Efficient organic photovoltaic diodes based on doped pentacene

Recent work on solar cells based on interpenetrating polymer networks and solid-state dye-sensitized devices shows that efficient solar-energy conversion is possible using organic materials. Further, it has been demonstrated that the performance of photovoltaic devices based on small molecules can be effectively enhanced by doping the organic material with electron-accepting molecules. But as inorganic solar cells show much higher efficiencies, well above 15 per cent, the practical utility of organic-based cells will require their fabrication by lower-cost techniques, ideally on flexible substrates. Here we demonstrate efficiency enhancement by molecular doping in Schottky-type photovoltaic diodes based on pentacene--an organic semiconductor that has received much attention as a promising material for organic thin-film transistors, but relatively little attention for use in photovoltaic devices. The incorporation of the dopant improves the internal quantum efficiency by more than five orders of magnitude and yields an external energy conversion efficiency as high as 2.4 per cent for a standard solar spectrum. Thin-film devices based on doped pentacene therefore appear promising for the production of efficient 'plastic' solar cells.     

氟原子对光伏聚合物性能的影响

以二（2-辛基十二烷氧基）苯并二噻吩（ODBDT）为供体单元，分别与受体单元二噻吩苯并噻二唑（DTBT）和二氟代二噻吩苯并噻二唑（DTffBT）共聚，合成了两种具有给-受体（D-A）结构的共轭聚合物PODBDT-DTBT和PODBDT-DTffBT。利用紫外-可见吸收光谱、循环伏安法研究了聚合物的光物理与电化学性能，并通过光伏性能测试研究了氟原子对聚合物太阳能电池的影响规律。结果表明，氟原子的引入使得聚合物的光学带隙变窄，溶解性变差；基于PODBDT-DTBT或PODBDT-DTffBT与PC₇₁BM共混制备的本体异质结太阳能电池，光电转化效率分别为3.01%和2.00%。     

双重优化对基于P3HT:PCBM有机太阳能电池效率的提高

有效提高太阳能电池对光的吸收效率是提高太阳能电池能量转换效率的重要因素.在以poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT)为电子给体材料,[6,6]-phenyl C60-butyric acid methyl eater(PCBM)为电子受体材料的有机太阳能电池中,Poly-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)与活性层之间插入不同厚度的P3HT层,并在P3HT层最佳厚度的基础上,进一步在活性层中掺杂不同比例的Ag纳米粒子,双重优化了电池器件.当插入45 nm的P3HT层及掺杂质量比为5%的Ag纳米粒子时活性层薄膜的形貌及内部结构得到了改善,电池对光的吸收,及外量子效率得到了显著地提高,并出现红移现象.在25°C,光强为100 mW/cm2的条件下测量其短路电流密度JSC为11.21 mA/cm2,能量转化效率PCE为3.79%.     

Enhanced power conversion efficiency in bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells through dual-interface morphology modification

Efficient bulk heterojunction (BHJ) polymer solar cells with a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) hole transfer layer (HTL) were fabricated via controlling the spin coating speed of the HTL solution on a particular fluorinated tin oxide substrates of a high roughness. It shows that the functions of the photovoltaic devices increase with the increase of the HTL surface roughness. Then, an imprinting technique was employed to transfer a suitable pattern of nanostructure arrays to the surface of active layers. At the optimized spin coating speed, the photovoltaic devices exhibited a 28.4% increase in efficiency after this imprinting treatment compared with that of nonimprinted photovoltaic devices. It is mainly attributed to the achievement of high interface areas between active layers and electrodes, which not only increases optical absorption by scattering but also facilitates charge carrier collection.     

