石厚,滴速主要受到岩石裂隙的控制,水-岩作用的程度控制洞穴滴水的变化.石将军洞位于强度石漠化地区,土壤层薄,涵养水源能力不足,导致石将军洞滴水pH值呈现"旱季低雨季高"的异常现象,而非受大气降水季节性变化的影响;石将军洞滴水Mg/Ca比值呈现旱季高雨季低的规律;对比2个不同石漠化程度洞穴的Ca2+,Mg2+等元素质量浓度以及EC,发现:气候条件完全一致的2个洞穴,轻度石漠化洞穴本寨洞Ca2+,Mg2+质量浓度、EC以及变化幅度都高于石将军洞.总之,石漠化地区洞穴理化特征变化主要驱动因子来自于本身洞穴体系,而并非直接的外界气候条件.     

桂中鹿寨地区鹿寨组下段地球化学特征及有机质富集因素

研究广西中部鹿寨地区下石炭统鹿寨组下段海相富有机质泥岩的地球化学特征,探讨其形成的主控因素,为鹿寨组下段海相优质烃源岩形成与演化提供理论依据。利用X射线衍射、有机碳含量及主元素、痕量元素含量测试等资料对寨沙剖面鹿寨组下段的沉积环境和有机质富集因素进行讨论。鹿寨组下段泥岩具有高脆性矿物、低黏土矿物的特征,有机碳质量分数为0.2%～4.54%,平均值为2.32%;古气候指标:古气候指数C、CIA和Sr/Cu比值分别为0.26～2.38、76.29～87.47及0.09～0.69,古氧化-还原指标:V/(V+Ni)、Ni/Co和V/Cr比值分别为0.36～0.99、2.23～9.9、2.3～26.26,古生产力指标:Ba、Cu和Ni质量分数分别为(231.32～4 128.26)×10~(-6)、(4.86～52.48)×10~(-6)、(79.99～620.27)×10~(-6)。地球化学特征显示鹿寨组下段沉积于半潮湿—潮湿气候条件下的贫氧—缺氧环境,具有中等初级生产力水平。相关性分析显示贫氧—缺氧的沉积环境是鹿寨组下段泥岩有机质富集的主控因素。     

沙漠砂对水泥砂浆和混凝土性能的影响

在对腾格里沙漠砂和毛乌素沙地砂化学组成及物理性质测定的基础上，进行了沙漠砂配置砂浆和混凝土的试验研究．试验结果表明，腾格里沙漠砂和毛乌素沙地砂可以作为工程用砂，用于抹面砂浆和一般土木工程中的混凝土细骨料．     

A mid－Holocene drought interval as evidenced by lake desiccation in the Alashan Plateau,Inner Mongolia,China

The mid-Holocene in China is traditionally thought to be a warm and humid period with a strong sum-mer monsoon, and is often termed the Holocene Climatic Optimum or Megathermal Period. Here we present lakegeomorphologic and lithologicai evidence from the Alashan Plateau, part of the Mongolian Plateau, that indicates stronglake desiccation during the mid-Holocene. High resolution pollen data from Zhuyeze Lake, at the present summermonsoon margin, is also presented. These data show that present lakes and wetlands in the Juyanze Lake basin west of the Badain Jaran desert, in the Zhuyeze Lake basin between the Badain Jaran and Tengger deserts, and in lakes in the eastern Tengger desert, dried or experienced low lake levelsin the mid-Holocene around 5000-7000 cal yr BP. Pollen data further indicate that the vegetation cover declined in both the local areas and in the Qilian Mountains, suggesting the climate was drier than that associated with the presentAsian summer monsoon. This mid-Holocene drought interval was present throughout a quite large region of the south In-ner Mongolian Plateau. The period was also probably colder,at least in the high Asian plateaus and mountains.     

Application of ERS-1 scatterometer data to studying land surfaces ──Distributive characteristic of backscattering coefficient over China land surfaces

ERS 1 WSC data were obtained by international cooperation. The distributive characteristics of radar backscattering coefficient image of China land surface are analyzed and the research results are presented. The capability of ERS 1 WSC data for monitoring land surfaces is investigated. The results show that the radar backscattering coefficient images can reveal the natural landform features of China land. Using the WSC data can discriminate six types of major land coverage, including evergreen vegetation and snow covered region, vegetation and crops, mountains, grassland, desert and grassland, desert. On the whole, the radar backscattering coefficient image of China land is the synthesis of the vegetation map and terrain map. Statistical study of the typical terrain shows that the radar backscatter coefficients of China land range from -29 dB to -5 dB. The lowest value corresponds to the deserts of Badain Jaran, Takla Makan, and Tengger. The highest value corresponds to snow covered regions of Himalaya Mountains and Tianshan Mountains.     

Application of ERS-1 scatterometer data to studying land surfaces

ERS-1 WSC data were obtained by international cooperation. The distributive characteristics of radar backscattering coefficient image of China land surface are analyzed and the research results are presented. The capability of ERS-1 WSC data for monitoring land surfaces is investigated. The results show that the radar backscattering coefficient images can reveal the natural landform features of China land. Using the WSC data can discriminate six types of major land coverage, including evergreen vegetation and snow-covered region, vegetation and crops, mountains, grassland, desert and grassland, desert. On the whole, the radar backscattering coefficient image of China land is the synthesis of the vegetation map and terrain map. Statistical study of the typical terrain shows that the radar backscatter coefficients of China land range from ?29 dB to ?5 dB. The lowest value corresponds to the deserts of Badain Jaran, Takla Makan, and Tengger. The highest value corresponds to snow-covered regions of Himalaya Mountains and Tianshan Mountains.     

