两种GC感受野模型的空间传输特性研究

本文应用模型和模拟技术，研究了ＧＣ感受野的双高斯差模型和外周相互抑制网络模型的空间传输特性，包括面积反应，调制传递函数等．本文所获得的结果可应用于视觉信息处理原理研究、人工视觉、计算机视觉及图像技术等各方面     

感受野动态特性的一种修正模型

在视觉系统感受野的广义Gabor函数数学模型基础上,把其中与时间有关部分换成Г函数的二阶核函数,称为感受野的修正模型(MGM)．提出了一组修正模型,它的时间特性更符合实验所观测到的感受野的电生理特性,包括对小光点的瞬态反应,感受野的动态特性等．MGM模型在时空两方面是描述视觉系统各层次上感受野特性的一个更良好的数学模型．     

一种视皮层非经典感受野的模型

根据视觉信息加工过程中视皮层细胞非经典感受野对中心感受野区域具有抑制作用的生物机制,提出了一种模拟该机制的模型.用Gabor能量作为感受野响应,以高斯差分函数为基础构造两个具有方向的半椭圆环来作为非经典感受野区域,设计中心感受野与周边抑制区域的相位差权重函数来模拟非经典感受野的抑制机制.实验结果与这种生理特性相一致.     

一种基于频带选择的视觉注意计算方法

视觉注意力的研究对计算机视觉的发展有很大的帮助.然而,绝大多数的现有模型仅能处理某一类型的数据或只针对特定的应用.事实上,不论场景中物体的尺寸大小如何,人类都能够正确无误地察觉到.本文基于生物学在视网膜上非经典感受野的发现,从频域的角度出发,提出一种新的自底向上的计算模型.显著图可以通过模拟扩展的感受野的思想而得到,主要由两步组成:首先利用Gabor小波将输入图像分解成一系列特征图,它们对应于整个频率域的不同频带;其次,挑选出其中的一些作为最优频带以生成显著图,以此来模拟感受野的调节.实验结果表明,本文所提出的算法无论是对于心理学图像还是包含了任意尺寸目标的自然图像,在显著性的预测上都优于现有其他算法.除此之外,感受野模型以及Gabor小波的生物特性使得模型具有一定的鲁棒性.     

初级视皮层机制启发下的特征提取

针对传统计算机视觉方法在纹理细节提取和局部运动感知方面的局限性,借鉴生物视觉系统的强大信息处理机制,提出一种基于三维时空能量模型的初级视皮层(V1)视觉模型。模型首先利用三维Gabor滤波器初步模拟得到简单细胞感受野,接着采用半波整流操作进一步得到简单细胞模型,随后通过能量模型整合简单细胞感受野进行,模拟得到复杂细胞模型。仿真结果表明:所提模型在图像静态纹理特征和简单视频序列运动特征提取上取得了较好的效果。较传统模型而言,模型将计算机视觉与生物视觉有效融合,具有更强的动静态特征表达提取能力,体现了V1细胞强大的信息处理机制,为视觉脑启发计算提供新的思路。     

视觉泛系分析与乏晰性的一些问题

本文的内容涉及视觉模式的原型与识别,Brouwer格与Sanchez解法,泛系逻辑与泛系会诊原理的应用,视差与复眼机理的泛系模型,感受野的对比分析,Mach效应的宏观乏晰模型,视觉的衍射效应的乏晰分析等.     

感受野动态特征的一种修正模型

在视觉系统感受野的广义Ｇａｂｏｒ函数数学模型基础上,把其中与时间有关部分换成Г函数的二阶核函数,称为感受野的修正模型（ＭＧＭ）。提出了一组修正模型,它的时间特性更符合实验所观测到的感受野的电生理特性,包括对小光点的瞬态反应,感受野的动态特生等。ＭＧＭ模型在时空两方面是描述视觉系统各层次上感受野特性的一个更良好的数学模型。     

基于HMAX模型和非经典感受野抑制的轮廓提取

针对图像里处于复杂纹理背景中物体的轮廓提取正确率低的问题,首先研究了基于非经典感受野抑制的轮廓提取算法和HMAX模型,然后利用HMAX模型所具备的具有基本视皮层功能结构的优点,弥补了前者所依据的生物学视觉结构比较简单的不足,最后提出并实现了基于HMAX模型和非经典感受野抑制的轮廓提取算法。通过与Canny算子和非经典感受野抑制的轮廓提取算法的评估比较,表明本文算法有效提高了轮廓提取的正确率。     

视网膜神经节细胞非经典感受野及其方位倾向性的模型研究

建立了包含无长突细胞相互抑制网络的视网膜神经节细胞的三层网络模型,以验证李朝义等提出的非经典感受野可能源于无长突细胞相互抑制的假说,并探讨神经节细胞感受野的方位倾向性的可能机制．模拟结果表明,通过无长突细胞之间的相互抑制可以形成神经节细胞的非经典感受野．模型模拟了神经节细胞的中心区和大周边区的方位倾向性及其相互作用,结果提示神经节细胞的方位倾向性可能主要源于神经节细胞树突野的空间分布．     