异质结光生电荷分离机制与光电性质研究

将不同质量分数还原氧化石墨烯(RGO)与Cu_4Bi_4S_9(CBS)纳米带复合,制备成不同比例复合体系(CBS-RGO).以ZnO纳米线为电子受主,CBS或CBS-RGO为电子施主,详细研究了ZnO/CBS、ZnO/CBS-RGO两类异质结构及对应体相异质结太阳能电池的光电性质.随着RGO含量逐步增加,CBS-RGO对应稳态光伏性质逐渐增强,当RGO达到1.6%时,CBS-RGO具有最佳光伏响应强度,随后其光伏性质逐渐减弱.此外,ZnO/CBS-RGO呈现出了优于ZnO/CBS的光伏响应特性.在相同正外电场作用下,ZnO/CBS-RGO同样具有明显优于ZnO/CBS的光电性质;逐步提高外电场,ZnO/CBS-RGO光伏响应增加更为显著.基于1.6%RGO,ZnO/CBS、ZnO/CBS-RGO两类体相异质结太阳能电池最高光电转换效率分别为1.5%和3.6%.从异质结厚度、能级匹配、CBS与RGO接触界面、RGO导电网络及其优越的电子传输特性几个方面,分析了体相异质结构中光生电荷分离的机制以及多通道协同传输对光电性质的作用.     

Progress in polymer solar cell

This review outlines current progresses in polymer solar cell. Compared to traditional silicon-based photovoltaic (PV) technology, the completely different principle of optoelectric response in the polymer cell results in a novel configuration of the device and more complicated photovoltaic generation proc-ess. The conception of bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) is introduced and its advantage in terms of mor-phology is addressed. The main aspects including the morphology of photoactive layer, which limit the efficiency and stability of polymer solar cell, are discussed in detail. The solutions to boosting up both the efficiency and stability (lifetime) of the polymer solar cell are highlighted at the end of this review.     

Formation and characterization of phthalocyanine dimer/C60 solar cells

Ni-Cu-Zn ferrite/CaTiO_3 and Ni-Cu-Zn ferrite/BaTiO_3 composites which can be applied in low temperature co-fired ceramic(LTCC) technology were synthesized by conventional solid-state reaction at temperature lower than 950℃.Influence of the microstructures and the gap parameterδ/D on the complex permeability of the above two composites was investigated.The modifiedδ/D values of the above two composites show a good fit to the magnetic circuit model.The dielectric properties of the composites were predicte...     

两类异质结构中光生电荷分离效率与光电性质

首先制备Cu4Bi4S9纳米带与石墨烯不同比例复合体系(CBS-graphene),其中石墨烯质量分数分别为:0.4%,0.8%,1.2%,1.6%,2.0%和2.4%.以α-Fe_2O_3为电子受主,CBS和CBS-graphene为电子施主,制备成α-Fe_2O_3/CBS、α-Fe_2O_3/CBS-graphene两类异质结构及体相异质结太阳能电池.XRD检测结果表明,异质结两组分都达到了良好的结晶状态;而且,两类复合体系都呈现出了复合结构的光吸收特性,但光吸收性质无明显差异.对于CBS-graphene,随着石墨烯含量逐步增加其光伏性质逐渐增强,当石墨烯质量分数为1.6%时达到最佳光伏响应强度,此后其光伏性质逐渐减弱.稳态和电场诱导表面光电压谱表明两类异质结都具有优越的光伏性质,但α-Fe_2O_3/CBS-graphene呈现出明显优于α-Fe_2O_3/CBS的光伏响应.基于石墨烯质量分数为1.6%,α-Fe_2O_3/CBS和α-Fe_2O_3/CBS-graphene两类体相异质结太阳能电池最高光电转换效率分别为3.1%和6.8%.从异质结厚度、能级匹配、石墨烯导电网络以及优越的电子传输特性几个方面,详细讨论了光生电荷分离的影响因素及光生电荷传输动力学.     

CuInSe2薄膜太阳电池

ＣｕＩｎＳｅ２是极具潜力的太阳电池新材料,其能量转换效率、使用寿命和抗辐射性能力是当今复晶及非晶薄膜太阳电池研究中的最高纪录。本文从材料科学的观点来介绍ＣｕＩｎＳｅ２薄膜的特性及制作过程并提及其材料品质可改善的程度。这方面的了解将有助于我国对于高效率薄膜太阳电池的研究。     

Nanoscale structural and electronic evolution for increased efficiency in polymer solar cells monitored by electric scanning probe microscopy

