生物质油提质加氢脱氧催化剂研究进展

随着化石能源的日益减少,来源于木质纤维素基可再生生物质油越来越受到人们的关注.但是,与石油相比,生物质油含氧量高,导致其能量密度低、黏度高、热和化学稳定性差,因而必须进行脱氧提质才能用作发动机燃料.在生物质油提质方法中,加氢脱氧(HDO)最具应用前景.综述了木质纤维素基生物质油HDO催化剂的研究进展,包括过渡金属硫化物、磷化物、氮化物和碳化物,贵金属,金属-酸双功能催化剂,过渡金属以及非晶态合金等.过渡金属硫化物催化剂用于HDO时,会因S被氧化物或水中O逐步取代而失活;贵金属催化剂虽具有高HDO活性和选择性,但因价格高、资源受限而无法大规模应用;过渡金属氮化物、碳化物和过渡金属催化剂活性较高,但会在HDO中因结焦或氧的嵌入导致催化剂失活;非晶态合金催化剂具有较高HDO活性,但热稳定性较差;过渡金属磷化物的HDO活性高,稳定性好,是一类优良的HDO催化活性相.载体的表面性质和孔结构对其负载的HDO催化剂性能影响较大.碳沉积和结构破坏是HDO催化剂失活的主要原因.     

石墨烯基PtNi二元金属催化剂抗CO中毒能力的理论研究

运用密度泛函理论，分别对Pt、Ni以及PtNi二元金属催化剂负载在单空位缺陷（SV）石墨烯上的稳定性及抗CO中毒性能进行研究.结果表明，当金属催化剂吸附在SV石墨烯上时，PtNi二元金属稳定性(SV-9:ΔG=-6.41 eV)比Pt-SV、Ni-SV结构的稳定性强，CO在PtNi二元金属的吸附自由能为-0.52～-2.60 eV.过渡金属Ni的掺杂，可以提高PtNi二元金属在SV石墨烯上的稳定性和抗CO中毒能力.     

碱性甲醇燃料电池阳极催化剂的研究进展

综述了直接碱性甲醇燃料电池阳极催化剂的研究进展.由于采用碱性电解质,甲醇电化学氧化催化剂的选择可不再受只有铂才会表现较高的电催化活性的限制.指出了研究比较多的非铂催化剂Au,Pd,Ni和钙钛矿型稀土氧化物的研究机理,为进一步发展新型催化剂提供了新方向.     

表面吸附和计算方法的评述

对CO在过渡金属及其氧化物上的表面吸附,从过渡金属的催化作用、吸附模型、簇表面形成原则及计算方法等方面给予了评述.     

柴油车氧化催化技术研究进展

 柴油车氧化催化剂(DOC)主要作用在于氧化尾气中的CO、碳氢化合物(HC)和NOx;此外,氧化过程产生一定的热量,有助于下游组分的起燃。本文综述了近年来柴油车氧化催化技术的研究进展。柴油车氧化催化器由壳体、减振层、载体及催化剂四部分构成,其中催化剂是整个催化器的核心部分,决定着DOC的主要性能指标。DOC常用的活性组分有铂、铑和钯等贵金属,助剂为铈、镧等稀土元素和铜、铁、铬、锰等过渡金属,以及碱金属和碱土金属氧化物。本文论述了柴油车氧化催化技术反应过程原理,包括CO氧化、HC氧化和NO_x氧化反应机理;对柴油车氧化催化剂的失活机制包括热失活和化学失活及再生机制进行了综述;最后对柴油车氧化催化技术的发展进行了展望。     

NiAl等合金在Li2CO3-K2CO3中的电化学腐蚀

研究了 Ni Al金属间化合物、GH2 17高温合金、1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢在 6 5 0℃ L i2 CO3- K2 CO3熔盐中的阳极极化行为 .结果发现 :Ni Al在 L i2 CO3- K2 CO3熔盐中有活化、钝化、过钝化几个阶段 .用俄歇能谱 AES分析了合金钝化膜的组成 .发现在 L i2 CO3- K2 CO3熔盐中 Ni Al中的 Al先被氧化 ,接着其中的 Ni被氧化 .L i2 CO3- K2 CO3中 Ni Al有良好的抗腐蚀性 .     

甲烷部分氧化制合成气负载型过渡金属催化剂性能的研究

考察了负载在不同载体上的过渡金属催化剂用于甲烷部分氧化(POM)制合成气反应的催化性能.结果发现,负载型贵金属催化剂一般表现出比过渡金属催化剂更好的POM反应性能,活性金属组分在载体上的分散度可以影响其催化性能,但金属的电子组态对催化剂性能的影响更为明显,适中的未成对d电子对POM反应是有益的.在各种载体材料中,SiO2等低酸性且无明显氧化还原性能的材料是制备POM反应催化剂的良好载体,在所研究的各种催化剂中,SiO2负载的Rh催化剂具有最佳的POM反应性能.反应条件可以明显地影响POM反应的性能,升高温度有利于提高甲烷转化率和CO选择性,原料气中过高的VCH4/Vo2不利于POM反应的进行.     

近室温磁制冷工质的研究现状与发展前景

基于稀土-过渡族金属间化合物Gd-Si-Ge系合金及钙钛矿型猛氧化物的磁热效应及其巨磁热效应机理,对近室温磁制冷材料的研究现状及材料与磁制冷技术的发展前景进行了分析.     

Pt/CuCrO催化剂上CO氧化反应及抗H_2O和抗CO_2性能研究

制备了负载型Pt/CuCrO催化剂,并进行了CO氧化及其抗H_2O和抗CO_2的性能研究.结果表明:载体的晶型结构改变了其可还原性和活性氧物种数量,从而影响催化剂的反应活性及抗H_2O和抗CO_2的能力;经400~600℃焙烧的载体为尖晶石型CuCr_2O_4氧化物,具有很好的可还原性和较高的活性氧物种数量,因此催化剂具有良好的CO氧化活性和优异的抗H_2O和抗CO_2的能力;而800℃焙烧的载体为铜铁矿型CuCrO_2氧化物,其CO氧化活性较低,且不具备抗H_2O和抗CO_2能力.     

络合活化催化作用

在不饱和有机物所参与的许多类型的催化反应中,过渡金属化合物催化剂的作用可认为是通过与反应分子中的不饱和反应基因构成σπ-配键,从而使其活化的.本文根据这概念讨论了烯烃化学中某些重要的催化反应和催化剂的作用机理;最后并扼要地讨论了络合活化催化作用与金属催化剂、氧化物半导体催化剂和酸催化剂的催化性能的关系,以及催化理论的发展动向,     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that