Experimental measurement of proton conductivity and electronic conductivity of membrane electrode assembly for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Charge transport processes involving the proton migration and electron transfer for different parts of membrane electrode assemble (MEA) play an essential role for developing the novel electrode and enhancing the electrochemical performance towards proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, the coupled charge transport processes make it difficult for evaluating proton conductivity and electronic conductivity of different parts in MEAs under operation conditions of fuel cells. Here in this work, we propose an experiment approach for separating the electronic conductivity and proton conductivity of different components of MEA at the operating conditions of PEMFCs. This approach involves two different measuring devices, which both consist of electron or proton conducting layers, sealing layers and sample layer, followed by tailoring the thickness of sample layers and via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to quantity the electronic conductivity and proton conductivity of different layers. These experiment results show the great potential in the development of different components of MEA.     

Slice Data Based Support Generation Algorithm for Fused Deposition Modeling

This paper presents a robust algorithm to generate support for fused deposition modeling (FDM). Since many flaws appear in most stereo lithography (STL) models, this algorithm utilizes slice data as input. A top-down approach was used to calculate the support slice layer by layer. The generation algorithm was described in detail including the slice grouping, oriental bounding box (OBB) calculation, offsetting, and Boolean operations. Several cases are given to validate the efficiency and robustness of the procedure. The algorithm provides necessary support not only for hanging surface but also for hanging vertexes and edges with O(n) time complexity, where n is the number of layers. The algorithm fully utilizes the parts' self-support ability and reduces support volume to the maximum extent. This slice data based algorithm has the same efficiency as the STL based algorithm but is more stable, which significantly enhances the robustness of the support generation process.     

Tracing neuronal tracts in the olfactory pathway of rat and detecting ischemic core in a rat model of focal ischemia using manganese enhanced magnetic resonance imaging

Manganese enhanced magnetic resonance imaging(MEMRI) is a novel neuroimaging technique first intro-duced by Lin et al. in 1997[1]. In this technique, bivalentmanganese ion (Mn2+) is used as a tracer for Ca2+, an im-portant substrate for neurotransmission. By monitoring thetransportation of Ca2+ between the cells and synapses,MEMRI can be used in vivo to trace neuronal tracts and tostudy brain functions dynamically. That Mn2+ can be usedas the tracer for Ca2+ is because it has two special…     

十二烷基苯磺酸钠对不锈钢孔蚀的缓蚀作用

采用浸蚀法、测定孔蚀特征电位及ｉ－ｔ曲线、模拟闭塞电池试验及交流阻抗频谱技术等，研究了１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ不锈钢在氯化物水溶液中的孔蚀行为，以及十二烷基苯磷酸钠和／或单乙醇胺对孔蚀引发与扩展过程的抑制作用．发现十二烷基苯磷酸钠及单乙醇胺对本腐蚀体系有一定的缓蚀作用，二者有明显的协同效应，这种效应主要表现在对孔蚀扩展阶段的影响．模拟闭塞电池实验表明，孔蚀的扩展阶段包含稳定扩展阶段及加速扩展阶段，添加剂使稳定扩展阶段的Ｎｙｑｕｉｓｔ图的低频部容抗派加大；在加速扩展阶段，低频部增加一个容抗弧．     

平流层CH4的时空变化特征及其与O3的关系

 利用1991年10月到2005年11月的HALO₃E卫星观测资料,对全球70°S～70°N范围内平流层100hPa到1 hPa的大气CH₄混合比进行了时空特征分析.结果表明:①CH₄混合比在平流层是随高度上升而逐渐减小的.平流层中上层CH₄变化存在年循环,而平流层中下层CH₄变化存在半年振荡(SAO₃),且南半球平流层CH₄的季节变化振幅要大于北半球,特别是平流层中上层.平流层各个高度上的CH₄基本呈纬向分布,但是不同高度上分布特征有所差异;②平流层CH₄混合比变化存在3个月,10个月,准25个月和准45个月左右时间尺度的周期,但是3个月的短期变化和10个月的年循环只在1996年之前明显;③不同高度上,CH₄和O₃变化的相关关系是不同的,CH₄对O₃的破坏作用并不是存在于整个平流层,似乎是在有的高度上相关关系明显,有的高度上相关关系不明显.     