基于初级视皮层视觉特性的图像质量评价方法

针对现有的图像质量评价方法多从特征提取角度考虑图像的失真,忽视初级视皮层是视觉信息处理和认知推理的前提的问题,受人类视觉系统特性的启发,提出一种基于初级视皮层视觉特性的图像质量评价算法;该方法基于对初级视皮层视觉特性的学习,利用初级视皮层中感受野对视觉感知信息的稀疏编码特性,提取模拟初级视皮层感受野特性的基函数,结合独立成分分析和结构相似度算法构建一种初级视觉相似性测度法,并在LIVE图像数据库中进行实验。结果表明,该模型的预测结果与主观质量评价有很好的一致性,并优于已有的结构相似度算法。     

感受野视觉特征整合模型及应用

 采用基本ICA模拟视觉感知机制对自然图像分解得到的图像基函数在空间排列上是混乱的,这与视觉生理机制相互矛盾.模拟视皮层感受野间的信息整合机制,建立了新的计算模型.针对基于内容的图像故障区域检测问题,提出了相应的高效率少样本检测算法. 首先,以列车正常和故障图像序列作为训练数据,利用拓扑ICA方法学习图像基函数,由此得到的独立分量系数作为神经元响应,然后模拟同步振荡机制选择响应强烈的神经元,输出其对应的内容,最后通过自动对比实现图像故障区域的快速定位.实验结果表明,与传统方法相比较,引入视觉信息整合机制的新模型及其算法能够提高故障检测率.     

Self-organization model on receptive field of neuron with asymmetric time window of synaptic modification

The spatial-temporal response properties of some simple neurons in visual pathway arise basically prior to birth. In the absence of visual experience, how do these neurons develop in visual system? Based on Wimbauer network with delay, a four-layer feed-forward network model is proposed, which is characterized by modifying the Hebb learning rule through introducing the asymmetric time window of synaptic modification found recently in neurobiology. The model can not only generate by self-organization more diversified spatial-temporal response characteristics of neuronal receptive field than earlier models but also provide some explanations for the possible mechanism underlying the development of receptive fields of contrast polarity sensitive neurons found in visual system of vertebrate. Thus the proposed model may be more widely applicable than Linsker model and Wimbauer model.     

Moving visual stimuli rapidly induce direction sensitivity of developing tectal neurons

During development of the visual system, the pattern of visual inputs may have an instructive role in refining developing neural circuits. How visual inputs of specific spatiotemporal patterns shape the circuit development remains largely unknown. We report here that, in the developing Xenopus retinotectal system, the receptive field of tectal neurons can be 'trained' to become direction-sensitive within minutes after repetitive exposure of the retina to moving bars in a particular direction. The induction of direction-sensitivity depends on the speed of the moving bar, can not be induced by random visual stimuli, and is accompanied by an asymmetric modification of the tectal neuron's receptive field. Furthermore, such training-induced changes require spiking of the tectal neuron and activation of a NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) subtype of glutamate receptors during training, and are attributable to an activity-induced enhancement of glutamate-mediated inputs. Thus, developing neural circuits can be modified rapidly and specifically by visual inputs of defined spatiotemporal patterns, in a manner consistent with predictions based on spike-time-dependent synaptic modification.     

Perceptual consequences of centre-surround antagonism in visual motion processing

Centre-surround receptive field organization is a ubiquitous property in mammalian visual systems, presumably tailored for extracting image features that are differentially distributed over space. In visual motion, this is evident as antagonistic interactions between centre and surround regions of the receptive fields of many direction-selective neurons in visual cortex. In a series of psychophysical experiments we make the counterintuitive observation that increasing the size of a high-contrast moving pattern renders its direction of motion more difficult to perceive and reduces its effectiveness as an adaptation stimulus. We propose that this is a perceptual correlate of centre-surround antagonism, possibly within a population of neurons in the middle temporal visual area. The spatial antagonism of motion signals observed at high contrast gives way to spatial summation as contrast decreases. Evidently, integration of motion signals over space depends crucially on the visibility of those signals, thereby allowing the visual system to register motion information efficiently and adaptively.     

A modified model for dynamic properties of visual receptive field

The extended Gabor function model for visual receptive field ( RF) was modified by substituting the term related to time with two-order integral kernel of F function to generate a new model called modified Gabor function model of RF. A set of the modified Gabor models (MGM) can present the major spatiotemporal properties of neuronal receplive fields at different levels of primary visual pathway. The transient responses, dynamic properties of RF simulated by MGM, are in good agreement with the observations in electrophysiological experiments.     

Functions of the colour-opponent and broad-band channels of the visual system

The colour-opponent and broad-band channels of the primate visual system originate in the retina and remain segregated through several neural stations in the visual system. Until now inferences about their function in vision have been based primarily on studies examining single-cell receptive field properties which have shown that the colour-opponent retinal ganglion cells have small receptive fields, produce sustained responses and receive spatially segregated inputs from different cone types; the broad-band cells have large receptive fields, respond transiently and receive cone inputs that are not spatially separated. We have now examined the visual capacities of rhesus monkeys before and after interrupting either of these channels with small lesions at the lateral geniculate nucleus. Here we report that the colour-opponent channel is essential for the processing of colour, texture, fine pattern and fine stereopsis, whereas the broad-band channel is crucial for the perception of fast flicker and motion. Little or no deficits were found in brightness and coarse-shape discrimination, low spatial frequency stereopsis and contrast sensitivity after the disruption of either of the channels.