Control of blend morphology at multi-scale is critical for optimizing the power conversion efficiency （PCE） of plastic solar cells. To better understand the physics of photoactive layer in the organic photovoltaic devices, it is necessary to gain understanding of morphol- ogy and the corresponding electronic property. Herein we report the correlation between nanoscale structural, electric properties of bulk heterojunction （BHJ） solar cells and the annealing-induced PCE change. We demonstrate that the PCE of BHJ solar cells are dramatically improved （from 1.3 % to 4.6 %） by thermal annealing, which results from P3HT crystalline stacking and the PCBM aggregation for interpenetrated network. The similar trend for annealing- induced photovoltage and PCE evolution present as an initial increase followed by a decrease with the annealing time and temperature. The surface roughness increase slowly and then abruptly after the same inflection points observed for photovoltage and PCE. The phase images in electric force microscopy indicate the optimized P3HT and PCBM crystallization for interpenetrating network formation considering the spectroscopic results as well. From the correlation between surface photovoltage, blend morphology, and PCE, we propose a model to illustrate the film structure and its evolution under different annealing conditions. This work would benefit the better design and optimization of the morphology and local electric proper- ties of solar cell active layers for improved PCE.     

光电材料CuInSe2薄膜

概述了CuInSe2太阳能电池技术,CuInSe2材料的最新发展;同时也介绍了CuInSe2薄膜的特性非常高的光吸收系数(>105 cm-1),可以将薄膜做的很薄(1～2 μm),长期的稳定性,抗辐射性等.对CuInSe2材料的认识、了解将有助于对高效、低成本的薄膜太阳能电池的研究.     

Organolead halide perovskites: a family of promising semiconductor materials for solar cells

Great attention has recently been drawn to developing cost-effective, high efficiency solar cells to meet the ever increasing demand for clean energy. We have most recently witnessed a breakthrough and a rapid development in solid state, hybrid solar cells using or- ganolead halide perovskites as light harvesters. These semiconductors can not only serve as sensitizer in solid state sensitized solar cells with efficiency up to unprece- dented 15 %, but also function as both light absorber and hole conductor （or electron conductor） at the same time to display power conversion efficiency above 10 %. In this review, we will introduce their operation mechanism, structure, and especially the development of the organolead halide perovskite based solar cells. Based on the achieve- ments that have been made to date, solid state photovoltaic device with superior performance than the present one is highly expected.     

在电子传输层中掺杂二氧化钛纳米粒子来提高反式钙钛矿太阳电池的效率

基于CH3NH3PbX3 (X=Cl, Br, or I)材料的钙钛矿太阳电池由于其简单的制作工艺和较高的光电转化效率在近年来吸引了大量的研究。该文报道了在电子传输层（PCBM层）中掺杂二氧化钛纳米粒子从而提高了反式结构钙钛矿太阳电池的性能。通过掺杂二氧化钛纳米粒子,使电子传输层的能级和钙钛矿层的能级更加匹配,从而改善了电子的传输和收集并抑制了正负电荷复合,提高了钙钛矿太阳电池的短路电流密度和填充因子。光电转化效率从原来的12.1%提高到了13.5%。我们的结果表明,在PCBM层掺杂二氧化钛纳米粒子是一种简单有效的提高钙钛矿太阳电池的性能的方法。     

HIT太阳电池研究现状

带有本征薄膜层的异质结（HIT）太阳能电池制备工艺温度低,转换效率高,高温特性好,是低价高效电池的一种。文章介绍了HIT电池的结构、原理、发展过程,着重阐述提高HIT电池效率的途径,最后对HIT电池的发展前景做了展望。     

活性层混合溶剂的选择对高分子太阳能电池性能的影响

高分子有机太阳能电池因为其简单的制作工艺和轻便稳定的特性而引起人们的广泛研究。控制活性层的形貌对于提高有机太阳能电池的光电性能有着至关重要的意义。使用两种不同的混合溶剂(氯仿/1,8-二碘代辛烷和氯苯/1,8-二碘代辛烷)来制备PTB7-Th:PC_(70)BM活性层。发现使用氯苯/1,8-二碘代辛烷能使活性层获得更好的相分离效果,从而有利于光的吸收和电荷的分离。相对于氯仿/1,8-二碘代辛烷,使用氯苯/1,8-二碘代辛烷的太阳能电池的光电转化效率从7.21%大幅提高到了8.86%。这主要来自短路电流密度(从15.1 mA/cm~(-2)提高至16.7 mA/cm~2)和填充因子(从61.2%提高至66.3%)的提高。结果表明使用氯苯/1,8-二碘代辛烷作为混合溶剂有利于制备高性能的基于PTB7-Th:PC_(70)BM的有机太阳能电池。     