Sensory maps in the olfactory cortex defined by long-range viral tracing of single neurons

Sensory information may be represented in the brain by stereotyped mapping of axonal inputs or by patterning that varies between individuals. In olfaction, a stereotyped map is evident in the first sensory processing centre, the olfactory bulb (OB), where different odours elicit activity in unique combinatorial patterns of spatially invariant glomeruli. Activation of each glomerulus is relayed to higher cortical processing centres by a set of ～20-50 'homotypic' mitral and tufted (MT) neurons. In the cortex, target neurons integrate information from multiple glomeruli to detect distinct features of chemically diverse odours. How this is accomplished remains unclear, perhaps because the cortical mapping of glomerular information by individual MT neurons has not been described. Here we use new viral tracing and three-dimensional brain reconstruction methods to compare the cortical projections of defined sets of MT neurons. We show that the gross-scale organization of the OB is preserved in the patterns of axonal projections to one processing centre yet reordered in another, suggesting that distinct coding strategies may operate in different targets. However, at the level of individual neurons neither glomerular order nor stereotypy is preserved in either region. Rather, homotypic MT neurons from the same glomerulus innervate broad regions that differ between individuals. Strikingly, even in the same animal, MT neurons exhibit extensive diversity in wiring; axons of homotypic MT pairs diverge from each other, emit primary branches at distinct locations and 70-90% of branches of homotypic and heterotypic pairs are non-overlapping. This pronounced reorganization of sensory maps in the cortex offers an anatomic substrate for expanded combinatorial integration of information from spatially distinct glomeruli and predicts an unanticipated role for diversification of otherwise similar output neurons.     

质子交换膜燃料电池膜电极再发电性能的研究

对质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)膜电极(MEA)的二次发电性能进行了研究.由单电池的电性能测试表明,二次使用时MEA的开路电压下降5.0%,最大电流密度和最大功率均降低约50.0%.SEM的测试结果显示,二次使用的MEA的表面有催化层脱落现象,减少了电极的活性反应区域,降低了其发电性能.     

Dynamic slicing of object-oriented programs

Program slice has many applications such as program debugging, testing, maintenance, and complexity measurement. A static slice consists of all statements in programP that may effect the value of variablev at some pointp, and a dynamic slice consists only of statements that influence the value of variable occurrence for specific program inputs. In this paper, we concern the problem of dynamic slicing of object-oriented programs which, to our knowledge, has not been addressed in the literatures. To solve this problem, we present the dynamic object-oriented dependence graph (DODG) which is an arc-classified digraph to explicitly represent various dynamic dependence between statement instances for a particular execution of an object-oriented program. Based on the DODG, we present a two-phase backward algorithm for computing a dynamic slice of an object-oriented program.     

Regulation of BMP4 on the proliferation and differentiation in SVZa neural stem cells

The neural stem cells in the anterior subventricular zone (SVZa) mainly generate the progenitors that will differentiate into neurons, and along a highly circumscribed migratory access Rostral migratory stream (RMS), they migrate to the olfactory bulbs (OB). To understand the effects of BMPs on SVZa neural stem cells, in this study BMP4 at various concentrations was used to induce SVZa neural stem cells, and the living cell labeling using BMP4 promotor conjugated with red fluorescence protein showed the expression of BMP4 dynamically. The results demonstrated that low BMP4 doses (1-5 ng/mL) promoted while high doses (10-100 ng/mL) inhibited the proliferation of SVZa neural stem cells, and BMP4 promotedneuron differentiation in the early stage (1-3 d), howeverm, it inhibited the neuron commitment after 4 d. Noggin, the antagonist of BMP4, blocked the physiological effects of BMP4. In OB, BMP4 is mainly to accelerate the progenitors to withdraw from the cell cycle and trigger the differentiation, and in RMS, it promotes the proliferation of committed progenitors and not differentiation, further in SVZa, BMP4 enhances astrocyte commitment.     

Oscillatory motion: quantum whistling in superfluid helium-4

Fundamental considerations predict that macroscopic quantum systems such as superfluids and the electrons in superconductors will undergo oscillatory motion when forced through a small constriction. Here we induce these oscillations in superfluid helium-4 (4He) by pushing it through an array of nanometre-sized apertures. The oscillations, which are detected as an audible whistling sound, obey the so-called Josephson frequency relation and occur coherently among all the apertures. The discovery of this property in 4He at the relatively high temperature of 2 K (2,000 times higher than the temperature at which a related but different phenomenon occurs in 3He) may pave the way for a new class of practical rotation sensors of unprecedented precision.     

