的的喀喀湖畔的渔民

的的喀喀湖位于南美洲东海岸边连绵不断的安第斯山脉中,方圆七千平方公里,是世界上最大的淡水湖之一。自古以來这里流傳有許多赞颂它的富饒和美丽的傳說。据說在湖底藏有昔日印加族富翁的无数財宝:有全由黄金和宝石嵌成的都市以及当地居民在西班牙和葡萄牙占领者入侵前埋藏的珠宝飾物。諸如此类的傳說真是数以千計。但传說毕竟是传說,人們的現     

的的喀喀湖的高原人家

正秘鲁的印加文化名城不仅仅有库斯科,马丘比丘,南部一个叫做"普诺"的城市,这座高原谜城,是探索印加帝国源头——的的喀喀湖的起点。普诺(Puno),坐落于世界上海拔最高的淡水湖——的的喀喀湖(Lake Titicaca)岸边,东邻玻利维亚,游客的必经之地。我来到瓦萨帕塔公园(Cerro Huajsapata),那里可以俯瞰城市风光。一座雕像矗立在山顶,曼科·卡帕克(Manqu Qhapaq)——     

循环群的Burnside环的增广理想的商群的结构

本文给出了由有限循环群出发构造的Burnside环的增广理想的基底,并讨论了它们的n次幂与n 1次幂之商,完整地给出了这类商群的结构.     

函数的周期性与它的图象的对称性的关系

函数的周期性与它的图象的对称性的关系张沛和（嘉应大学数学系梅州５１４０００）约定：函数ｙ三八时的图象简称为图象，并用符号Ｔ表示它二图象的对称轴仅限于垂直于。轴的直线。定义：对函数ｙ一．ｆ（），若存在某一个正数Ｔ．｛ｋ得对于函数的定义域内所有Ｘ都成立，...     

群的元素的阶的某些问题

讨论了周期群与自由群的元素的阶,研究环的加群的元素的阶并建立环的特征数的概念.给出了群的元素的阶概念的两个推广:元素对于子群的阶、半群的元素的阶.     

葡萄酒:年青的 盛年的 衰老的

酒的年龄,谁长谁短? 普通的白葡萄酒通常只有两年生命,用2001年收获的果实酿出的白葡萄酒,2002年春末应该是它口味最成熟的时候。普通红葡萄     

扩充的Sturmian序列的性质的补充

Sturmian序列是具有最低复杂性的一类符号序列,对Sturmian序列进行扩充,使其更具一般性。本文对扩充的Sturmian序列进行了进一步的研究,从而使其应用更加广泛。     

常用的求函数极限的方法的探讨

由于极限在微积分中的基础地位,本文结合实例,重点介绍十二种常用的求极限的方法。     

关于Sn的元素的阶的集合

用Ｏ＿ｎ表示ｎ次对称群Ｓ＿ｎ的元素的阶的集合。本文综述Ｏ＿ｎ的两种刻划Ｏｎ＝｛［ｎ＿１，ｎ＿２，…，ｎ＿ｕ］｜ｎ＿ｉ是正整数，且ｎ＿ｉ≤ｎ｝，为互异质数，且与两种求法，并且给出用计算机求得的Ｏ＿ｎ的一些结果。最后，对于Ｏ＿ｎ提出一些问题，以作进一步研究．     

扩充的Sturmian序列的性质的补充

Sturmian序列是具有最低复杂性的一类符号序列,对Sturmian序列进行扩充,使其更具一般性.本文对扩充的Sturmian序列进行了进一步的研究,从而使其应用更加广泛.     

New fossils from Koobi Fora in northern Kenya confirm taxonomic diversity in early Homo