Low temperature fabrication of high performance and transparent Pt counter electrodes for use in flexible dye-sensitized solar cells

High performance Pt counter electrode is prepared by using vacuum thermal decomposition at a relatively low (120℃) temperature on a flexible polyethylene naphthalate substrate coated with indium-doped tin oxide for use in flexible dye-sensitized solar cells.The obtained Pt counter electrode shows a good chemical stability,high light transmittance,and high electrocatalytic activity for the I3-/I-redox reaction.The energy conversion efficiency of a flexible dye-sensitized solar cell based on the prepared Pt counter electrode and a TiO 2 /Ti photoanode reaches 5.14% under a simulated solar light irradiation with intensity of 100 mW cm-2.     

浴铜灵在提高反式钙钛矿太阳能电池性能的研究

近年来,基于CH_3NH_3PbX_3(X=Cl,Br,I)结构的钙钛矿太阳能电池由于其简单的制作工艺和较高的光电转化效率而吸引了大量的研究。在反式钙钛矿电池活性层中使用浴铜灵(BCP)来提高电池光电性能。使用溶液法旋涂BCP有效地把Ag电极的功函从原来的-4.23 e V降低到了-4.12 e V,改善了电子的传输和Ag电极收集电子的效率。从而提高了反式钙钛矿电池的短路电流密度和填充因子。光电转化效率由10.3%提高到12.6%。使用BCP的钙钛矿电池的稳定性也有约10%的提高。结果证明,使用BCP有利于提升反式钙钛矿电池的性能,对实现这类太阳能电池的商业化应用起到推动作用。     

Materials interface engineering for solution-processed photovoltaics

Advances in solar photovoltaics are urgently needed to increase the performance and reduce the cost of harvesting solar power. Solution-processed photovoltaics are cost-effective to manufacture and offer the potential for physical flexibility. Rapid progress in their development has increased their solar-power conversion efficiencies. The nanometre (electron) and micrometre (photon) scale interfaces between the crystalline domains that make up solution-processed solar cells are crucial for efficient charge transport. These interfaces include large surface area junctions between photoelectron donors and acceptors, the intralayer grain boundaries within the absorber, and the interfaces between photoactive layers and the top and bottom contacts. Controlling the collection and minimizing the trapping of charge carriers at these boundaries is crucial to efficiency.     

Cu2ZnSnS4/Zn(O,S)异质结薄膜太阳电池的数值仿真研究

Zn(O,S)具有带隙宽、原料丰富且环保的优点,是一种很有潜力的CdS替代缓冲层。本文采用Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS)软件,对CZTS/Zn(O,S)/Al:ZnO 结构的薄膜太阳电池进行数值仿真,主要模拟研究Zn(O,S)的禁带宽度和电子亲和势、缓冲层的厚度及掺杂浓度、环境温度对电池性能的影响。结果表明：当Zn(O,S)的厚度和载流子浓度分别为50 nm和10₁₇ cm_-3时,电池的转换效率可达14.90％,温度系数为-0.021%/K。仿真结果为Zn(O,S)缓冲层用于CZTS太阳能电池提供了一定的指导。     

一种新型聚光光伏组件的光学设计

传统的聚光光伏组件(CPV)采用菲涅耳透镜聚光或者大型反射式聚光。这些组件的尺寸较大,不利于聚光光伏组件的小型化与模块化。该文主要设计制作了一种新型平板反射式聚光器,并应用到聚光光伏系统中完成相关测试,上述工作均在顺德中山大学太阳能研究院完成。该文提出了一种新型的平板反射式聚光器的设计方法。文章首先介绍聚光器的建模方法,然后进行软件模拟与分析,最后制作聚光器并组装成聚光光伏组件(CPV)进行相关测试,组件的结构设计也将详细介绍。测试结果表明通过该光学设计方法能够灵活,有效的设计适应不同应用要求的反射式聚光器。