交流电润湿作用下液滴的振荡行为特性

摘要：
实验研究了不同交流电频率下共面电极电润湿芯片上液滴的振荡行为特性.结果表明,在某些特定的输入频率下液滴出现共振,共振模态称为Pn（n=2,4,…）,且实验获得的共振频率值与线性理论预测值吻合良好.在共振模态Pn下,液滴振荡对称,表面呈现n/2个波峰.在相邻共振模态间存在某个临界频率,此时液滴振荡对称,但很微弱,且接触线宽度和液滴高度的振荡相位关系发生转变.小于此临界频率时,液滴接触线延展至最大时呈液瓣状,且液瓣的位置通过液滴的收缩和延展在水平面内周期性交替,液瓣数目随着相邻共振模态阶数n的升高而增加.大于此临界频率时,液滴振荡左右不对称,具体表现为液滴表面波的传动.预期这些液滴的非对称振荡会产生更为混乱的内部流动,从而增强微流控液滴混合器的混合效率.
     

乙醇胺/多胺的脱碳研究

工业应用于烟气脱CO2的吸收剂以乙醇胺(MEA)水溶液为主,提高其性能是吸收法脱CO2的关键。对相同浓度的MEA及其与4种多胺,包括N-(2-羟乙基)乙二胺(AEEA)、哌嗪（PZ）、二乙烯三胺(DETA)和三乙烯四胺(TETA),所组成的混胺水溶液(MEA/多胺)对CO2的吸收、再生性能和腐蚀性开展了实验研究。实验结果表明,多胺含量较低的MEA/多胺的吸收和再生性能都较MEA所有提高,腐蚀速度较MEA降低。但是多胺含量增大,再生率有所降低。因此,适当含量多胺的MEA/多胺是较MEA高效的吸收剂;4种混胺中,MEA/DETA和MEA/TETA性能最优。     

Enhanced low-humidity performance of proton-exchange membrane fuel cell by introducing hydrophilic CNTs in membrane electrode assembly

Hydrophilic carbon nanotubes (HCNTs) were introduced into the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) to improve its low-humidity performance. The effects of types, placement, loading, and relative humidity on the MEA performance were investigated. It has been found that the MEA with 20 ?wt% HCNTs loading both in anode and cathode achieved the best self-humidifying performance. Its current density reached 1550 ?mA ?cm^?2 at 0.6 ?V, with a maximum power density of 953 ?mW/cm² at 70 ?°C, 30 psi and 30% relative humidity conditions. Besides, the stability test shows that its current density at 0.6 ?V only decreased by 6.4% after 44 ?h performance test, while the performance of blank MEA without HCNTs decreased by 45% within 6 ?h testing period. This extraordinary performance under low humidity condition is ascribed to that the HCNTs contained in the MEA improve the water management and mass transportation by functioning as a dispersant and hydrophilic agent.     

两种不同通道内周期性充分发展流动换热的模拟研究

周期性直肋通道是从不同型式的高效换热器中抽象出来的通道模型,采用非稳态数学模型,应用周期性充分发展的假设模拟了周期性矩形直肋通道(A)和半圆形直肋通道(B)内的流动换热情况,并对两种通道的换热特性及其所表现出来的非线性特性进行了对比.计算时采用低雷诺数Re、二维、层流强制对流模型.结果表明,当Re较小时,流动与换热处于稳态;当Re大于某一临界值时,流动与换热发生了非稳态振荡,系统均表现出丰富的非线性现象.在计算范围内,A通道随着Re的增大经历了稳态与周期性振荡阶段;B通道则先后经历了稳态、周期性振荡、拟周期振荡以及混沌状态.     

Formation of target-specific neuronal projections in organotypic slice cultures from rat visual cortex.