Since its discovery in 1972 (ref. 1), the cranium KNM-ER 1470 has been at the centre of the debate over the number of species of early Homo present in the early Pleistocene epoch of eastern Africa. KNM-ER 1470 stands out among other specimens attributed to early Homo because of its larger size, and its flat and subnasally orthognathic face with anteriorly placed maxillary zygomatic roots. This singular morphology and the incomplete preservation of the fossil have led to different views as to whether KNM-ER 1470 can be accommodated within a single species of early Homo that is highly variable because of sexual, geographical and temporal factors, or whether it provides evidence of species diversity marked by differences in cranial size and facial or masticatory adaptation. Here we report on three newly discovered fossils, aged between 1.78 and 1.95 million years (Myr) old, that clarify the anatomy and taxonomic status of KNM-ER 1470. KNM-ER 62000, a well-preserved face of a late juvenile hominin, closely resembles KNM-ER 1470 but is notably smaller. It preserves previously unknown morphology, including moderately sized, mesiodistally long postcanine teeth. The nearly complete mandible KNM-ER 60000 and mandibular fragment KNM-ER 62003 have a dental arcade that is short anteroposteriorly and flat across the front, with small incisors; these features are consistent with the arcade morphology of KNM-ER 1470 and KNM-ER 62000. The new fossils confirm the presence of two contemporary species of early Homo, in addition to Homo erectus, in the early Pleistocene of eastern Africa.     

Early Pleistocene hominid teeth recovered in Mohui cave in Bubing Basin, Guangxi,South China

Since the 1950s, researchers who examine the issue of human beginnings often turn to Africa where there is a picture of human origins and evolution based on African hominid fossils with ages that are constantly revised to be older and older. However, there are many other unsolved problems about early human origins and evolution that may be solved by looking outside Africa. Over seventy years ago, Asia was described as a dispersal center of the earliest human industry, and a key arena for huma…     

Growth processes in teeth distinguish modern humans from Homo erectus and earlier hominins.

A modern human-like sequence of dental development, as a proxy for the pace of life history, is regarded as one of the diagnostic hallmarks of our own genus Homo. Brain size, age at first reproduction, lifespan and other life-history traits correlate tightly with dental development. Here we report differences in enamel growth that show the earliest fossils attributed to Homo do not resemble modern humans in their development. We used daily incremental markings in enamel to calculate rates of enamel formation in 13 fossil hominins and identified differences in this key determinant of tooth formation time. Neither australopiths nor fossils currently attributed to early Homo shared the slow trajectory of enamel growth typical of modern humans; rather, both resembled modern and fossil African apes. We then reconstructed tooth formation times in australopiths, in the approximately 1.5-Myr-old Homo erectus skeleton from Nariokotome, Kenya, and in another Homo erectus specimen, Sangiran S7-37 from Java. These times were shorter than those in modern humans. It therefore seems likely that truly modern dental development emerged relatively late in human evolution.     

陕西蓝田锡水洞哺乳动物群的意义

在分析了锡水洞化石哺乳动物群的性质及其所反映的古气候环境后，通过对该时期古人类分布及活动的推断，确定出该动物群的时代为中更新世，进而推算出了第四纪中期以来秦岭大约抬升了１１０ｍ。     

Implications of new early Homo fossils from Ileret, east of Lake Turkana, Kenya

Sites in eastern Africa have shed light on the emergence and early evolution of the genus Homo. The best known early hominin species, H. habilis and H. erectus, have often been interpreted as time-successive segments of a single anagenetic evolutionary lineage. The case for this was strengthened by the discovery of small early Pleistocene hominin crania from Dmanisi in Georgia that apparently provide evidence of morphological continuity between the two taxa. Here we describe two new cranial fossils from the Koobi Fora Formation, east of Lake Turkana in Kenya, that have bearing on the relationship between species of early Homo. A partial maxilla assigned to H. habilis reliably demonstrates that this species survived until later than previously recognized, making an anagenetic relationship with H. erectus unlikely. The discovery of a particularly small calvaria of H. erectus indicates that this taxon overlapped in size with H. habilis, and may have shown marked sexual dimorphism. The new fossils confirm the distinctiveness of H. habilis and H. erectus, independently of overall cranial size, and suggest that these two early taxa were living broadly sympatrically in the same lake basin for almost half a million years.     

Origin and evolution of the genus Homo.

It is remarkable that the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the earliest known representatives of our own genus, Homo, remain obscure. Advances in techniques for absolute dating and reassessments of the fossils themselves have rendered untenable a simple unilineal model of human evolution, in which Homo habilis succeeded the australopithecines and then evolved via H. erectus into H. sapiens-but no clear alternative consensus has yet emerged.     