毛乌素沙地、腾格里沙漠南缘带土地利用与气候变化关系研究——以宁夏中部为例

利用1978年MSS及1987,1996和2007年Landsat TM/ETM遥感影像,借助GIS技术,对腾格里沙漠与毛乌素沙地南缘地带土地利用与气候变化的响应关系进行了研究.结果表明,研究区年均温升高,降水量减少,气候趋于暖干化,土地利用开发程度差异显著,表现出30 a来,毛乌素沙地南缘土地利用开发强度整体较大,高于腾格里沙漠南缘地带,在变化速度上,毛乌素沙地高于腾格里沙漠南缘地区.     

Formation mechanisms of megadunes and lakes in the Badain Jaran Desert, Inner Mongolia

Field observations demonstrate that calc-sinters occurred in the lakes of Badain Jaran Desert. 87Sr/86Sr ratios,14C,δ 13C and mineral com-positions of calc-sinters,and 3He/4He,4He/20Ne,δ 18O,δ D,pH and TDS of water from springs and lakes are analyzed in detail. The results indicate that the lake water is supplied through deep fault zone. The “ker-nel” of stabilized dunes in the Badain Jaran Desert perhaps consists of calc-sinters and calcareous ce-mentation layers. Deep-seated groundwater effuses from this “kernel” and recharges to lakes in desert. Precipitation and snowmelt water from the Qing-hai-Tibet Plateau is fed into the Badain Jaran Desert,Gurinai,Wentougaole and Ejinqi areas through the Xigaze-Langshan Fault zone. The isotopic composi-tions of groundwater in the Alax Plateau are abnor-mal due to the strong evaporation of the Gyaring and Ngoring lake water in the headstream of the Yellow River. Groundwater dissolves dissoluble fractions of rocks during its transportation through the fault zone and flows out of the mouth of spring in the Badan Jaran Desert. The dissoluble fractions are finally de-veloped into calc-sinters and calcareous cementation layers around the spring. Calci-sinters are gradually largened and eventually emerge on the surface of lake water. Eolian sands accumulate on the surfaces of calc-sinters and calcareous cementation layers,and eventually develop into dunes. Invasion of magma causes an increase in the temperature of groundwater within the faults. Groundwater evapora-tion provides water vapor for the formation of humid stabilized dunes during its upwelling. Rhizoconcre-tions found in Yihejigede indicate that the dune was formed and remained immovable 4700 years ago. The height of the megadunes is proportional to thermal quantity carried by the groundwater.     

西北旱区高原沙地调查和基本性质试验

通过对鄂尔多斯高原沙地和阿拉善高原沙地的调查和现场取样,分析了砂样矿物化学成分,对砂样的物理力学性质进行了试验研究,从工程角度提出了沙漠成因的相关性,提出了在沙漠中进行工程建设的指导意见,提出了固沙和防风蚀措施。     

Landscape evolution and palaeoclimate in the deserts of northwestern China, with a special reference to Badain Jaran and Taklamakan

A comparative study of geomorphologic landscapes in the Badain Jaran Desert and Taklamakan Desert was made on the basis of field investigations, thermolumi-niscence and radiocarbon dating as well as analysis of sand grain texture. The sand seas of the Badain Jaran Desert differ greatly from that of the Taklamakan Desert in terms of dune morphology, interdune relief, dune stratigraphy and sand sources. The thermoluminiscence ages of the dunes suggest that the basic configuration of the megadunes in the Badain Jaran Desert has not changed at least since Middle Holocene. There were periods of more humid environment during the last glaciation and Holocene in both deserts, but events of higher precipitation in the Badain Jaran Desert were more frequent than in the Taklamakan. In both desert areas, aeolian processes have been intensified during the last 2000 a.     

新绿洲(2)——沙产业的案例

 钱学森的沙产业理论是利用高新技术将沙漠戈壁不毛之地变为绿洲,技术路线的通俗表述为"多采光、少用水、新技术、高效益"。在塔克拉玛干大沙漠西南边缘的224团场、河西走廊嘉峪关戈壁滩上的葡萄园、大面积的设施农田大棚种植,都是新绿洲的实证。微型藻类是强大的太阳能转化器,先后在库布其沙漠恩格贝、乌兰布和沙漠吉兰太、毛乌素沙地鄂托克旗建成的微藻养殖场,都是叶绿素工厂,在原本的不毛沙地上,生产高品质的营养品。未来的新绿洲沿着钱学森指出的方向,将创造更高水平的生产力。     

利用沙漠砂合成硅酸盐材料——硅酸盐工业和沙漠治理可持续发展的新方向

 为揭示利用沙漠砂合成硅酸盐材料的优势和重要性，以内蒙古西部库布齐、乌兰布和、腾格里和巴丹吉林4大沙漠为例，通过实地考察并在沙漠边缘取样，研究了该沙漠砂的理化性质。总结了国内外沙漠砂材料的研究和应用现状，分析了利用沙漠砂合成硅酸盐材料的社会效益和经济效益，指出了其发展前景和面临的主要问题。