微孔聚氨酯泡沫超声强化化学镀铜的研究

为研制金属泡沫材料电沉积制备所需的导电泡沫基体,以孔径为0.3 mm的微孔聚氨酯泡沫为基体进行化学镀铜新工艺研究。探讨镀液组成、温度、pH及超声强化对化学镀铜工艺的影响,得出化学镀铜优化工艺条件如下:硫酸铜质量浓度为16 g/L,酒石酸钾钠质量浓度为30 g/L,Na2EDTA质量浓度为20 g/L,α,α′-联吡啶质量浓度为25 mg/L,亚铁氰化钾质量浓度为25 mg/L,PEG-1000质量浓度为1 g/L,甲醛含量为5 mL/L,镀液pH为12.5~13.0,温度为50℃。在此条件下,镀液稳定性好,镀层光亮平整,镀速可达0.102 mg/min;超声强化可有效提高镀速20%~30%;化学镀铜后的导电泡沫基体经电沉积工艺可制备得到孔隙率为92.2%的三维网状金属泡沫材料。     

ABS塑料化学镀铜工艺的研究

用乙二醛取代传统化学镀铜中的甲醛作为还原剂,研究了化学镀铜的基本工艺,揭示了络合剂用量、乙二醛用量、pH对铜沉积速度、镀液稳定性及镀层结构等的影响.确定了最佳工艺条件为酒石酸氢钾质量浓度27g/L、乙二醛体积分数5%、镀液的最佳pH为10.9.表面SEM观察显示,镀层均匀、光亮.     

关于化学镀铜添加剂的研究(一)

本文研究了化学镀铜中各种添加剂的作用。对某些含氮基化合物、含氧基化合物、含硫基化合物作为添加剂进行了实验。从实验结果比较了镀液稳定性、析出速度、镀层厚度等特性。从而得出含硫基化合物、含氮基化合物作为添加剂时镀液稳定性好,它们可能和铜离子形成络合物或螯合物,并做了两种添加剂配合使用的镀液稳定性和析出速度实验。另外还探讨了关于添加剂添加量、镀液温度、镀覆时间、镀膜厚度等条件的相互关系。     

酒石酸钾钠和EDTA·2Na盐化学镀铜体系

研究了酒石酸钾钠(TART)和EDTA·2Na盐双络合化学镀铜体系中各因素对沉铜速度稳定性及镀层附着力的影响. 实验结果表明: 化学镀铜速度随着络合剂酒石酸钾钠和EDTA·2Na盐浓度以及施镀时间的增加而减小, 随着硫酸铜浓度、甲醛浓度、溶液pH值和反应温度的增加而增加;添加剂α, α'-联吡啶、亚铁氰化钾和PEG-1000对镀铜速度的影响较小, 但对铜镀层外观质量影响较大. 其化学镀铜最佳条件为: CuSO4·5H2O质量浓度为16 g/L, EDTA·2Na盐为21 g/L, 酒石酸钾钠为16 g/L, 甲醛为5.0 g/L, 亚铁氰化钾为70 mg/L, α, α'-联吡啶为8 mg/L, PEG-1000为1 g/L, pH值为12.75, 镀液温度为50 ℃. 在最佳条件下, 化学镀铜30 min后所得镀层附着力良好、外观红亮且镀速达到3.4 μm/h. 由扫描电镜照片可见: 镀层表面平整、光滑、晶粒细致.     

竹炭粉表面超声波化学镀铜的研究

以硫酸铜为主盐、甲醛为还原剂,采用超声波辅助化学镀铜的方法,对竹炭粉表面进行镀铜工艺研究,并采用扫描电镜及能谱仪对镀铜竹炭表面结构和镀层成分进行分析。 采用化学镀铜工艺条件为：细小颗粒竹炭粉(d<0.08 mm),施镀过程的前5 min不加载超声波,之后加载20 min超声波,主盐硫酸铜质量浓度15 g/L、还原剂甲醛体积浓度为25 mL/L 、镀液pH=12、施镀温度60 ℃,可获得表面载铜率32.3 %、体积电阻率0.16 Ω·cm的镀铜竹炭粉,且镀铜竹炭比表面积降低。     