Remains of Homo erectus from Bouri, Middle Awash, Ethiopia

The genesis, evolution and fate of Homo erectus have been explored palaeontologically since the taxon's recognition in the late nineteenth century. Current debate is focused on whether early representatives from Kenya and Georgia should be classified as a separate ancestral species ('H. ergaster'), and whether H. erectus was an exclusively Asian species lineage that went extinct. Lack of resolution of these issues has obscured the place of H. erectus in human evolution. A hominid calvaria and postcranial remains recently recovered from the Dakanihylo Member of the Bouri Formation, Middle Awash, Ethiopia, bear directly on these issues. These approximately 1.0-million-year (Myr)-old Pleistocene sediments contain abundant early Acheulean stone tools and a diverse vertebrate fauna that indicates a predominantly savannah environment. Here we report that the 'Daka' calvaria's metric and morphological attributes centre it firmly within H. erectus. Daka's resemblance to Asian counterparts indicates that the early African and Eurasian fossil hominids represent demes of a widespread palaeospecies. Daka's anatomical intermediacy between earlier and later African fossils provides evidence of evolutionary change. Its temporal and geographic position indicates that African H. erectus was the ancestor of Homo sapiens.     

Newly discovered Palaeolithic artefacts from loess deposits and their ages in Lantian,central China

Eight new Palaeolithic open-air sites were identified and 770 stone artefacts were collected from 2009 to 2011 in the Lantian area of the Bahe River valley, central China. Because the famous Homo erectus fossils were unearthed at the Gongwangling and Chenjiawo localities, and more than 30 Palaeolithic open-air sites were investigated in the 1960s in this region, the catchment of Bahe River is regarded as one of the most important hominin sites from the late early Pleistocene to the middle Pleistocene. These eight newly discovered open-air sites are located at the second(n = 6), third(n = 1) or higher terraces(n = 1) of the Bahe River. The Diaozhai section on the second terrace was sampled in detail. Two samples were collected for optically stimulated luminescence dating(OSL). The OSL results suggest that a buried lithic artefact layer at the Diaozhai site spans approximately 70–30 ka. The lithic assemblage analysis suggests that the stone artefacts were made of local pebbles/cobbles such as greywacke, quartz, sandstone and igneous rocks. The main percussion techniques that were used were direct hard hammer percussion and bi-polar techniques. The lithic artefacts comprise hammer stones, cores, flakes, retouched tools and flaking debris. Acheulian-type large cutting tools(LCTs) such as hand-axes, picks and cleavers were indentified in the Lantian region as well. This is the first time Acheulian-type LCTs from the late Pleistocene have been identified in this region. This study distinguishes age gaps between Western world and East Asian Acheulian-type tools.     

汤山猿人洞穴埋藏堆积地质雷达勘探解译

通过对南京汤山猿人洞穴内部东侧地质雷达勘探资料的分析,得出东部洞穴基岩埋深在10m以下,为水平状的岩系．其上的洞穴埋藏堆积可以分为上、中、下3个角砾层,反映了该洞穴曾经历过3次较大的崩塌堆积过程．上角砾层可能含有动物化石,是今后考古值得关注的堆积层.     

The Homo sapiens Cave hominin site of Mulan Mountain, Jiangzhou District, Chongzuo, Guangxi with emphasis on its age

One of the most hotly debated and frontal issues in paleoanthropology focuses on the origins of modern humans. Recently, an incomplete hominin mandible with a distinctly weaker mental protuberance than modern human and a great variety of coexisting fossil mammals were unearthed from the Homo sapiens Cave of Mulan Mountain, Chongzuo, Guangxi. The mammalian fauna from the Homo sapiens Cave characterized by the combination of Elephas kiangnanensis, first occurring Elephas maixmus, and Megatapirus augustus, and strikingly different from the Early Pleistocene Gigantopithecus fauna and the Middle Pleistocene Ailuropoda-Stogodon fauna of South China could be regarded as an early representive of the typical Asian elephant fauna. Faunal analysis, biostratigraphic correlation, and, most importantly, U-series dating all consistently support an estimate of ca. 110 ka for the age of the fossil Homo sapiens and coexisting mammalian fauna, that is, the early Late Pleistocene. The fauna is mainly made up of tropical-subtropical elements, but grassland elements have a much greater variety than forest elements, which probably indicates a drier climate at that time. This discovery of early Homo sapiens at the Mulan Mountain will play a significant role in the study of the origin and its environmental background of modern humans.