A characteristic feature of the mammalian cortex is that projection neurons located in distinct cortical layers send their axons to different targets. In visual cortex, cells in layers 2 and 3 project to other cortical areas, whereas cells in layers 5 and 6 project to subcortical targets such as the lateral geniculate nucleus. The proper development of these projections is crucial for correct functioning of the visual system. Here we show that specific connections are established in an organotypic culture system in which rat visual cortex slices are co-cultured with another slice of the visual cortex or with a thalamic slice. The laminar origin and cellular morphology in vitro of cortical projections to other cortical regions or to subcortical targets are remarkably similar to those seen in vivo. In addition, axons of projecting cells are not restricted to particular pathways, but appear instead to grow directly towards their appropriate target. These observations raise the possibility that chemotropic attraction from the target areas may play an important part in the development of the cortical projection pattern.     

Nonlinear optical properties and superluminal propagation in the ruby

In this review article,we summarized the study of the weak light nonlinear properties associated with group velocity change in the ruby.The ruby could be reduced to a two-level system,in which population oscillations could lead to a subluminal result.With the modulated TEM00 beam introduced into the ruby,self-phase modulation together with Fraunhofer diffractions and nondegenerate two-wave coupling between different spatial frequency components of the beam occurs at the same time.Population oscillations,sel...     

掺MgO超细水泥的膨胀性能及其水化程度

在超细水泥中掺不同活性的MgO膨胀剂(MEA),研究MEA对超细水泥浆体和掺加超细粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响规律,并采用差热-热重同步热分析仪对MgO的水化程度进行表征.结果表明:MEA能很好地补偿超细水泥浆体的收缩,可作为补偿超细水泥收缩的新型膨胀剂;高活性MEA早期水化程度较大,掺高活性MEA水泥浆体的早期膨胀较大,后期膨胀增长趋势较小;低活性MEA早期水化程度低于高活性MEA,掺低活性MEA水泥浆体的早期膨胀较小,但后期膨胀趋势较大;MEA的掺量越大,水泥浆体的膨胀率越大;掺加超细粉煤灰抑制了掺加MEA水泥浆体的膨胀,但没有明显降低MgO的水化程度.     

一种新的嗅觉神经模型及其在人脸识别中的应用

提出了一种新的嗅觉神经模型.该模型由嗅球层和嗅觉皮层构成,不同层间由前向和后向反馈构成,具有分布式延时输入,分别用二阶和一阶微分方程描述嗅球层和嗅皮层中神经元.基于ORL数据库,模型被用于人脸识别以分析其模式识别能力.实验结果表明,相比于其他算法,提出的模型具有较好的性能.     

Experimental observation of spontaneous chaotic current oscillations in GaAs/Al0.45Ga0.55As superlattices at room temperature

Spontaneous self-sustained chaotic current oscillations are observed experimentally in lightly-doped weakly-coupled GaAs/Al0.45Ga0.55As superlattices at room temperature for the first time.The mole fraction of Aluminum in the barrier is chosen to be 0.45 to suppress the thermal carrier leakage through the X-band valley,The effective nonlinearity induced by the sequential well-to-well resonant tunneling can still be strong enough to induce spontaneous chaotic current oscillations even at room temperature,The frequency spectrum of the chaotic current oscillations is ranged from DC to 4 GHz,which can be used as ultra-wide-band noise sources with a bandwidth of several Giga Hertz.     

Perception of sniff phase in mouse olfaction

Olfactory systems encode odours by which neurons respond and by when they respond. In mammals, every sniff evokes a precise, odour-specific sequence of activity across olfactory neurons. Likewise, in a variety of neural systems, ranging from sensory periphery to cognitive centres, neuronal activity is timed relative to sampling behaviour and/or internally generated oscillations. As in these neural systems, relative timing of activity may represent information in the olfactory system. However, there is no evidence that mammalian olfactory systems read such cues. To test whether mice perceive the timing of olfactory activation relative to the sniff cycle ('sniff phase'), we used optogenetics in gene-targeted mice to generate spatially constant, temporally controllable olfactory input. Here we show that mice can behaviourally report the sniff phase of optogenetically driven activation of olfactory sensory neurons. Furthermore, mice can discriminate between light-evoked inputs that are shifted in the sniff cycle by as little as 10 milliseconds, which is similar to the temporal precision of olfactory bulb odour responses. Electrophysiological recordings in the olfactory bulb of awake mice show that individual cells encode the timing of photoactivation in relation to the sniff in both the timing and the amplitude of their responses. Our work provides evidence that the mammalian olfactory system can read temporal patterns, and suggests that timing of activity relative to sampling behaviour is a potent cue that may enable accurate olfactory percepts to form quickly.