96Al2O3瓷上化学镀铜工艺和机理的研究

首次全面系统地报告：对国产９６Ａｌ２Ｏ３瓷进行了化学镀铜，测试和研究了它们的各种性能，采用外加添加剂的方法研究了各种化学镀液的稳定性；用微量天平称重法研究了沉积速度、模厚与镀液组成、稳定剂的关系；用可焊性测试原理的润湿力法研究了铜膜的抗氧化性和可焊性；用直接引拉法测试基片与铜膜的附着力，研究了附着力与粗化、化学镀速的关系，研制结果表明国内生产的９６Ａｌ２Ｏ３瓷，完全可以化学镀铜制成印刷线路板，投入     

氧化锌、氧化亚锡的复合化学镀铜

研究了氧化锌、氧化亚锡两种固体微粒复合化学镀铜的工艺条件。重点探讨了镀液温度、p H值、Zn O及 Sn O浓度对黑碳钢表面复合化学镀铜层耐磨性的影响。结果是 :对 Cu- Zn O镀层 ,当镀液温度为 6 5°C、p H值为 1 2 .5、Zn O含量为 1 0 g/ L时镀层质量最好 ;对 Cu- Sn O镀层 ,当镀液温度为 70°C、p H值为 1 2 .5、Sn O含量为 5g/ L时镀层质量最好。同时 ,本文对 Cu、Cu- Zn O及 Cu- Sn O三种不同镀层的抗氧化性、耐磨性、镀层与基体的结合力作了比较 ,发现三种镀层与基体材料的结合力很强 ,而以 Cu- Sn O镀层抗氧化性及耐磨性为最佳。     

氧化铝陶瓷基板化学镀铜雾化淬火活化新工艺

为减少氧化铝陶瓷基板化学镀铜过程中强腐蚀性药品和贵金属的使用,对氧化铝陶瓷基材进行除油处理,通过雾化淬火活化工艺使基材表面附着上一层镍层,再进行预镀,最后进行化学镀铜。采用正交实验对基材热处理温度、热处理时间、预镀液温度和预镀时间工艺参数进行了优化,通过扫描电镜能谱分析、超声波和热震实验对镍活化层和镍镀层的形貌及性能进行了表征。结果表明：基材热处理时间4 min、基材热处理温度450℃,NiSO₄与NaH₂PO₂预镀液温度55℃、预镀时间5 min时镀层完全覆盖,基体活化后表面生成一层均匀的平均直径70 nm的胞状镍微粒,预镀后基材表面形成一层结合力较强的蜂窝状镍层。施镀后,镀层表面微观结构紧凑,结合性较好。     

ABS塑料低温快速化学镀铜的研究

提出了在碱性条件下，以甲醛为还原剂，酒石酸钾钠和ＥＤＴＡ为络合剂，硝酸铅和碘化钾为稳定剂的适宜于ＡＢＳ塑料表面化学镀铜的工艺。在该条件下施镀，镀速快，可镀厚铜，镀层光亮，镀液稳定，且由于施镀温度较低，极有利于在ＡＢＳ表面施镀。     

超声波化学镀铜制备钼铜复合粉体

利用超声波化学镀铜技术在钼粉表面进行化学镀铜;探讨预处理、超声波和施镀工艺对钼粉表面化学镀铜的影响;利用X射线衍射判断相组成,用X射线光电子能谱溅射分析复合粉末元素分布,用扫描电镜观察镀覆层的形貌.研究结果表明:通过严格的镀前预处理工艺可以增加钼粉表面的活化点;以乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)和三乙醇胺(TEA)为双络合剂,在施镀过程中引入超声波,温度和pH值分别控制在50～55 ℃和12.5～13.0,实现钼粉表面的化学镀铜,沉积速度快,复合粉末分散性好;纳米铜微晶吸附在钼粉末周围形成粗糙表面,复合粉末中含有Cu2O,这是纳米Cu微晶颗粒自发氧化的结果.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with